International Dental Journal of Student Research

66-70

Authors: Affaf Fatima, Anum Hira, Kulsoom Fatima

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in practicing dentists and dental students in Karachi and to analyze what percentage of dental practitioners make use of ergonomics in their practices. Methods: The study was cross-sectional observational study conducted over a period of one month (February to March, 2015) by self-administered questionnaires. The sample size was set at 250 individuals by using convenience sampling technique from different universities, hospitals and private clinics in Karachi. Results: Of total 250 questionnaires distributed, 211 responses were registered. The percentage of response rate was 84.4%. The study population of respondents had females outnumbering males (Females=143, males=68). It comprised of 42.2% undergraduate students, 47.4% graduates and 10.4% post graduates on different designations as students, teachers, house officers, clinicians and PG trainees. Almost every dental college in Karachi was included in study sample. Amongst the dentists, 68% of them used both hand and vibratory instruments. 57.3% of the dental students used hand instruments. 60.7% of the dentists and dental students experienced backache due to faulty seating positions. Different therapeutic modalities such as muscle relaxants, physiotherapy, deep heat, oil massage and analgesics were used both orally and topically to deal with musculoskeletal problems. 64.8% dentists practise principles of ergonomics in dental practice. Amongst them, 7.4% strictly follow it and 57.4% follow it to some extent. 75.3% of undergraduate respondents were of the view that principles of ergonomics are not taught in their institutions. Conclusion: The conclusion drawn was that half of the population was unaware of the principles of ergonomics in dentistry and more than half practised it to some extent but experienced backaches. These aches can be explained by inadequate body support, inappropriate posture and excessive dynamic motion caused by vibratory instruments as was evident through questionnaires. The general attitude was found to be pro health hazards and not towards following ergonomics principles strictly.

75-78

Authors: Ahmad Al Nashar, Hekmat Yakoob, Elias Boutres

Although many different materials, techniques and methods have been used to repair various bone defects in the in craniomaxillofacial region, Reconstructive management of the atrophic, edentulous mandible and maxilla continues to pose a clinical challenge for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Recently, the idea of osteogenesis by periosteal distraction without a corticotomy for the treatment of bone deficiencies in the atrophic and edentulous area has been suggested. The purpose of this article to review the literature on the role of periosteal distraction in osteogenesisin cranio-maxillofacial region.

83-86

Authors: Gopinadh Anne, Sandeep Chiramana, Suresh Muvva, Mythili Katragadda

Maxillofacial prostheses which restore and replace stomatognathic and associated facial structures with artificial substitutes aim to improve the patient aesthetics, restore and maintain health of the remaining structures and consequently provide physical and mental wellbeing. The objective of this article is to reveal the rehabilitation of uniocular phthisis bulbi, a clinical case treated with a scleral cover shell in a male patient whose cause of defect was trauma. Also digital reproduction of the iris is made, instead of painting the iris using acrylic or oil painting.

94-96

Authors: Saad Shahnawaz Ahmed, Hira Zaman, Anser Maxood

The clinician must have to be familiar with the morphology of the roots of all teeth, and the associated intricate root canal anatomy, to achieve proper access to the canals, effective debridement and obturation for successful endodontic treatment. This case report intensifies the complexity of maxillary molar morphologic variation and represents successful endodontic treatment of maxillary first molar with 3 roots and 6 canals having 2 separate palatal canals which is rarely discussed in literature

16-24

Authors: Trupti Sarda, Surekha Rathod

As soon as oxygen was used as the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration, then came the curse in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS). So as to overcome this problem the evolving organism had developed elaborate defence machinery to escape from these reactive by-products of its own metabolism, and also developed a mechanism by which there is utilization of these species in physiological processes to gain a survival advantage. Thus it can be said that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert a multitude of biological effects that ranges from physiological regulatory functions to damaging alterations participating in the pathogenesis of number of diseases. Periodontitis, an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth, is initiated and perpetuated by a small group of predominantly gram-negative, anaerobic or microaerophilic bacteria that colonize the subgingival area. These bacterial species result in the production of various cytokines including interleukin‑8 and TNF‑α, further causing an increase in number and activity of polymorphonucleocytes (PMN) along with these cytokines, PMNs also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide via the respiratory burst mechanism as the part of the defence response to infection. ROS, when produced in excess, have deleterious effects on tissue cells. Human body has its own defence mechanisms to eliminate them as soon as they are formed so as to counter the harmful effects.

32-34

Authors: Mohammed Nasser Alhajj

IDJSR is one of the unique and advanced international journals solely made by and for dental students whose role in the dental profession is now being brought to greater heights. Please note that IDJSR is ONLY for dental students (undergraduate/postgraduate) and it provides a platform for the dental students to publish their scientific articles as well as read specialized articles written by their counterparts from other parts of the globe. The International Dental Journal of Students' Research (IDJSR) is an online interactive open-access journal for the communication of all peer-reviewed scientific and dental research. It Provides Open-access—freely accessible online, authors retain copyright Fast publication times Peer review by expert, practicing researchers. We have an acclaimed REVIEWER'S PANEL for reviewing all the articles and suggesting the necessary corrections before any article is up for publishing. The International Dental Journal of Students’ Research (IDJSR) applies the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCAL) to all works we publish. Under the CCAL, authors retain ownership of the copyright for their article, but they allow anyone to download, reuse, reprint, modify, distribute, and/or copy articles from the IDJSR journal, as long as the original authors and sources are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers. Articles based on dental science and technology, dental education and ethics, are considered for publication in IDJSR, however the acceptance and rejection criteria are subject to modification. To submit an article or to discuss an article that you are working on, feel free to contact the members of the editorial board at editor.idjsr@gmail.com. Before submission of an article, please go through the GUIDELINES FOR THE AUTHOR. The frequency of the journal is quarterly per annum which is sufficient for an author to get his work published even after the delay at the editor’s desk and in the reviewing processes along with interaction with the Reviewer's Panel. The International Dental Journal of Students’ Research (IDJSR) is a non-profit organization of young scientists and budding dentists committed to making the world's scientific and medical literature a freely available public resource.

40-44

Authors: Rahul N Dahake, S.R. Shenoi, Pranav Ingole, Nilima Budhraja

In the modern day’s Oral and Maxillofacial surgical practice different esthetic and surgical procedures are carried out, with increased risk of infective complications. Hence, infection control practices need to be established to minimize the risk of exogenous infections and for the successful outcome of the procedures. These practices include hand washing, cleaning, sterilization, disinfection, operation theater sterilization and specifications. Proper hand washing after examination of each patient and prior to any surgery with a formulation containing alcohol alone or as a combination with other agents reduces the chances of transferring infections to and from patients. Sterilization and disinfection constitute the most important aspect of infection control. Proper knowledge of the operation theater decorum and disinfection of Operation theater is essential. The waste generated during practice is a potential source of nosocomial infections and should be treated as per the proper protocol and guidelines. This article reviews the minimum standards and practices that need to be established and followed during surgical procedures and to understand the basic protocols in Operation theater and learn the clinical application of these protocols for reduction of the postoperative complications. Surgeries conducted with adequate protocols and checklists have resulted in reduction of postoperative events and complications.

49-52

Authors: Ahmad Al Nashar, Hekmat Yakoob, Yazen T Dhafer, Bashar Ahmad

Orthodontic autotransplantion can be defined as the placement of a tooth or tooth germ, with or without vitality, in a natural alveolus corresponding to another tooth, or in an artificially created alveolus for this end. Careful patient selection coupled with the selection of appropriate techniques are prerequisite for a good functional treatment and proper esthetic outcome. The purpose of this article was to report a case of a seventeen years old female patient who has undergone tooth autotransplantation, in which the patient was operated by replacing a non-restorable left mandibular first molar on the same side with that of lower third molar germ without its follicle from.

120-127

Authors: Ehsen Abdelmoumen, Sonia Zouiten Skhiri, Abdelatif Boughzela

The purpose of this report was to present the treatment of an avulsed immature necrotic permanent central incisor using the new mineral trioxide aggregate (MM-MTA®, Micro-Mega, Besançon, France) as an orthograde root filling. In such cases, the canal remains large, with thin and fragile walls, and the apex architecture remains divergent. This case demonstrates the efficacy of MTA in this particular situation as an effective material to support regeneration of apical tissue in immature necrotic teeth. External inflammatory resorption was detected after 3 months of the endodontic treatment. At the one-year follow-up, there were no clinical symptoms with radiographic healing of periradicular tissues, new hard-tissue formation in the apical area of the affected tooth and stabilization of the resorption.

132-135

Authors: Rashi Bahl, Nilanchal Sahai

Cervical necrotizing fasciitis is an unusual encounter in the general surgical practice, but is a life threatening condition requiring early recognition and adequate surgical treatment. Necrotizing fasciitis which holds deep fascia and subcutaneous fatty tissue including primarily surface fascia along with vein and nerve structure, is a fast progressing soft tissue infection of which mortality and morbidity is high. It is rarely seen in head and neck zone and usually develops after tooth and pharynx originated infections. This infection originating from a dental related source is rare. Early diagnosis, proper antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement form the factors affecting the success in cervical necrotizing fasciitis treatment.

140-143

Authors: Abhay T Kamath, Srikanth G, Manish bhagania, Anand Mohan, Prem sasikumar

Most fractures of the mandible are contralateral owing to its unique shape and types of forces applied during fracture. Triple unilateral fracture of mandible is extremely uncommon and rarely reported in literature. Dentition free segment adds to the challenges of accurate reduction. This case report talks about a case of right parasymphysis, right angle and right subcondylar fracture of mandible in a 21 year old male and the methods employed for reduction. Non dentate segment is reduced first to maintain vertical ramus height followed by reduction of angle and parasymphysis. The difficulty inherent in treating these fractures can be alleviated with the use of proper sequencing and techniques of open reduction and internal fixation.

41

Authors: Dr. Zeeshan Sheikh & Dr. Zohaib Khurshid

IDJSR is one of the unique and advanced international journals solely made by and for dental students whose role in the dental profession is now being brought to greater heights. Please note that IDJSR is ONLY for dental students (undergraduate/postgraduate) and it provides a platform for the dental students to publish their scientific articles as well as read specialized articles written by their counterparts from other parts of the globe. The International Dental Journal of Students' Research (IDJSR) is an online interactive open-access journal for the communication of all peer-reviewed scientific and dental research.

43-48

Authors: Dr. Ashar Jamelle, Prof. Robert Hill, Dr. David Gillam

In 1980’s researchers discovered CPCs (calcium phosphate crystals) which are a bioactive and biodegradable bone grafting material. Phases form after mixing in different compositions with different end products which are mainly two types; Brushite, and a Apatite. Bioactive glass can undergo dissolution in physiological solutions and form a hydroxycarbonated apatite like phase (this includes Octacalcium or Flouroapatite). Novel material can be made by mixing bioglass and Ca(H2PO4)2 and have cements set to form hydroxyapatite or brushite produce HAP, brushite and fluorapatite forming cements. The aims and objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of storage media on the Calcium Phosphate Cements combined with bioactive glass, with respect to properties and phase formed and strength of development. Would the outcomes of storing in a media enriched in calcium and phosphate (that more closely mimics the in vivo conditions, Simulated body fluid) and Tris buffer solution. To See histological and structural that do in-vivo implanted cements show the formation of more hydroxyapatite and higher mineral contents. To determine mechanical properties does it result in higher compressive strength. Functionally does it aid the conversion of Octacalcium phosphate to Hydroxyapatite. Calcium phosphate was measured 0.98 gms and mixed with bioactive glass 1.02 gms and placed in a 6 by 4 Cylinder, placed in aoven. Cements were immersed into both TRIS buffer and Simulated body fluid solution for 1hour, 1day, 7days and 28 days .The compressive strength was determined by a Instron machine. Characterization of phases was seen by analysis through FTIR(spectoscopy) and X-ray diffraction microtomography (determine quantitative measurements of mineral concentration in hard tissue). It was seen that the storage media does have a influence in properties and phases formed.

52-54

Authors: Dr. Murai Khalifa Yuliya Mulyar

The term fenestration refers to a circumscribed defect that creates a "window" through the bone over the prominent root. This lesion will be seen when the alveolar bone is exposed by a flap surgery, its associated with localized periodontal destruction. This case reports a 62year-oldmale patient who presented with persistent tooth pain at the lower right 2ed incisor, despite repeated root canal treatments by a general practitioner. When the patient visited our clinic, a CT examination was performed and apical fenestration was diagnosed. The tooth was not restorable due to a fracture in the apical third from a previous root canal therapy. Suggested treatment plan was to extract the tooth, perform bone grafting and a future implant.

59-60

Authors: Thomas T. Nguyen

IDJSR is one of the unique and advanced international journals solely made by and for dental students whose role in the dental profession is now being brought to greater heights. Please note that IDJSR is ONLY for dental students (undergraduate/postgraduate) and it provides a platform for the dental students to publish their scientific articles as well as read specialized articles written by their counterparts from other parts of the globe. The International Dental Journal of Students' Research (IDJSR) is an online interactive open-access journal for the communication of all peer-reviewed scientific and dental research.

69-74

Authors: Dr. Kashif Hafeez, Dr. Aiyesha Wahaj, Dr. Muhammad Sohail Zafar , Dr. Sana Shahab

Sinus lift is one of the intricate methods of increasing bone height in the posterior maxilla. Graft materials are used to provide the height and hence increase the implant support and success rate. Successful osseointegration of dental implants required a stable and sufficient amount of bone. There are different types of bone grafting materials including autogenous bone grafts, allografts and xeno grafts. Other newly used materials such as platelet rich plasma is also found to have optimal results. The current study was aimed to assess the implications of dental implants after immediate sinus augmentation and type of graft materials which are suitable to support the sinus lift procedures. A data search was performed based on available electronic data bases (Cochrane data base, Medline/PubMed) for articles published from1990-2013.Sinus lift is combined with various graft materials to increase the bone height. The long term survival of implant depends on surgical techniques, bone volume, graft materials and Implant surface features.

82-85

Authors: Dr. Amir Manzoor Shah , Dr. Khurram Khan , Dr.Fahd Ahmed , Dr.Nida Amir

The use of lasers has significantly developed in modern dentistry, however the clinical value and awareness on the benefits of their use is limited. Lasers have made their way in dental treatment since 1994. They have been granted Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, however the American Dental Association (ADA) is still researching on the outcomes of laser therapy1. This article reviews the use of laser therapy in the initial non-surgical phase of periodontal therapy.

91-95

Authors: Dr. Mohamed-Nur Abdallah, Dr. Mai S. Ali

IDJSR is one of the unique and advanced international journals solely made by and for dental students whose role in the dental profession is now being brought to greater heights. Please note that IDJSR is ONLY for dental students (undergraduate/postgraduate) and it provides a platform for the dental students to publish their scientific articles as well as read specialized articles written by their counterparts from other parts of the globe. The International Dental Journal of Students' Research (IDJSR) is an online interactive open-access journal for the communication of all peer-reviewed scientific and dental research.

108-111

Authors: Dr Zohaib Akram, Dr Haroon Rashid, Dr Fahim Vohra

IDJSR is one of the unique and advanced international journals solely made by and for dental students whose role in the dental profession is now being brought to greater heights. Please note that IDJSR is ONLY for dental students (undergraduate/postgraduate) and it provides a platform for the dental students to publish their scientific articles as well as read specialized articles written by their counterparts from other parts of the globe. The International Dental Journal of Students' Research (IDJSR) is an online interactive open-access journal for the communication of all peer-reviewed scientific and dental research.