Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

5

Authors: Hafsa Hina,Saima Khanum, Muhammad Hanif

Problems occupying special attention identified by the World Health Organization also include Childhood malnutrition (Beagle holeet al., 1993). Development goals are also programmedby the United Nations to halve the problem of under-nutrition(Aldermanet al., 2005). Despite of the involvement of international organizations still under-nutrition has a main contribution to the high mortality rate of the children in the most part of the world (Caulfieldet al., 2004). Poverty plays a main part in the high prevalence of childhood under nutrition. The child is said to be under-weight when its weight is lower than the weight of the reference range for that age. The weight for height deficiency is known as wasting, while height for age deficiency as stunting. Wasting may be due to acute food shortage while prolonged food deprivation can cause stunting (Cosminskyet al., 1993; de Oniset al., 2000; Fernandezet al., 2002; and Zere & McIntyre, 2003). The factors responsible for the predisposition of children to mal-nutrition vary and ranges from political instability to the economical status of the area (de Oniset al., 2000). Therefore protocols developed for the preventive measures of mal-nutrition should be multifaceted.

7

Authors: Muhammad Zaman, Sobia Razzaq, Rabia Hassan, Junaid Qureshi, Hira Ijaz,Muhammad Hanif, Fazal Rahman Chughtai

Drug abuse is an intense and often willful misuse of drugs. The overdrew of substanceor drugsleads to addiction. In the eastern world the incidence shows a decline or a static pattern but the number of drug addicts is still enormous..The major abusive drugs are heroin and marijuana but designer drugs(cannabinoids)have shown on the peak.The aim of the study is to determine the ratio of the drug abuse in student. For this purpose we were selected different institutes,includingtwo private universities and two government universities and conducted survey in 500 student. High proportion of students was found abusing drugs. From this study, we came across multiple factors which are the main cause of drug abuse in medical student includingdepression, anxiety, peer pressure,schizophrenia, as well as personality disorder.The most commonly abused drugs include stimulants, opioids, and benzodiazepines, antihistaminesand LSD. Although survey have indicated high rate of illicit and prescription drugs misuse among college students.Drug abuseregarded as a personality disorder, also be seen as worldwide epidemic with evolutionary genetic, physiology and environmental influences controlling and affecting human behavior. Globally, the use has reached all time high. The study showed males are more drug abusers as compared to females. The drug abuse ratio in students of private sector is more as compared to Government sector.

8

Authors: Huma Hameed, Arwa khalid, Fazala Khalid, Rabeea Khan and Akhtar Rasul

Chronopharmacotherapy refers to a treatment in which controlled drug delivery is achieved according to circadian rhythms of disease by enhancing therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side effects. Colon targeting has gained great importance not only for the treatment of local diseases such as Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis but also very important in systemic delivery of proteins/peptides, anti-asthmatic drugs, anti-diabetic agents and anti hypertensive drugs, which mostly show their efficacy based on circadian rhythms of the body.Colon drug delivery is one of the difficult approaches to achieve the targeted and desired outcomes through pulsatile drug delivery by avoiding dose dumping. The main reason behind the use of pulsatile delivery is provision of constant drug release where a zero-order release is not preferred. Chronopharmacotherapy in colon targeting play its role by many systems such as capsular systems, pulsatile system and osmotic systems, which are based on use of rupturable membranes and biodegradable polymers. The objective of this review article is to provide latest knowledge about drugs with chrono-pharmacological behavior specially to the colon.