Enfoque UTE

pp. 1 - 11

Authors: Marlon Ricardo Bailón-Rojas, Nelino Florida-Rofner

Cocoa and coffee are important crops in the area and are managed under organic production standards, and the use of organic fertilizers is high, especially compost. For this reason, physical-chemical indicators were evaluated, and the quality of the compost produced with different inputs and marketed in the Rupa Rupa district, Huánuco-Peru region, was determined. It is a non-experimental correlational investigation with statistical adjustment of completely randomized, the treatments are the identified compost: Alborada compost (CAL), M&F Organic compost (CMF), municipal waste compost (CML), compost from the Divisoria Cooperative (CCD) and formulated commercial compost (CCF). Physical (humidity) and chemical indicators (ashes, pH, MO, N, P2O5, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) were evaluated and the quality was determined according to the Colombian technical standard (NTC 5167) , the Chilean official standard (NOCh 2880) and the quality standards of the World Health Organization (OMS). The Results show no differences in the physical and chemical indicators, except for the N levels and according to the NTC and the OMS correspond to good quality compost and the NOCh classifies them as medium quality compost. In conclusion, the compost evaluated are of medium quality and the standard that best determines the quality is the NOCh, which can be applied in countries that do not have a specific standard that determines the quality of the compost.

pp. 29 - 43

Authors: Laura Patricia Bermeo Escobar

Purple passionfruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) is an exotic, sweet and slighty acid flavored fruit with a pleasant aroma. It is also widely accepted in European markets. In Colombia, a part of the yield crop is comprised of fruit that does not meet quality standards for export and is intended for national consumption, and marketed at very low prices. Therefore, it is necessary to propose alternatives for its use and potential market. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the degree of ripeness for purple passionfruit on the sensory acceptance in food products. Yogurt and cereal bars sweetened with purple passionfruit sauce from fruit with different stages of ripeness (T1: 30 %, T2: 50 %, T3: 70 % and T4: 100 %) were prepared. By a panel of 101 consumers aged 18-54 years old, using a 5-point facial hedonic scale, said products were sensorially assessed. The results obtained showed that 56.44% of consumers preferred T4 treatment (yogurt) and 51.49% of consumers preferred T3 treatment (cereal bars). The above mentioned leads to conclude that, for yogurt preparations, it is best to sweeten with ripe or even overripe fruit, while for cereal bars it is ideal to use purple passionfruit with a lower stage of ripeness (70%).

pp. 59 - 73

Authors: Carlos A. Bocanegra García, Bilmia Veneros Urbina, Zoila Gladis Culquichicón Malpica

The present research describes and analyzes the impacts of the anthropic transformation of the coastal strip of the city of Trujillo, due to the systematic construction and expansion of a rigid structure called sand retaining mill in the port of Salaverry. It is described and analyzed the impacts of the anthropic transformation of the strip and its consequences due to the construction of the retention molon. Satellite images, photographs and hydrographic charts were used for the respective analysis seeking to raise awareness and encourage scientists, authorities and citizens in general to conserve the coast and save it. The main impacts are referred to the modification of the coast line, adding the destruction of beaches and the alteration of ecosystems. Erosion as a phenomenon has been affecting many coastal areas, but in this one in particular the problem has increased and seems not to stop even knowing all the aspects and climatic impacts that this may generate, destabilizing natural habitats and changing the behavior of the tides by directing them to unforeseen areas. With the problem posed.

pp. 1 - 15

Authors: Elías Portilla Olvera, Daniela Lis Godoy

Social tagging consists of classifying web resources using words or tags freely chosen by users. The simplicity and openness of social tagging systems to organize resources is the key to your success on the internet. There are numerous approaches to facilitate the user the labeling process, allowing them to reuse labels and thus optimizing their limited reading and writing time. This document proposes a different hybrid approach that simply solves the problem of recommendations based solely on the content of the resource, merging the list of recommendations with the most popular tags in the user's tag history, thus allowing them to reuse terms assigned to others resources.

pp. 27 - 36

Authors: Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Irfan Ullah, Muhammad Wasim Abbas, Asad Abdullah, Usama Hassan

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an important insect pest of the cotton crop worldwide. Sex-pheromone and light traps were used to monitor the adult P. gossypiella population in Bt cotton field for the years 2017-18 at southern Punjab, Pakistan. The sampling of infested bolls was done to record the damage level of P. gossypiella. The sex-pheromone traps captured approximately 2-3 times more adults than light traps in all locations during 2017-18. For sex-pheromone traps, temperature showed negative and strong relation (R2 = 0.63-0.80) with trap catches. Fewer bolls (7.0-9.0%) were infested in plots where sex-pheromone traps were installed compared to check plots (32-37%). Therefore, the pheromone trapping proved an effective and eco-friendly tool for the monitoring and management of P. gossypiella. Our findings enable forecasting of seasonal P. gossypiella population providing additional information for the development of an integrated pest management program for this pest.

pp. 48 - 56

Authors: Eduardo Salazar, Roxana Valenzuela, Margarita Aguilar, Natali Aranda, Alejandrina Sotelo, Gabriela Cristina Chire-Fajardo, Milber Ureña

Cocoa is used in the manufacturing of different products. Fermenting microorganisms such as yeast and bacteria use the high nutrient content of cocoa. This research evaluated physicochemical properties and microbial group behavior of fresh cocoa bean and four treatments to compare among them (A, A-farmer, B, and B-farmer). Moisture content, mold and yeast count, and Salmonella were determined in fresh cocoa beans and treatments. The results of fresh cocoa beans were moisture content of 56.30 ± 0.02 % and microbiological count below control. Treatments results were moisture content of 3.10 ± 0.02 %, 10.30 ± 0.20 %, 4.80 ± 0.00 %, and 11.40 ± 0.20 % (p ≤ 0.05), mold and yeast count were statistically similar (p > 0.05). Salmonella was not detected in any of the treatments. These findings indicate that regardless of post-harvest process, there is no fungal contamination in cocoa when carrying out good manufacturing practices.

pp. 71 - 86

Authors: Andres A. Sánchez-Escalona, Yanán Camaraza-Medina, Yoalbys Retirado-Mediaceja, Ever Góngora-Leyva

This research proposed an optimized water distribution scheme in order to increase the heat transfer on a hydrogen sulphide gas coolers system. The system is comprised by two jacketed shell and tube heat exchangers, installed in a series-parallel arrangement. Each equipment operates with three streams, hence two major thermal communications are present. The water flowrates optimization was performed through genetic algorithms, using a model based on the ɛ-NTU method for simulation of the heat exchangers. The heat transfer incremental was estimated within the range 3695 to 10514 W, while the gas temperature reduction at the system outlet was projected between 2,9 and 9,8 K. Calculated heat recovery varied from 3,90 to 22,16%, averaging 12,44%. Multivariate linear regression was implemented for determination of the functions that solves the studied problem from a technological point of view.

pp. 101 - 115

Authors: Moisés Filiberto Mora Murillo, Walter Alfredo Mora Murillo, Digvijay Pandey

In Ecuador, in the Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas province, a Special Operations Committee (SOC) was created to take containment measures against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). This research deals with an analysis of the possible spread of the SARS-COV-2 virus causing the infectious disease caused by new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) using the Susceptible, Exposed, Infected and Recovered (SEIR) model as a prediction method according to the rigor of the containment measures evaluated. with the acceptability of people through a survey (95 %, CI) in which three parameters (α) severity of containment measures, (k) social impact of the pandemic and (β) transmission rate, are determined, which we then used as β (t) with initial value of β = 1. All this considering the rapid proliferation of the virus in the province and having an average of α = 3.23 (95 % CI: 3 - 4) and for k = 4.10 (95 % CI: 4 - 5) that the authorities will use to mitigate the spread of the virus, as well as future outbreaks of the disease.

pp. 1 - 14

Authors: JUAN DAVID RAMIREZ, Krissia Cabezas, Pedro Jiménez, Raúl Canelos, Bolívar Escobar

This paper presents the voltage distributions along the insulator strings of a 500 kV overhead transmission line of Ecuador. The electrostatic problem related to the voltage distribution was solved using the Finite Element Method. A 1: 1 scale drawing is done on a CAD type drawing tool and then exported to the FEMM program that solves the problem and the results related to the voltages in the insulator string are obtained. The voltage differences in the different insulators that constitute a string are appreciated and the difference between the strings determined by the geometric location in the solution space is observed

pp. 25 - 34

Authors: Maritza Quijia-Quijia, Stephanie Castillo-Torres, Wilson Vasquez-Castillo, Mauricio Racines-Oliva

The research was carried out in the Nayón-Quito, Ecuadorian Pichincha-Province, with temperatures ranging between 18 - 22 ° C, located at an altitude of 2325 meters above sea level. Ice cream bean is a species used to provide shade in some crops such as coffee and cocoa. In this study, 15 ice cream bean trees were selected in which 30 vegetative buds/plant were marked to follow them in time and observe their development. Weekly observations were made of the transition of the vegetative to reproductive structures of the crop in order to establish the duration of each stage presented by the plant as well as the thermal cumulation necessary for these changes to occur. During the study, the selected trees selected presented constant bud break, foliage fall and fruiting. These changes varied according to the climatic conditions of Nayón. It was finally determined that ice cream bean flowering stage lasted 155 days and a total of 497 thermal units were needed to fruit harvest. The BBCH scale (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie) describes the phenological development of crops from germination to senescence, comprising 8 main stages that are germination, leaf development, bud formation, inflorescence formation, flowering, fruit development, fruit ripening and senescence. Based on this scale a visual-phenological description of the ice cream bean fruit setting was obtained with the most relevant subphases presented by the plants (521, 525, 529, 621, 625, 629, 723, 725, 729). This information constituted basic and outmost useful and relevant data to better understand the process of development of this crop and improve field and production practices.

pp. 46 - 54

Authors: Jorge Luis Miguel Loo Miranda, Gabriela Cristina Chire Fajardo , Milber Oswaldo Ureña Peralta

This study linked the fermentation index of two varieties of cocoa beans: CCN 51 and ICS 6 with electrical conductivity (EC) of the water where they were immersed using a laboratory conductimeter. Mixtures of 11 fermented cocoa beans and unfermented were performed in order to obtain fermentation index from 0% (unfermented beans) to that reached by the fermented cocoa beans. Immersion times tested for determination of the electrical conductivity were 90 and 180 minutes. The results of electrical conductivity for CCN 51 and ICS 6 were 56.1 ± 12.0 to 1375.0 ± 28.0 mS/cm and 150.0 ± 19.9 to 1199.3 ± 44.5 mS/cm, respectively. Subsequent conductivity values ​​did not represent significant increases over time. The relationship between the fermentation index and electrical conductivity for CCN 51 showed positive trend, achieving a R2 = 63.1%. The following function by regression: EC (CCN-51) = 1196 + 10.83 * (FI) – 0.06 *(FI)2 got a model with significant adjustment to be used to determine its fermentation index.

pp. 69 - 86

Authors: Bimael Justo Quispe Reymundo, Ronald Héctor Révolo Acevedo

The effect of surface temperature on the state of the vegetation in the forest of Polylepis spp and to relate it is the objective of this research. As methodology 9 satellite images of the Landsat 8 OLI / TIRS Sensor were used, evaluated using remote sensing, applying Pearson r correlation and statistical t student hypothesis. The following results were obtained: the relationships during the 9 months of the year 2018 - - 2019 between LST - NDVI r = 0.11, t = 0.29; LST - NDWI r = -0.43, t = 1.27; LST - SAVI r = 0.13, t = 0.34 and LST - MSI r = 0.56, t = 1.77; the average ratio of 9 images classified in Jenks Natural Breaks values ​​between LST - NDVI r = 0.99, t = 47.12; LST - NDWI r = -0.98, t = 28.93; LST - SAVI r = -0.99, t = 65.39 and LST - MSI r = 0.99, t = 30.39; and the effect of “TVX” for NDVI (East: -0.0778 / 0.0549; West: 0.6434 / -0.0120), NDWI (West: -0.6128 / -0.0463; East: 0.3057 / 0.0474), SAVI (West: 0.4089 / 0.0232; East: -0.0073 / -0.0011) and MSI (East: 0.5565 / 0.1856; West: 1.3993 / 0.0362). In conclusion, it is confirmed that during the 9 months that the monitoring lasted, there was no statistical correlation and that on average of the 9 images classified in Jenks Natural Breaks there is a correlation; TVX confirmed the influence of surface temperature on the state of vegetation within the forest over time.

pp. 102 - 110

Authors: Jaime Antamba Guasgua, Vladimir Azanza, Gorky Reyes, Alvaro Remache, Soraya Ruiz

All powered vehicles have a braking system adopted according to the type of vehicle and work for which they are designed. In Ecuador, there is a great variety of auto parts that are proposed as alternative replacement, varying in cost and quality. This research aims to quantitatively analyze the characteristics of the brake disc material between original and alternate auto parts. This research analyzes three brake disc samples (A, B, C) from different manufacturing sources, using the ASTM E415-08 spectrometry test and the metallography test under the ASTM A247-16A standard. The spectrometry detects 15 elements in each sample, the carbon equivalent of sample A is 18% and 20% higher in relation to sample B and C, which significantly influences the microstructure. The metallographic tests indicate a pearlitic matrix in each sample, however, there is a different distribution and size of the graphite flakes. According to the SAE J431 standard, each auto part meets the material conditions for the brake disc function.

pp. 01-10

Authors: Ernesto Cañarte-Bermúdez, Bernardo Navarrete-Cedeño, Silvia Montero-Cedeño, Hugo César Arredondo-Bernal, Onésimo Chávez-López, Néstor Bautista-Martínez

Efficacy of neem on Citrus Leafminer (CLM) and effect on its parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola was evaluated, using field, cage and olfactometer tests. Treatments were: aqueous extract of neem (50 gL-1), formulated oil of neem (10 mL L-1) and control. Field study was done in a Citrus aurantifolia orchard, three applications were carried out, which were evaluated every 48 hours until ten days after the treatment. Cage and olfactometer tests were performed in a greenhouse and repeated twice each time. In the cage, it were used 50 infested Citrus reticulata plants per experimental unit, while for the olfactometer test, as experimental arena, transparent plastic jars with 20 adults of CLM inside were used. Variables evaluated were: CLM infestation, dead, live and predated larvae, pupae, emerged adults and parasitized pupal chambers. The highest mortality of the CLM was caused by the aqueous extract of neem with 77.17%, which began 48 hours after application, suggesting inhibition of feeding. The aqueous extract of neem showed in average 88.80 % of repellency of adults of CLM and neem oil 85.64%. The high mortality of CLM and the repellent effect of neem, seem to influence negatively in parasitism which fluctuated between 9.45 % and 20.16 % in treated trees.

pp. 21-28

Authors: Mercedes Elizabeth Navarrete Párraga, Silvia Madeleim Zambrano Marcillo, Walter Ramón Zambrano Sabando, Martha Alicia Romero Pizarro, Marcelo Rafael Racines Jaramillo, Ernesto Ricardo Paredes Puga, Leonardo Andres Quintero Roman, Digner Santiago Ortega Cedillo

This work was performed in the oil extraction laboratory of the African Palm Program, of the Experimental Station “Santo Domingo” of the INIAP. The main objective was to determine the efficiency of three oil extraction equipments, in three oil palm genotypes. The equipments used were Velp solvent extractor, Soxhlet extractor and a 1500 psi hydraulic press. The genotypes evaluated are part of the germplasm bank of the Palm Program at INIAP: Elaeis guineensis (african palm), Elaeis oleifera (american palm) and E. oleifera x E. guineensis (interspecific hybrid). The experimental design was a complete random design (DCA), with 20 observations, followed by student’s test and Tukey test at a 5 significance, to determine differences between treatment means. The results showed highly significant differences between the different factors evaluated. The higher percentage of oil per bunch was obtained with the genotype E. guineensis in the Soxhlet extractor (18.43 %) and the lowest percentage for E. oleifera with the hydraulic press (0.34 %). The analysis of costs determined that the lowest cost was obtained with the hydraulic press with USD 8,20 per sample.

pp. 47-57

Authors: Monica Iza, Pablo Viteri, Milton Hinojosa, Anibal Martínez, Andrea Sotomayor Correa, William Viera

The genus Rubus is one of the most diverse in terms of morphology and genetics, presenting a wide spectrum of wild and cultivated species that are desired by their edible fruits. In Ecuador, the cultivation of blackberry (R. glaucus and Rubus sp.) is present along the Inter-Andean region, grown between 2000 and 3100 masl. This fruit crop is economically important for its high demand for fresh and processed consumption. This research was carried out in the Tumbaco Experimental Farm of INIAP (Ecuador) with the objective of finding characters that allow the morphological, phenological and pomological differentiation of four blackberry cultivars (Castilla, Andimora, Colombiana and Brazos). The multivariate analysis showed three conglomerates (C). Cultivars Andimora and Colombiana (C3) do not have spines unlike Castilla (C2) and Brazos (C1). Colombian was the earliest cultivar (161 days of sprouting to harvest) and Castilla the latest (186 days). Brazos cultivar showed the highest fruit weight (5.85 g). Andimora reached the highest content of soluble solids (11.86 ºBrix) and had firm fruits. The differentiating characters observed in this study make possible to establish parameters of distinction between the cultivars that are currently cultivated in Ecuador.

pp. 71-84

Authors: Yeison Núñez-Sánchez, Antonio González-Torres

Outsourcing allows organizations to reduce costs, optimize the use of resources, provide added value in services and goods, and concentrate on achieving the strategic objectives of the business. However, many software projects have failed due to the lack of knowledge of the factors involved in its planning. Some of these elements are poor communication with the supplier, weak monitoring of the status of tasks, lack of active participation of users and stakeholders at all stages of the process, and software quality assurance. Consequently, this research aims to aid the management of the outsourcing process and proposes a methodology for its management during system development. The methodology comprises 7 phases, each one with its inputs, tasks, and outputs, which are used by the following stages. In summary, it synthesizes the best practices for the management of third parties.

pp. 95-108

Authors: Anthony Xavier Andrade Cando, William Quitiaquez Sarzosa, Luis Fernando Toapanta

Low and medium solar heating systems used for domestic and industrial applications, such as water and space heating, usually utilize solar flat plate collectors in order to absorb solar thermal energy converting it into heat and then transferring the heat to a fluid (usually water or air) that flows through it. The aim of this study is to evaluate the solar flat plate collector’s efficiency and the fluid behavior inside the pipeline with three different cross sections, whose hydraulic diameters are 10, 5.12 and 6.16 mm, by using ANSYS Fluent. The results obtained from the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool showed that the collector with the Type I cross section reached temperatures up to 330 K at the pipe outlet obtaining an efficiency of 68 %, higher than those of Types II and III, whose efficiencies were 51 % and 60 %, respectively. Type I cross section also presented the lowest values in both speed and pressure drop, these being 0.266 m/s and 108.3 Pa, respectively.

pp. 68 - 83

Authors: Julio César Leguísamo Milla, Edilberto Llanes Cedeño, Juan Rocha Hoyos

This article presents the results of the impact of ecodriving on fuel consumption and the emission factors of polluting gases from a gasoline vehicle when performing road testing in the city of Quito, located at 2 810 meters above sea level. A route with traffic validated by the Technology Transfer Center has been selected for the training and investigation of vehicle emission control. A Chevrolet Aveo Family was used as a test vehicle, , considering is the bestselling vehicle in the city at the moment. And the equipment used to measure fuel consumption and the concentration of emissions was an onboard gas analyzer and a canister. The success and the measuring of the data in this experimentation were determined using the STATGRAPHICS Centurion XVI software. The results showed significant differences in fuel consumption and pollutant emissions of CO and NOx when applying an efficient driving, except for the HC in which there is no significant difference, but the emission is lower when is used on standard driving.

pp. 1 - 14

Authors: Cecilia Challiol, Franco Martín Borrelli, Francisco Goin Plexevi, Candela Mariel Rouaux Servat, Facundo Ivan Mendiburu, Estevan Gomez-Torres, Silvia Ethel Gordillo

The contribution of this paper is to explore how in-situ co-design of indoor spaces (e.g. building) of Location-based Mobile Games could be handle, by describing the learned lessons on this topic. This paper presents a conceptual framework for in-situ co-design of indoor spaces on Location-based Mobile Games to assist to carry out this kind of experience using useful resources (as Design Thinking's resources). An experience of in-situ co-design for an indoor space on a Location-based Mobile Game is presented using this framework; for some phases an authoring tool was used which allows in-situ co-design of relevant locations for an application. Based on this experience, the authoring tool was extended to create a specific kind of Location-based Mobile Game. This paper presents this extension along with a proof of concept that shows how an in-situ co-designed game created by this extension was used by end-users.

pp. 28 - 40

Authors: Jorge Cardenas, Esteban Inga

Nowadays, Higher Education Institutions (HEI) need to be more inclusive from the methodological vision appropriate used in the classroom. Visual impairment students (VIS) become a challenge for teachers who look for incorporating different learning environments. This challenge increases when teaching and learning process to VIS is related to the English language; due to the absence of educational didactic resources available at the school and the lack of knowledge of appropriate teaching methodologies and strategies to develop the different language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing that go with the educational process in the acquisition of the English language. In accordance with this problem, this research proposes a novel methodological strategy, based on the usage of meaningful learning with emerging technologies as a main guide for students with visual impairment. Thus, the road map of good practices in the use of this methodology will allow establishing a clear process to achieve students’ active, meaningful and autonomous participation, using the least time in the teaching-learning process of the English language.

pp. 84 - 95

Authors: Stanislao Pinzón, Stéfany Yánez, Milton Ruiz

This research shows a heuristic model for the design of scalable and reliable electrical distribution networks. The algorithms presented allow to optimize the location of transformation centers using on their database geographic information systems from which it is possible to define user locations, candidate sites, possible routes for the deployment of the electricity grid and, in general, data for the reconstruction of the scenario. The model employs clustering and triangulation methods, as well as algorithms for creating a minimally expanding tree and the consequent site assignment for transformer placement. After setting the optimal locations for the transformer site, the algorithms compute voltage drops in secondary circuits, required transformation capability, execution times, and coverage achieved. The results obtained are adjusted to the requirements of an actual distribution power grid and show a good performance on the proposed scenario.

pp. 96 - 107

Authors: Diego Carrión, Alex Ayo, Jorge Wilson González

Stability analysis in electrical power systems is based on the study in dynamic state of the voltage and frequency, since at the moment that there is some contingency it fluctuates drastically due to the primary and secondary controls of the voltage and frequency to the power systems that act on the generators. In order to solve the possible stability problems that may arise in power systems, various techniques have been developed that act on the generating machines for their protection as well as on the loads for the power cut. The present investigation proposes an alternative methodology for load disconnection by low frequency as an option to save the power system from a possible blackout due to instability due to a fall in the frequency, managing to improve the results affected by other improved techniques, the frequency change range, frequency deviation and the effects of demand disconnection. The proposed methodology was tested in the IEEE 14 bus system.