Biogeosystem Technique

3-56

Authors: Arthur G. Jablokow, Philipp A. Nasirov, Feodor K. Orekhov, Oleg V. Gradov

In the second part of the article cycle «“MALDI-FLIP-on-a-chip” and “MALDI-FRAP-on-a-flap”: Novel Techniques for Soil Microbiology and Environmental Biogeochemistry» the polymer chip prototyping techniques are described. In particular, the compatibility problems are discussed. The problem of the biocompatibility of polymer chip surface is eliminated using GIM-surfaced chip exposition in the high-humidity experimental media, which may be interpreted as a model of soils. The problem of compatibilities of fluorescence techniques and polymer chips is resolved (as a part of the general chip optics problem) using microscopic investigations of polymer chip transparency in some different textural variances and microfluorimetric measurements of fluorescent dyes in the chip geometry. The problem of the soil chip prototyping is solved using 3D-printing based on some biocompatible and, so possible, biodegradable polymers. The basic complexity of experimental data is provided in the tables placed in the general article text. Is it possible to create multiparametric analytical technique for synchronous biocompatible soil microbiome analysis and monitoring? It is a general question for the real time environmental control. We can say “Yes”, but only if we have a minimal prerequisite case, which we have a good polymer, real “real time” analyzer, biocompatible and biodegradable coatings etc. In other cases the general problem of soil chip design is not a problem of engineering, but it is a problem of soil-chip interface chemical physics and physical chemistry. Such problem may be interpreted only as a principal physical, but not as a technical problem. This part of our article cycle is very simple and sensible, because such problems are not very strong and complexible, consequently, we can take only illustration of principle, but not a full verification and validation of fine and thin mechanisms of soil microbiome interactions with adhesive chip etc. Cureent opinions in soil biology are good compartible with our results, therefor we must not take full theoretical considerations in frames of the current concept paradigm in soil biology. De facto, it is a brief methodical and technical note before the closing of our projects in Russian Federation. It is not a normal research article, because all normal articles may be writed only in normal material and technical conditions.

71-86

Authors: Fedor N. Lisetskii, Zhanna A. Buryak, Evgenia Ya. Zelenskaya

Ancient extended microforms of the relief are widely represented in a number of regions of the Crimea, where post-agricultural landscapes are found. These microforms are analogues of ground hydraulic engineering structures on arable land, which are used for the purposes of regulating surface runoff of water and controlling the intensity of erosion processes in erosion hazardous agro landscapes. The results of comprehensive studies of ancient land management and land use near the archaeological sites (settlements of farmers and pastoralists) of ancient times in the North-Western Crimea are presented in the article. Relict elements of land use in the form of trees and ditches, which were found in the ancient agricultural regions of the Crimea, are formed as a result of agrotechnical features of soil treatment within the allotments and by creating external borders of land plots to secure the rights of land users. The infrastructural elements of the antique land surveying systems were identified using remote sensing data and field methods. Features of soil cultivation in land allotments for perennial plantations and crops have been established. The physicochemical features of the soils showed that the marginal ridges in the post-ancient landscapes were uncultivated. Using the results of a detailed geodetic survey, the universal morphometric parameters of earth structures of various types were first obtained. With the help of remote sensing data and field methods was determined the topological structure of antique land surveying systems, and also were identified features of soil cultivation in land allotments for perennial plantations and grain crops. The classification of surveying rampart by their morphometric parameters has established three main types, which determines the prospects for further reconstruction of the technologies for their creation. According to the results of soil-chronological assessments, it was determined that surveying systems relate to the period of ancient land management (IV century BC – I century AD). Adaptive decisions in land use, which to some extent implement the principles of “geonics”, have a similarity both in creating regulatory boundaries (groundwater hydraulic structures on arable land) in modern land management projects, and in ancient agricultural practices.

110-128

Authors: Tatyana V. Perevolotskaya, Vyacheslav S. Anisimov

The mathematical modeling was used to describe the functioning and organization of natural ecosystems as well as various approaches to the classification of environmental models to describe both the individual processes and their interactions on the base of the real system patterns. Using the system analysis, the components of the system «soil – agricultural plant» are identified and analyzed separately interconnected by bilateral cause – effect relationships. It was shown that the origin of the studied system is artificial, while specific of the components is material. By the nature of interaction with the environment it is an open system, the sequence of events in which is not deterministic and is probabilistic. In developing the conceptual model of heavy metal migration in the system «soil – agricultural plant», a number of assumptions were made: the main mechanism of heavy metals input into crops is the root one; the process of chemical element transfer between the components of the system can occur in forward and reverse directions; in the processes of migration between the components of ecosystems, the transit of heavy metals can take place; the foliar flow of heavy metals is taken into account, mediated, in the transfer constants from the soil to the above-ground phytomass of crops; it is assumed that the investigated chemical element is isolated from the parts of plants into the soil. The accepted limitation in the development of the conceptual model of the TM migration process in the system «soil – agricultural plant» is the formalization of the initial information to quantifiable indicators. Based on the results of the system analysis, adopted approaches and assumptions, a conceptual model of TM migration in the system of «soil – agricultural plants» is developed, with the allocation of the main blocks (compartment): arable soil layer (0-30 cm), aerial phytomass of plants, the root system of plants (root and tuber fields), the subsurface layer of the soil. Mathematical description of the dynamics of migration of chemical elements between the individual components of the studied system «soil – agricultural plant» is presented by a system of linear differential equations of 1st order. The process of migration between the compartments are determined by the constants of transfer of a chemical elements, based on literature data and average values of coefficients of accumulation of Zn, cu, Pb, Cd in the most common crops.

141-146

Authors: Nguyen Van Thinh, Do Phong Luu, A. A. Okolelova, Ngo Trung Dung

The article presents the results of analysis of organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN) in the soils at the 6 different types of tropical forest: Mixed forest between broad-leaved trees and conifers (Lagerstroemia calyculata + Pinus kesiya); Bamboo forest (Bambusa); Three-needled pine (Pinus kesiya); Primary broad-leaf evergreen forest has dominated by Fagaceae; Primary broad-leaf evergreen forest, dominated by Fagaceae, near the streams, can be flooded in the rainy season and Mixed forest between broad-leaved trees and conifers (Fagaceae + Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Dacrydium elatum) of Kon Ka Kinh National Park in Central Vietnam. OC concentrations ranged from 1.1 % in the Primary broad-leaf evergreen forest to 3.5 % in the Mixed forest between broad-leaved trees and conifers (Fagaceae + Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Dacrydium elatum). TN concentrations varied from 0.33 % in the Three-needled pine to 0.04 % in the Bamboo forest. In the Primary broad-leaf evergreen forest has dominated by Fagaceae, OC decreases while TN increases according to the depth of soil. In the Primary broad-leaf evergreen forest, dominated by Fagaceae, near the streams, OC does not change, and TN decreases with soil horizon.

111-121

Authors: Valentin T. Cheshko, Valery I. Glazko, Yulia V. Kosova

The theory of evolution of complex and comprising of human systems and algorithm for its constructing are the synthesis of evolutionary epistemology, philosophical anthropology and concrete scientific empirical basis in modern (transdisciplinary) science. «Trans-disciplinary» in the context is interpreted as a completely new epistemological situation, which is fraught with the initiation of a civilizational crisis. Philosophy and ideology of technogenic civilization is based on the possibility of unambiguous demarcation of public value and descriptive scientific discourses (1), and the object and subject of the cognitive process (2). Both of these attributes are no longer valid. For mass, everyday consciousness and institutional philosophical tradition it is intuitively obvious that having the ability to control the evolutionary process, Homo sapiens came close to the borders of their own biological and cultural identity. The spontaneous coevolutionary process of interaction between the «subject» (rational living organisms) and the «object» (material world), is the teleological trend of the movement towards the complete rationalization of the World as It Is, its merger with the World of Due. The stratification of the global evolutionary process into selective and semantic (teleological) coevolutionary and therefore ontologically inseparable components follows. With the entry of anthropogenic civilization into the stage of the information society, firsty, the post-academic phase of the historical evolution of scientific rationality began, the attributes of which are the specific methodology of scientific knowledge, scientific ethos and ontology. Bioethics as a phenomenon of intellectual culture represents a natural philosophical core of modern post-academic (human-dimensional) science, in which the ethical neutrality of scientific theory principle is inapplicable, and elements of public-axiological and scientific-descriptive discourses are integrated into a single logic construction. As result, hermeneutics precedes epistemology not only methodologically, but also meaningfully, and natural philosophy is regaining the status of the backbone of the theory of evolution – in an explicit form.

140-188

Authors: Arthur G. Jablokow, Andrew A. Skrynnik, Feodor K. Orekhov, Philipp A. Nasirov, Oleg V. Gradov

Novel approaches for verifying continuity of membranous structures and measurements of nucleus-cytoplasm exchange rates are proposed. Novel approaches for the measurements of lateral diffusion/molecular mobility and bindings using MALDI+FRAP/FLIP hybridization are proposed (“MALDI-FLIP-on-a-chip” and “MALDI-FRAP-on-a-flap”). FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) is a method for diffusion kinetics measurements in living cells using fluorescence microscopy which allows to estimate quantitatively 2D lateral diffusion in molecularly thin film containing fluorescent-labeled probes, or for single cell examination (i.e. the study of lateral mobility of cellular molecules). Fluorescence Loss in Photobleaching (FLIP) is a microscopic technique predominantly performed using laser scanning microscopy (e.g. for tagged protein local photobleaching by short, intensive laser excitation on CLSM platform) used for the studies on molecular mobility inside the cells and membranes. MALDI (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization) is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry, allowing for the analysis of biomolecules (biopolymers such as DNA, proteins, peptides and sugars) and large organic molecules (such as polymers, dendrimers and other macromolecules), which tend to be fragile and fragmented when ionized by more conventional ionization methods (according to encyclopedic definition). The above laser-based technique is readily compatible with MALDI or other LDI using the same laser beam for LDI (for example – MALDI) and FLIP.

207-219

Authors: Fedor N. Lisetskii

Ecosystems on the accumulative forms of relief occupy only 9 % of the total length of the coastal line of the Crimean Peninsula and they have become particularly vulnerable in the coastal areas, which are highly in demand for recreational purposes. The study had a goal – to study the morphological structure and physicochemical properties of uneven-aged soils, which are formed on the accumulative forms of the coasts of the North-Western Crimea. Estimation of the time of stabilization of undisturbed sections of transplantations under the conditions of continuous formation of soil-vegetation cover was made according to the average values of the thickness of the humus horizon of soils. Due to the low productivity of vegetation, which can be fixed on sands, the average rates of formation of the humus horizon of soils of the Crimean floods are low and vary from 0.54 to 1.55 mm/year, depending on the duration of pedogenesis. The study of the soil and plant covers on seven a narrow sand bar of the Evpatoria group of lakes showed a low morphological maturity of the formed soils (with age that is rarely more than a century) and its difference from the more differentiated functional maturity, which is due to the different content of carbonates. A relationship was established between the thickness of the humus horizon of the soils and the functional maturity (13 macro- and microelements accumulated as a result of pedogenesis) for soils with a calcium oxide content of not more than 18 %. The list of the most informative geochemical coefficients that generalize all scenarios of soil formation during renaturation of sands on the accumulative forms of the Black Sea coast was proposed. It is shown that the differences between the morphological and functional maturity of soils on sands are due to the inclusion of soil masses from the preceding stages of pedogenesis into modern profiles in conditions of high dynamism of pedolitogenesis, primarily due to active eolian processes in the coastal zone.

232-236

Authors: Jan Diek Van Mansvelt

The conference agenda was the vast field of Fundamental and applied research in Bioorganic Agriculture in Russia, CIS and the EU. The conference was dedicated to the blessed memory of the highly honored Russian Academician Alexander Alexandrovich Zhuchenko (1935 – ca 2013). Scientific work of A.A. Zhuchenko on crop adaptability is of highest significance for Bioorganic Agriculture to ensure a decent life way in harmony with nature not damaging an environment. The Conference’s focuses were: low external input agriculture, ecologically balanced and highly recycling agriculture, with pest prevention preferred over pesticide use. More than two hundred papers were presented on call of Conference successful organizer – Prof. Sulukhan K. Temirbekova – and collected in two tomes, of some 700 pages each – the huge interest to the issue. Very important protagonists of agro-ecology/organic agriculture were the participants of the Conference. The Resolution of conference assesses the contributions of all participants as valuable; recommend more attention & facilities for research and education in organic agriculture, the state regulation of IFOAM compliant standards for food production and processing, an annual or at least bi-annual international RAS conference on developments in organic agriculture, research and practice.

4-8

Authors: Christine J. Cuomo

Although the drive to formally declare a new Anthropocene epoch has gained traction in a number of circles, there are serious questions that need to be raised about the wisdom and accuracy of formalizing the “signals of the anthropocene” as the definitive signs of a new geological epoch. There are important differences between noticing and publicizing a geological signal, and interpreting or defining that signal as the sign of an inevitable ‘new normal’. Rather than interpreting troubling signals such as nuclear fallout, changes in the nitrogen cycle and mining tailings as marking the death of the Holocene, I argue that they should be understood and engaged as dire warning signs, demonstrating beyond a doubt the perilous legacies of highly invasive industries, and signaling the unprecedentedly urgent need to terminate and transform harmful practices, and to move our cultures and economies in Earth-friendly directions.

25-38

Authors: Tatyana V. Perevolotskaya, Vyacheslav S. Anisimov, Lidia N. Anisimova

The studies of heavy metals behaviour into the components of “soil – plant” system is an important task of contemporary ecology, focused on scientific substantiation of permissible limits of man impact to natural complexes and agroecosystems, and control and regulation of chemical elements content in plant products. The paper presents an analysis of heavy metals migration in the system “soil – agricultural plants” based on accumulation coefficients of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd on example of cabbage and fodder beet (root crops). The analysis was performed by statistical methods. It was detected that distributions of accumulation coefficients of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd for cabbage and fodder beet (root crops) in most cases do not follow the normal distribution law. It was shown that in the range of considered chemical elements the distributions of accumulation coefficients for cabbage could be presented as descending order: Zn > Cu > Cd > Pb. It was established that soil type determines 52 % of variations of Cu accumulation in fodder beet (Fisher's ratio test is 9.22 at confidence level of p=0.0019). To the greater degree a variation of Zn accumulation in fodder beet could be caused by unsuspected factors (82 %). In this case the influence of soil type has also a higher probability (Fisher's ratio test is 2.0423 at confidence level of p=0.12), that highlights the significant effect of soil type on the processes of microelements accumulation by plant organism.

66-81

Authors: Evgeny V. Shein, Galina V. Kharitonova, Bayasgalan Amgalan, Gantumur Sambuu, Valeria O. Krutikova, Evgeny V. Kharitonov

Diagnosis of saline neoformations is an important characteristic of the solid phase of arid soils, since the formation of salt accumulations is closely related to the problem of the genesis of soil profiles, and to the possibility of their agricultural use. The formation of certain morphological forms (impregnation, powdering, concretion forms, cutans, individual crystals, their aggregates, etc.) depends on many factors – the granulometric composition of the soils, the type and characteristics of the water regime, the nature of the evaporation of solutions and the temperature differences. We considered the composition and forms of salt neoformations in the soils of Central Mongolia, in which unique conditions for their manifestation are realized. The most important of them are sandy coarse-grained granulometric composition with a high content of coarse sandy particles and clastic material, extremely low water flows, relatively small temporal variability in soil moisture and extreme daily and annual temperature differences. The use of modern methods of electron microscopy revealed that in the studied soils slow crystallization and the small number of nucleation centers lead to the formation of predominantly needly-like crystals and "brushes" of salts – calcite, barite and astrachanite. Furthermore, in these circumstances, and halite forms a highly unusual for him needle-like crystals. For soils this phenomenon observed for the first time. Also the formation of acicular salt crystals in the investigated soils was noted due to specific thermo-hydrological phenomena and was explained by the forces arising under these conditions.

95-108

Authors: Edgar A. Terekhin

The forest ecosystem disturbance is the key criterion characterizing the current state of forest stand. This paper presents the estimation of spectral reflectance properties of forest stands at different degree of forest’s disturbance in Belgorod Region forest-steppe zone. Transformation of forest stand was estimated using Landsat TM data dynamics of reflectance (1,55-1,75 mkm) and Tasseled Cap brightness component. The spectral response was studied for 6 categories of forest stands disturbance. The increase of both spectral parameters is due to deterioration of forest stand. The decrease of values is related to increase of forest crown closure or the new forest areas growing. Deterioration of forest stand is manifested in its desiccation or even complete disappearance due to impact of natural or man-made factors. It was found that the highest difference of spectral response is intrinsic for destructed forest stands or cultural forest ecosystems. Increasing forest ecosystems disturbance is accompanied by increased difference of both spectral parameters between the final and the initial estimated date. Forest stands, according to degree of the spectral response increment compared to other categories of forest ecosystems, are to be ranked as follows: cultural, destroyed, greatly disturbed, medium disturbed, weakly disturbed.

250-270

Authors: Ruslan Sh. Gadzhiev

Using system of geochemical indicators, the differences of current natural and natural-anthropogenic pedogenesis under anthropogenic transformation of the West Belgorod region forest-steppe soils in conditions of intensive agriculture have been established. Taking into account the trend of indicators, the baseline set of geochemical environmental standards for environmental control has been revealed. The list of priority heavy metals for the soil-ecological monitoring has been proposed. It has been shown that in forest-steppe conditions, where the pedogenesis is mainly linked to forest environment, the prior for soil environmental monitoring taking into account the diminishing degree of toxicity list of heavy metals is as follows: Cu > Pb > Cr. For monitoring of soil and environment in forest-steppe conditions, dominated by agriculture, the list of six most informative geochemical factors has been identified, which reflect the subsurface weathering processes (leaching of cations Ca, Na, K, Mg) and the accumulation of trace elements in soils. It is shown that in the modern transformation of the land (increasing the area of perennial plantations according to the plans of import substitution) in the most important soil-ecological monitoring of land are used in gardening because of the higher rates of accumulation of heavy metals.

284-316

Authors: Valery P. Kalinitchenko

Soil dispersed system is considered in terms of soil evolution fluctuation, biological, reclamation process, the theory and practice of successful, productive, long-term, sustainable and environment-friendly agronomic use. It is shown that implementation of soil biological functions in standard paradigm of agricultural technology is problematic – the modeling, normalizing and synthesizing the soil should not be done in custom imitative way of agricultural technology and land reclamation. Finding the new transcendental possibilities for acceptable probability to controlled new soil evolution quality, hydrological regime and soil cover structure is on agenda. Otherwise there is a risk to loss the soil. As a proven option, the transcendental approach to management of equilibrium in soil solution, hydrological regime, fertility, health and evolution of soil environmental quality, synthesis environment and getting a high economic result from the use of developed methods the Biogeosystem Technique is proposed. Research data are presented on evolution of steppe soils. The evolution can go in direction either of aggradation or degradation succession of vegetation, the agronomic quality of soil and soil cover structure. By subsurface milling treatment of complex chestnut soils a statistical range of variation of relative to norm the contrast of soil cover structure and the structure of the vegetation cover during the term of reclamation activities of 30 years decreased from 0.5–1.8 to 0.8–1.1. Morphological characterization of mixing and crushing of the soil internal genetic horizons degree by machining showed that the size of soil units in the horizon B in the control variant (moldboard tillage by 20–22 cm) was 7.0 cm, in the variant of soil milling processing with machine FS-1,3 to a depth of 40–45 cm. – 1.0–1.5 cm. In comparison to control, the soil milling subsurface processing is of significantly longer duration of biologically and economically effective ameliorative action of 30 years, and more. Biogeosystem Technique improves a water efficiency of the rainfed and irrigated agriculture. Biogeosystem Technique ensures a high stability of fundamentally new biogeosystem stagnating at a high level of efficiency and sustainability. Biogeosystem Technique helps to reduce a conflict between the biosphere and technology, to change the paradigm of development, and to synthesize a nature-similar environmental-friendly technology of biosphere.

195-204

Authors: Valery I. Glazko, Timur A. Erkenov, Tatina T. Glazko, Khisir M. Dzatoev

Loss of biodiversity, irreversible extinction of local gene pools of native species, highly adapted to local agro-ecosystems requires the development of methods to identify the unique features of domestic genetic resources of farm animals. In this regard, in the present work the studies of the gene pool of representatives of the national Karachai breed horses, characterized by adaptation to conditions of mountain hypoxia, was carried out. The analysis of the genotypes of the 43 loci from 47 mares, 47 year-old fillies and 6 stallions with the use of methods for genotyping on the amplification products of the horse genome DNA fragments, flanked by inverted repeats of microsatellite loci (AG)9C, (GA)9C and (GAG)6C with the using of the polymerase chain reaction (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats – ISSR-PCR markers). The data obtained indicate a high degree of consolidation of the studied groups of animals, it was found that the average index of genetic identity between animals is 0.9345. The relatively high polymorphism of amplification product spectra obtained with the using as primer the sequence (GA)9C. In all spectra only 13 loci from 43 ones were polymorphic and only 5 of them were involved in the subdivision of the investigated animals on the genetic distances to the two clusters. Given the genotypes of stallions can be expected that the differentiation between one-year-old fillies due to their different contribution stallions in the formation of their gene pools.

218-228

Authors: M.I. Muhammad, U. Wali, M.A. Modibbo

This study employs the integrated approach of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques in flood management with the goal of deriving flood vulnerability modelling factors. Flood vulnerability studies have become more efficient in recent years because of the availability of advanced computational facilities and use of GIS. Almost every year, Nafada Town has been experiencing repeated flooding during the rainy season (July to September). As a consequence, properties are lost or destroyed and sometimes lives are lost. The aim of this research is to develop factors that could be used in flood vulnerability modelling of terrain features that favored the incidence of the floods as part of the solution to the problem. The objectives were to process Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Scene 186/052 with a resolution of 90m•90m which covered the study area, downloaded from United State Geological Surveys (USGS) and the factors were obtained. These fetors were fill sink (elevation), terrain wetness index, proximity to river and overland flow length using the Integrated Land and water information system (ILWIS 3.3) Software, the factors were then classified using Natural breaks extension of ArcGIS 9.3 software. Hence, GIS techniques were proved to be useful in deriving the flood vulnerability modelling factors in a time and cost effective manner. It is recommended that GIS methods should be incorporated in planning and management of floods in the study area and further study should be conducted to combine these factors to develop a flood vulnerability model of the area.

235-246

Authors: Alexander Zhuykov

The analysis is presented of basic agroclimatic indexes characterizing the weather terms of South Ukraine – average monthly air temperature and amount of atmospheric fallouts, as the factors, stipulating stability of plant-grower industry in the agro-climatic zone of research fulfilled. For the last 8–10 years of supervisions, the agroclimatic zone weather terms changed substantially. The main concern is the increase of average annual temperature of air – it became for 1.3–1.5°С higher. It appears on the background of decline of average atmospheric fallouts, and change of its vegetation period distribution as well. According obtained results, the maintenance of plant-grower industry of region demand the diversification of technologies. The key moment is the necessity to take the following: transfer the date of winter crops sowing (wheat, barley, rape) to later periods, which former were considered as critical in agronomical terms (the ІІІ ten-day period of October); revision of the planting system’s base elements; introducing to crop rotations more ecologically plastic alternative grain, leguminous and oil-bearing crops able to form the economically expedient level of productivity in an unfavorable growing conditions, which are critical according to actual hydrothermal coefficient terms (flax oily, types of mustard, chick-pea, sorghum).