International Journal of Health Research in Modern Integrated Medical Sciences

7

Authors: Swathi Kaliki

Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant intraocular tumor of childhood, with an incidence of 1 in 16,000 to 18,000 live births. The most common symptoms of retinoblastoma are leukocoria and strabismus. The diagnosis of retinoblastoma is delayed in the developing countries when compared to that of developed countries. The management of retinoblastoma has dramatically changed over the years from previous radiotherapy methods to current chemotherapy strategies. The treatment of choice in less advanced cases is chemotherapy and in more advanced cases is enucleation. With the improved treatment strategies, patient survival, globe salvage, and vision salvage in patients with retinoblastoma has drastically improved over the years. The aim of this article is to discuss the presenting features, treatment strategies, and prognosis of retinoblastoma.

4

Authors: Suryakala Chappa, Sudhasmita Rout, K Prasad Reddy, PVB Ramalakshmi

Peripheral nerve tumors arise from Schwann cells and perineural cells. Most of them are benign but have overlapping entities with different course of prognosis, recurrence and malignant transformation. The practicing pathologist must be familiar with their morphological features. We report 22 cases of Neural tumors, of which 11 were Neurofibromas, 10 were Schwannomas and 1 was Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST).

9

Authors: Harshada Makena, Prashanth Ampalam, K Narasimha Reddi

Mental retardation (MR) is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind, characterized by impairment of skills (cognitive, language, motor and social) manifested during the developmental period, which contribute to overall level of intelligence. Intellectual Disability is a more precise term (used in DSM-V). MR is an etiological factor for development of various co-morbidities, which account for substantial burden of the disease. However, the extent of this co-occurrence varies substantially between reports. Aim: To study the prevalence of psychiatric and medical comorbidity, among different degrees of Mental Retardation. Settings and Design: This is a cross-sectional, singlecentered study conducted at the out patient department of Psychiatry, Maharajah’s Institute Of Medical Sciences. Material & Methods : Sixty-three persons, who came for disability certification, were diagnosed with MR as per ICD-10 criteria, The Wechsler’s Adult Intelligence Scale – IV and The Developmental Screening Test for IQ and Vineland Social Maturity Scale for SQ assessment were used. Psychiatric and medical co-morbidities were diagnosed, using clinical examination, laboratory investigation, the ICD-10 Diagnostic criteria and CHA-PAS SCALE. Statistical Analysis : The statistical analysis was done by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 13.0 version. Frequency, percentages and chi square analysis were used to analyze the data. Result : Out of 63, 40 were found to have medical co-morbidity, while 38 were found to have psychiatric co-morbidity. Severe and profound MR was almost always associated with medical co-morbidities, while mild to moderate MR with psychiatric illness. Different co-morbid disorders were analyzed and discussed. Conclusions : Evaluation and diagnosis of co-morbid disorder in different degrees of MR is of paramount importance in order to modify treatment schedules and improve the patient outcomes.