Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine

421–426

Authors: PA Ahammed Shareef, SMA Abidi

Objective To study the incidence of encysted progenetic metacercariae of Clinostomum complanatum (C. complanatum) in Channa punctatus (C. punctatus), associated histopathology and the experimental infection to laboratory chicken to obtain ovigerous adult worms. Methods Live C. punctatus were brought from local fish market of Aligarh, India, dissected and examined on a monthly basis for the presence of C. complanatum cysts. For histochemistry, infected tissue sections with attached cysts were processed for haematoxylene and eosin staining. Cysts were aseptically fed to 4 day old leghorn chicken to obtain adult worms. Mechanically excysted metacercaria and the ovigerous adult worms were stained in carmine to prepare permanent slides. Results One year survey for the infection of encysted progenetic metacercaria of C. complanatum in C. punctatus revealed the prevalence, intensity and abundance of 24.7%, 2.27 and 0.608, respectively. Histopathology showed heavy infiltration of immune cells at the site of cyst attachment and some tissue damage was also evident. Following feeding to experimental chicken, about 41.07% of the encysted metacercariae were able to excyst and migrate back to bucco-pharyngeal region where they tenaciously attached and fed on blood, and transformed into ovigerous adult worms from 62 hours onwards of post infection. Conclusions The parasite is potentially pathogenic to the host, and the availability of a suitable intermediate host can be a contributing factor for the occurrence of C. complanatum metacercaria either in the excysted or encysted form, indicating loose host specificity and zoonotic potential.

430–432

Authors: Ezeigbo II, Ezeja MI, Madubuike KG, Ifenkwe DC, Ukweni IA, Udeh NE, Akomas SC

Objective To evaluate the antidiarrhoeal property of methanol extract of the leaves of Rauwolfia serpentina (R. serpentina) in experimental diarrhoea induced by castor oil in mice. Methods Doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg R. serpentina leaf methanol extracts were administered to castor oil induced diarrhoea mice to determine its antidiarrhoeal activity. Results All doses of the extract and the reference drug atropine sulphate (3 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a dose-dependent reduction in intestinal weight and fluid volume. The extracts also significantly reduced the intestinal transit in charcoal meal test when compared to diphenoxylate Hcl (5 mg/kg, p.o.). Conclusions The results show that the extract of R. serpentina leaves has a significant antidiarrhoeal activity and supports its traditional uses in herbal medicine.

438–442

Authors: Shaikh M Mohsin Ali, M Abul Kalam Azad, Mele Jesmin, Shamim Ahsan, M Mijanur Rahman, Jahan Ara Khanam, M Nazrul Islam, Sha M Shahan Shahriar

Objective To evaluate the anticancer activity of vanillin semicarbazone (VSC) against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in Swiss albino mice. Methods The compound VSC at three doses (5, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg i.p.) was administered into the intraperitoneal cavity of the EAC inoculated mice to observe its efficiency by studying the cell growth inhibition, reduction of tumour weight, enhancement of survival time as well as the changes in depleted hematological parameters. All such parameters were also studied with a known standard drug bleomycin at the dose of 0.3 mg/kg (i.p.). Results Among the doses studied, 10 mg/kg (i.p.) was found to be quite comparable in potency to that of bleomycin at the dose of 0.3 mg/kg (i.p.). The host toxic effects of VSC was found to be negligible. Conclusions It can be concluded that VSC can therefore be considered as potent anticancer agent.

449–453

Authors: Tebekeme Okoko, Diepreye Ere

Objective To investigate the in vitro antioxidant potential of Carica papaya (C. papaya) leaf extract and its effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte damage assessed by haemolysis and lipid peroxidation. Methods Hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, hydrogen ion scavenging activity, metal chelating activity, and the ferrous ion reducing ability were assessed as antioxidant indices. In the other experiment, human erythrocytes were treated with hydrogen peroxide to induce erythrocyte damage. The extract (at various concentrations) was subsequently incubated with the erythrocytes and later analysed for haemolysis and lipid peroxidation as indices for erythrocyte damage. Results Preliminary investigation of the extract showed that the leaf possessed significant antioxidant and free radical scavenging abilities using in vitro models in a concentration dependent manner (P<0.05). The extract also reduced hydrogen peroxide induced erythrocyte haemolysis and lipid peroxidation significantly when compared with ascorbic acid (P<0.05). The IC50 values were 7.33 mg/mL and 1.58 mg/mL for inhibition of haemolysis and lipid peroxidation, respectively. In all cases, ascorbic acid (the reference antioxidant) possessed higher activity than the extract. Conclusions The findings show that C. papaya leaves possess significant bioactive potential which is attributed to the phytochemicals which act in synergy. Thus, the leaves can be exploited for pharmaceutical and nutritional purposes.

461–464

Authors: Jude E Okokon, Bassey S Antia, John A Udobang

Objective To evaluate the antidiabetic activities of ethanolic root extract/fraction of Anthocleista djalonensis (A. djalonensis) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods A. djalonensis root extract/fractions (37–111 mg/kg) were administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 14 days and blood glucose levels (BGLs) of the diabetic rats were monitored at intervals of hours and days throughout the duration of the treatment. Results Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats with the extract/fractions caused a significant (P<0.001) reduction in fasting BGLs of the diabetic rats both in acute study and prolonged treatment (2 weeks). The activities of the extract and fractions were more than that of the reference drug, glibenclamide. Conclusions These results suggest that the root extract/fractions of A. djalonensis possess antidiabetic effect on alloxan-induced diabetic rats and this justifies its use in ethnomedicine and can be exploited in the management of diabetes.

469–473

Authors: Valli S, Suvathi Sugasini S, Aysha OS, Nirmala P, Vinoth Kumar P, Reena A

Objective To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Actinomycetes species isolated from marine environment. Methods Twenty one strains of Actinomycetes were isolated from samples of Royapuram, Muttukadu, Mahabalipuram sea shores and Adyar estuary. Preliminary screening was done using cross-streak method against two gram-positive and eight gram-negative bacteria. The most potent strains C11 and C12 were selected from which antibacterial substances were extracted. The antibacterial activities of the extracts were performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Molecular identification of those isolates was done. Results All those twenty one isolates were active against at least one of the test organisms. Morphological characters were recorded. C11 showed activity against Staphylococcus species (13.0±0.5 mm), Vibrio harveyi (11.0±0.2 mm), Pseudomonas species (12.0±0.3 mm). C12 showed activity against Staphylococcus species (16.0±0.4 mm), Bacillus subtilis (11.0±0.2 mm), Vibrio harveyi (9.0±0.1 mm), Pseudomonas species (10.0±0.2 mm). 16S rRNA pattern strongly suggested that C11 and C12 strains were Streptomyces species. Conclusions The results of the present investigation reveal that the marine Actinomycetes from coastal environment are the potent source of novel antibiotics. Isolation, characterization and study of Actinomycetes can be useful in discovery of novel species of Actinomycetes.

479–484

Authors: Pinaki Ghosh, Subhash Laxmanrao Bodhankar

Objective To determine the association of smoking, alcohol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use with presence and virulence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in a representative sample of a random adult population of asymptomatic subjects. Methods Non virulent 16S rRNA and virulent cag A and T genes from salivary samples of 854 asymptomatic subjects were determined using polymerase chain reaction. The presence and absence of virulent and non virulent infection was statistically compared with consumption of smoking, alcohol and NSAIDs. Results The prevalence of infection in male and female subjects was found to be 69.25% and 66.90%, respectively. The prevalence of infection in the population of asymptomatic subjects with respect to consumption of alcohol was as follows: current (31.22%), former (52.20%) and never (43.58%). The prevalence of infection in the population of asymptomatic subjects with respect to smoking of cigarettes was as follows: current (88.80%), former (57.14%) and never (33.33%). The prevalence of infection in the subject population consuming NSAIDs and not consuming NSAIDs frequently was found to be 82.75% and 21.16%, respectively. Virulence in male and female subjects was found to be 60.00% and 50.00%, respectively. The presence of virulent infection in the population of asymptomatic subjects with respect to consumption of alcohol was as follows: current (28.57%), former (40.15%) and never (50.00%). The prevalence of virulent infection in the population of asymptomatic subjects with respect to smoking of cigarettes was as follows: current (79.32%), former (75.00%) and never (50.00%). The prevalence of virulent infection in the subject population consuming NSAIDs and not consuming NSAIDs frequently was found to be 88.23% and 66.66%, respectively. Conclusions It can be concluded that smoking and NSAIDs consumption are aggravating factors for virulence of H. pylori and alcohol can inhibit H. pylori infection in asymptomatic subjects.

489–492

Authors: Masoomeh Shemshad, Khadijeh Shemshad, Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat, Majid Shokri, Alireza Barmaki, Mojgan Baniardalani, Javad Rafinejad

Objective To carry out the distribution survey of hard ticks of livestock in Boeen Zahra and Takistan counties of Qazvin province from April 2010 to September 2010. Methods Nearly about 2 638 sheep, 461 goats and 318 cattle of 38 herds in different geographical areas were searched for tick infestation. Results The species compositions collected from the livestock of Boeen Zahra and Takistan were Haemaphysalis concinna (0.63%), Haemaphysalis sulcata (12.66%), Hyalomma anatolicum (3.80%), Hyalomma asiaticum (3.16%), Hyalomma detritum (5.70%), Hyalomma dromedarii (28.48%), Hyalomma marginatum (13.29%), Hyalomma schulzei (1.89%), Rhipicephalus bursa (3.16%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (3.16%), and for Takistan's livestock were Hyalomma dromedarii (9.86%), Hyalomma marginatum (13.29%), Hyalomma schulzei (1.89%) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (3.16%), respectively. Hard ticks compositions in different topographic areas were different. Hyalomma species had the most prevalence in the areas. Conclusions The veterinary and public health investigation of the above species should be taken.

496–502

Authors: W Sylvester Fredrick, S Ravichandran

This study is done with the aim to bring together the various antimicrobial peptides that are present in the crustacean hemolymph and their sources along with its characteristics. Invertebrates lack immune systems that involve antigen-antibody reactions and do not have an immune memory, therefore most invertebrate species show no evidence of acquired immunity. Crustaceans possess an open circulatory system, where nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and cells are distributed in the hemolymph. They lack adaptive immune system and rely exclusively on their innate immune mechanisms that include both cellular and humoral responses. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins form an important means of host defense in eukaryotes. In addition to their role as endogenous antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides have functions in inflammation, wound repair and regulation of the adaptive immune system. Over the past several years, many antimicrobial peptides have been found and characterized in crabs.

337–344

Authors: Amit D Kandhare, Kiran S Raygude, Pinaki Ghosh, Arvindkumar E Ghule, Tejas P Gosavi, Sachin L Badole, Subhash L Bodhankar

Objective To elucidate the ameliorative effect of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Hibiscus rosa sinensis (HRS) in acetic acid induced experimental colitis in male wistar rats. Methods The animals were administered with 2 mL acetic acid (4%) via intra rectal. The animals were divided into various treatment groups (n=6). Prednisolone was used as standard drug and HRS was administered at a dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg p.o. The control group of animals received 1 mL of vehicle (distilled water). Ulcer area, ulcer index, spleen weight, colon weight to length ratio, macroscopic score, haematological parameters, colonic superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO) and histological changes were recorded after the treatment regimen of 11 days. Results Intrarectal instillation of acetic acid caused enhanced ulcer area, ulcer index, spleen weight, colon weight to length ratio, colonic MPO, MDA, NO and TNF-α It caused significant decreased level of SOD and GSH. Pretreatment with HRS for 7 days exhibited significant effect in lowering of oxidative stress, colonic NO, TNF-α and elevation of SOD and GSH at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg in acetic acid induced colitis. Conclusions The present investigation demonstrates HRS is of potent therapeutic value in the amelioration of experimental colitis in laboratory animals by inhibiting the proinflammatory mediator like NO and TNF-α.

352–356

Authors: P Madhu Kiran, A Vijaya Raju, B Ganga Rao

Objective To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic leaf extract of Cyathea gigantea (C. gigantea) against paracetamol induced liver damage in rats. Methods The hepatoprotective activity for plant extract was investigated for paracetamol induced hepatoxicity in rats. Wistar albino rats of either sex were divided into five groups of 6 animals each and are given orally the following treatment for seven days. The normal control group was given 1% Na.CMC 1 mL/kg bw, p.o. Paracetamol at dose of 1 g/kg bw, p.o. was given as toxic dose for inducing hepatotoxicity. Silymarin (50 mg/kg, p.o.) was given as reference standard. Two doses of C. gigantea extract i.e., 100 mg/kg, p.o. and 200 mg/kg, p.o. were tested for hepatoprotective activity. The treatment was given for seven days and after 24 h of last treatment blood was collected from retro-orbital plexus and analysed for various serum parameters like serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB) and total protein (TP) in different groups. Results The paracetamol intoxication lead to histological and biochemical deteriorations. The treatment with methanolic leaf extract of C. gigantea reduced the elevated levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, TB and also reversed the hepatic damage towards normal which further supports the hepatoprotective activity of leaf extract of C. gigantea. Conclusions The methanolic extract of leaves of C. gigantea at doses of 100 mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw have significant effect on liver of paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity model in rats.

364–367

Authors: Samuel Jacob Inbaneson, Sundaram Ravikumar, Palavesam Suganthi

Objective To identify the possible antiplasmodial compounds from Achyranthes aspera (A. aspera), Acalypha indica (A. indica), Jatropha glandulifera (J. glandulifera) and Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus). Methods The A. aspera, A. indica, J. glandulifera and P. amarus were collected along Palk Strait and the extraction was carried out in ethanol. The filter sterilized extracts (100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 µg/mL) of leaf, stem, root and flower extracts of A. aspera, A. indica, J. glandulifera and P. amarus were tested for antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. The potential extracts were also tested for their phytochemical constituents. Results Of the selected plants species parts, the stem extract of A. indica showed excellent antiplasmodial activity (IC50= 43.81µg/mL) followed by stem extract of J. glandulifera (IC50= 49.14µg/mL). The stem extract of A. aspera, leaf and root extracts of A. indica, leaf, root and seed extracts of J. glandulifera and leaf and stem extracts of P. amarus showed IC50 values between 50 and 100 µg/mL. Statistical analysis revealed that, significant antiplasmodial activity (P<0.01) was observed between the concentrations and time of exposure. The chemical injury to erythrocytes was also carried out and it showed that there were no morphological changes in erythrocytes by the ethanolic extract of all the tested plant extracts. The in vitro antiplasmodial activity might be due to the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, triterpenoids, proteins, and tannins in the ethanolic extracts of tested plants. Conclusions The ethanolic stem extracts of P. amarus and J. glandulifera possess lead compounds for the development of antiplasmodial drugs.

375–379

Authors: Ghaleb Adwan, Yousef Salameh, Kamel Adwan, Ali Barakat

Objective To detect the anticandidal activity of nine toothpastes containing sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate and herbal extracts as an active ingredients against 45 oral and non oral Candida albicans (C. albicans) isolates. Methods The antifungal activity of these toothpaste formulations was determined using a standard agar well diffusion method. Statistical analysis was performed using a statistical package, SPSS windows version 15, by applying mean values using one-way ANOVA with post-hoc least square differences (LSD) method. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results All toothpastes studied in our experiments were effective in inhibiting the growth of all C. albicans isolates. The highest anticandidal activity was obtained from toothpaste that containing both herbal extracts and sodium fluoride as active ingredients, while the lowest activity was obtained from toothpaste containing sodium monofluorophosphate as an active ingredient. Antifungal activity of Parodontax toothpaste showed a significant difference (P< 0.001) against C. albicans isolates compared to toothpastes containing sodium fluoride or herbal products. Conclusions In the present study, it has been demonstrated that toothpaste containing both herbal extracts and sodium fluoride as active ingredients are more effective in control of C. albicans, while toothpaste that containing monofluorophosphate as an active ingredient is less effective against C. albicans. Some herbal toothpaste formulations studied in our experiments, appear to be equally effective as the fluoride dental formulations and it can be used as an alternative to conventional formulations for individuals who have an interest in naturally-based products. Our results may provide invaluable information for dental professionals.

385–388

Authors: Kamlesh Singh, Nisha Singh, Anish Chandy, Ashish Manigauha

Objective To assess the In vivo antioxidFant and hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of Daucus carota (D. carota) seeds in experimental animals. Methods Methanolic extracts of D. carota seeds is used for hepatoprotection assessment. Oxidative stress were induced in rats by thioacetamide 100 mg/kg s.c, in four groups of rats (two test, standard and toxic control). Two test groups received D. carota seeds extract (DCSE) at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Standard group received silymarin (25 mg/kg) and toxic control received only thioacetamide. Control group received only vehicle. On the 8th day animals were sacrificed and liver enzyme like serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were estimated in blood serum and antioxidant enzyme like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GRD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were estimated in liver homogenate. Results A significant decrease in SGPT, SGOT and ALP levels was observed in all drug treated groups as compared to thioacetamide group (P < 0.001) and in case of antioxidant enzyme a significant (P < 0.001) increase in SOD, CAT, GRD, GPX and GST was observed in all drug treated groups as compared with thioacetamide group. But in case of LPO a significant (P < 0.001) reduction was observed as compared to toxic control group. Conclusions DCSE has contributed to the reduction of oxidative stress and the protection of liver in experimental rats.

394–398

Authors: Farhadul Islam, Hasina Khatun, Soby Ghosh, MM Ali, JA Khanam

Objective To evaluate the antineoplastic activity of Eucalyptus extract (EuE) against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in Swiss albino mice. Methods Preliminary examination of four plant extracts (namely Eucalyptus, Costus, Azadirachta, Feronia) has been done by observing the reduction ability of number of EAC cells in previously inoculated Swiss albino mice. Among them as EuE showed maximum capability, the whole study has been conducted with EuE only. Important parameters viz. enhancement of life span, reduction of average tumor weight etc. have been studied. In addition the effects of EuE on hematological parameters in both normal and EAC inoculated mice have been measured. Effect of EuE on normal peritoneal cells has also been studied. Results : EuE reduced tumor burden remarkably. It reduced the tumor growth rate and enhanced the life span of EAC bearing mice noticeably. It reversed back the hematological parameters towards normal, reduced the trasplantability of EAC cells and enhanced the immunomodulatory effects in mice. The host toxic effect of EuE in mice is minimum and mostly reversible with time. All such data have been compared with those obtained by running parallel experiments with bleomycin at dose 0.3 mg/kg (i.p.). Conclusions The Eucalyptus extract may be considered as a potent anticancer agent for advanced researches.

404–408

Authors: Prakash Chandra Gupta, Nisha Sharma, Ch V Rao

Objective To study detailed pharmacognostic profile of leaves and stem of Careya arborea (C. arborea) Roxb. (Lecthyidaceae), an important medicinal plant in the Indian system of medicine. Methods Leaf and stem samples of C. arborea were studied by macroscopical, microscopical, physicochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence analysis of powder of the plant and other methods for standardization recommended by WHO. Results Macroscopically, the leaves are simple, broadly obovate in shape, acuminate apex with crenate, dentate margin, petioles (0.1–1.8 cm) long. Microscopically, the leaf showed the presence of median large size vascular bundle covered with fibrous bundle sheath, arrangement of xylem in cup shape and presence of cortical vascular bundle, patches of sclerenchyma, phloem fibers in groups and brown pigment containing cells in stem are some of the diagnostic features noted from anatomical study. Powder microscopy of leaf revealed the presence of parenchyma cells, xylem with pitted vessels and epidermis with anisocytic stomata. The investigations also included leaf surface data; quantitative leaf microscopy and fluorescence analysis. Physiochemical parameters such as loss on drying, swelling index, extractive values and ash values were also determined and results showed that total ash of the stem bark was about two times higher than leaf and water soluble extractive value of leaf and stem bark was two times higher than alcohol soluble extractive value. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of triterpenoids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Conclusions The results of the study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this plant material in future investigations and applications.

411–420

Authors: Patel DK, Kumar R, Laloo D, Hemalatha S

Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but is a group of metabolic disorders affecting a huge number of population in the world. It is mainly characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. It is predicated that the number of diabetes person in the world could reach upto 366 million by the year 2030. Even though the cases of diabetes are increasing day by day, except insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs no other way of treatment has been successfully developed so far. Thus, the objective of the present review is to provide an insight over the pathophysiological and etiological aspects of diabetes mellitus along with the remedies available for this metabolic disorder. The review also contains brief idea about diabetes mellitus and the experimental screening model with their relevant mechanism and significance mainly used nowadays. Alloxan and streptozotocin are mainly used for evaluating the antidiabetic activity of a particular drug. This review contain list of medicinal plants which have been tested for their antidiabetic activity in the alloxan induced diabetic rat model. From the available data in the literature, it was found that plant having antidiabetic activity is mainly due to the presence of the secondary metabolite. Thus, the information provided in this review will help the researchers for the development of an alternative methods rather than insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, which will minimize the complication associated with the diabetes and related disorder.

253–255

Authors: Ahmed Moussa, Djebli Noureddine, Hammoudi SM, Aissat Saad, Akila Bourabeh, Hemida Houari

Objective To evaluate the additive action of ginger starch on the antifungal activity of honey against Candida albicans (C. albicans). Methods C. albicans was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of four varieties of Algerian honey. Lower concentrations of honey than the MIC were incubated with a set of concentrations of starch and then added to media to determine the minimum additive inhibitory concentration (MAIC). Results The MIC for the four varieties of honey without starch against C. albicans ranged between 38% and 42% (v/v). When starch was incubated with honey and then added to media, a MIC drop was noticed with each variety. MAIC of the four varieties ranged between 32% honey (v/v) with 4% starch and 36% honey (v/v) with 2% starch. Conclusions The use of ginger starch allows honey benefit and will constitute an alternative way against the resistance to antifungal agents.

262–268

Authors: Subramaniam Ramachandran, Aiyalu Rajasekaran, KT Manisenthilkumar

Objective To investigate the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata bark (AETPB) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Methods Acute toxicity was studied in rats after the oral administration of AETPB to determine the dose to assess hypoglycemic activity. In rats, diabetes was induced by injection of STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and diabetes was confirmed 72 h after induction, and then allowed for 14 days to stabilize blood glucose level. In diabetic rats, AETPB was orally given for 28 days and its effect on blood glucose and body weight was determined on a weekly basis. At the end of the experimental day, fasting blood sample was collected to estimate the haemoglobin (Hb), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), serum creatinine, urea, serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and insulin levels. The liver and kidney were collected to determine antioxidants levels in diabetic rats. Results Oral administration of AETPB did not exhibit toxicity and death at a dose of 2 000 mg/kg. AETPB treated diabetic rats significantly (P<0.001, P<0.01 and P<0.05) reduced elevated blood glucose, HbA1c, creatinine, urea, SGPT and SGOT levels when compared with diabetic control rats. The body weight, Hb, insulin and total protein levels were significantly (P<0.001, P<0.01 and P<0.05) increased in diabetic rats treated with AETPB compared to diabetic control rats. In diabetic rats, AETPB treatment significantly reversed abnormal status of antioxidants and lipid profile levels towards near normal levels compared to diabetic control rats. Conclusions Present study results confirm that AETPB possesses significant hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities in diabetic condition.

276–280

Authors: Krishna Murti, Upendra Kumar

Objective To establish the wound healing activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract of roots of Ficus racemosa (F. racemosa). Methods Two models were performed to evaluate the wound healing activity i.e. incision and excision models. In incision model the parameter which was carried out was breaking strength of wounded skin. In excision model percentage wound contraction and period of epithelialization were established for both the extracts. Reference standard drug was povidone iodine ointment for comparison with other groups. Results From the observation in both two models, aqueous extract of F. racemosa was found to have greater wound healing activity in terms of breaking strength in incision model and percentage wound contraction, period of epithelialization in excision model than that of other groups. Conclusions In conclusion, our findings suggest that aqueous extract of F. racemosa possesses better wound healing ability than the ethanolic extract.

287–293

Authors: Hosny H Kesba, Hossam S El-Beltagi

Objective To investigate the effect of humic acid on nematode infected, resistant and susceptible grapes in relation to lipid peroxidation and antioxidant mechanisms on selected biochemical parameters known as proactive substances. Methods The grape rootstocks, superior, superior/freedom and freedom were reacted differently to Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis according to rootstock progenitor. Two weeks after inoculation, two commercial products of humic acid were applied at the rate of (2, 4 mL or grams/plant) as soil drench. After 4 months, nematode soil populations were extracted and counted. A subsample of roots from each plant was stained and gall numbers, embedded stages per root were calculated, final population, nematode build up (Pf/Pi), average of eggs/eggmass were estimated. Subsamples of fresh root of each treatment were chemically analyzed. Results Freedom reduced significantly the nematode criteria and build up. Humic acid granules appeared to be more suppressive to nematode build up on superior and the higher dose on superior/freedom than liquid treatments. On freedom, all treatments reduced significantly the nematode build up regardless to the material nature. The higher dose was more effective than the lower one. As a result of humic acid applications, the malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents were significantly reduced after humic acid treatments while the antioxidant compounds glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (ASA) and total phenol contents were significantly increased when compared with check. Antioxidant defense enzymes ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)showed significant increase in their specific activities in treated plants compared with nematode treated check. Conclusions Humic acid treatments improve the yield of grape by increasing the contents of antioxidant compounds and the specific activities of antioxidant enzymes.

298–300

Authors: Hazrat Bilal, Soaib Ali Hassan, and Imtinan Akram Khan

Objective To isolate the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (M. anisopliae) in the local environment, and evaluate its efficacy against the suspected dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Pakistan. Methods According to the standard procedure, M. anisopliae was isolated from the dead mosquitoes which were collected from the field or dead after the collection. Bioassay was performed to determine its efficacy. Results The results indicated that M. anisopliae had larvicidal effect with LC50 value 1.09×105 and LC90 value 1.90×1013 while it took 45.41 h to kill 50% of tested population. Conclusions Taking long time to kill 50% population when compare with the synthetic insecticides, is the only drawback for the use of entomopathogenic fungus but these bio-pesticides are safe for the use.

304–306

Authors: Shumaila Kiran, Arif Mahmood Bhutta, Bakhtyawar Ali Khan, Sobia Durrani, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Ali, Furhan Iqbal

Objective To report and compare the hematological and serum biochemical profile of goat and sheep from Rahim Yar Khan district in Southern Punjab. Methods One hundred and twenty blood samples (98 goat and 22 sheep) were collected and their blood glucose, hemoglobin and serum biochemical parameters, cholesterol, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined by using spectrophotometer. Parameters were compared between goat and sheep. Results It was observed that glucose (P=0.001), LDH (P=0.001) and ALT (P=0.001) concentrations differed significantly between sheep and goats. The studied parameters were compared between buck and goats and also between young goats (less than 12 months old) and adults (more than 12 months old). It was found that age and gender did not affect these hematological and serum biochemical parameters. Conclusions It can be concluded that sheep have overall higher values than goats for studied hematological and serum biochemical parameters.

311–314

Authors: Esmail Abolghasemi, Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi, Maryam Davoudi, Ahmad Reisi, Mohammad Taghi Satvat

Objective To evaluate the effects of quinine and chloroquine against male mice infected with Plasmodium berghei and their adverse effects on the mice testes. Methods In this study, 48 adult male mice, (20–25 g), aged 8 to 12 weeks were divided into four groups. This study was carried out from December 2009 until May 2010 in the School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Results The results showed that 58.33% of mice treated with chloroquine were completely recovered. Parasitemia was 4% on day 8 when compared to that on day 0, whereas it was 9% on day 9. There was no orchitis found in this group. The mortality of mice after exposing to quinine on day 5 was 8.3%, whereas from day 10 to day 14 it was 91.7%. We found 75% orchitis occurred in quinine treated group. There was a significant difference between quinine and chloroquine effects on the parasite and also mice testes (P<0.05). Conclusions In this study, It can be concluded that male mice have full resistance to the quinine. Quinine does not only make male mice recover completely, but also cause inflammation on mice testicles tissue.

320–33

Authors: Patel DK, Prasad SK, Kumar R, Hemalatha S

Diabetes mellitus is one of the common metabolic disorders acquiring around 2.8% of the world's population and is anticipated to cross 5.4% by the year 2025. Since long back herbal medicines have been the highly esteemed source of medicine therefore, they have become a growing part of modern, high-tech medicine. In view of the above aspects the present review provides profiles of plants (65 species) with hypoglycaemic properties, available through literature source from various database with proper categorization according to the parts used, mode of reduction in blood glucose (insulinomimetic or insulin secretagogues activity) and active phytoconstituents having insulin mimetics activity. From the review it was suggested that, plant showing hypoglycemic potential mainly belongs to the family Leguminoseae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Moraceae, Rosaceae and Araliaceae. The most active plants are Allium sativum, Gymnema sylvestre, Citrullus colocynthis, Trigonella foenum greacum, Momordica charantia and Ficus bengalensis. The review describes some new bioactive drugs and isolated compounds from plants such as roseoside, epigallocatechin gallate, beta-pyrazol-1-ylalanine, cinchonain Ib, leucocyandin 3-O-beta-d-galactosyl cellobioside, leucopelargonidin-3- O-alpha-L rhamnoside, glycyrrhetinic acid, dehydrotrametenolic acid, strictinin, isostrictinin, pedunculagin, epicatechin and christinin-A showing significant insulinomimetic and antidiabetic activity with more efficacy than conventional hypoglycaemic agents. Thus, from the review majorly, the antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants is attributed to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins and other constituents which show reduction in blood glucose levels. The review also discusses the management aspect of diabetes mellitus using these plants and their active principles.

333–335

Authors: Reza Kheirandish, Shahrzad Azizi, Soodeh Alidadi

Pulmonary sequestration is a rare congenital anomaly in the veterinary literature. This malformation is characterized by a cystic mass of non-functioning primitive lung tissue that does not communicate with the tracheobronchial tree or with the pulmonary arteries. This article describes gross and histopathological characteristics of extralobar pulmonary sequestration in a dog. Grossly, a mass was observed in the left side of the thoracic cavity, closed to the caudal lobes of the lung, without communication with the tracheobronchial tree and the pulmonary arteries that was separated by pleural covering. Histopathologic examination showed emphysematous alveoli and bronchi, hypertrophy of smooth muscles and presence of the undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue. Therefore, based on microscopic findings, extralobar pulmonary sequestration was diagnosed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of extralobar pulmonary sequestration in dog.

169–175

Authors: Dinesh Kumar, Karunesh Kumar, Sunil Kumar, Tarun Kumar, Ajay Kumar, and Om Prakash

Objective To evaluate the pharmacognostic characters of an important medicinal plant, Holoptelea integrifolia (H. integrifolia) Roxb. Methods The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of organoleptic, microscopic, macroscopic and fluorescence analysis. Results The characteristic microscopic features of leaves were observed as trichomes, multicellular trichomes, xylem cells, phloem cells, collenchyma, vascular bundles, spongy parenchyma and palisade cells. The characteristic microscopic features of root bark included cork cambium, primary cortex, phloem fibers, medullary rays, endodermis, pericycle and lignified fibers in the transverse section and longitudinal section. The characteristic microscopy of root bark powder showed the presence of cortex cells, sieve tubes, calcium oxalate crystals and lignified fibers. Macroscopic study showed that leaf shape-oval, apex-acute, base-cordate and leaf margin was entire with glabrous surface, bitter taste and characteristic odour. The morphological features of root bark showed deep fissured, rough and firm surface with rhitydome and the periderm parallel to cambium. Conclusions Various pharmacognostic characters observed in this study help in the identification and standardization of H. integrifolia.

181–184

Authors: MA Momoh, U Muhamed, AA Agboke, EI Akpabio, Eke Osonwa Uduma

Objective To investigate the immunological effect of Vernonia amygdalina (V. amygdalina) leaf extract and immunace® on HIV infected patients taking highly active antiretroviral therapy. Methods Fresh V. amygdalina leaves were collected within Nsukka area in Enugu State. The leaves were rinsed with distilled water. Two handful of cleaned fresh leaves were soaked in 200 mL water and squeezed gently by hand to a mixture. Clients were divided into four groups and each group was given different combination. They took the medication for four weeks. The immune effect was tested against marketed immune booster in some retroviral clients. Results The mean absolute CD4 count was increased in the client who took the extract or supplement. And the clients who took both the extract and supplement had a greater increase in the CD4 count. The increased CD4 was significant as compared with the control group (P<0.05). The skin rashes were also improved in the entire groups. Conclusions It can be concluded that the aqueous extract of V. amygdalina and immunace or both have immunological effect on HIV infected patients. Therefore, we suggest that the V. amygdalina extract or immunace or both could be used as adjuvant in the management of HIV/AIDS clients.

189–194

Authors: Abdul Viqar Khan, Qamar Uddin Ahmed, Indu Shukla, Athar Ali Khan

Objective To investigate antibacterial potential of Trifolium alexandrinum (T. alexandrinum) Linn. against seven gram positive and eleven gram negative hospital isolated human pathogenic bacterial strains responsible for many tropical diseases. Methods Non-polar and polar extracts of the leaves of T. alexandrinum i.e., hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), methanol (MeOH) and aqueous (AQ) extracts at five different concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 mg/mL) were prepared to evaluate their antibacterial value. NCCL standards were strictly followed to perform antimicrobial disc susceptibility test using disc diffusion method. Results Polar extracts demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against tested pathogens. EtOAc and MeOH extracts showed maximum antibacterial activity with higher inhibition zone and were found effective against seventeen of the tested pathogens. While AQ plant extract inhibited the growth of sixteen of the test strains. EtOAc and MeOH plant extracts inhibited the growth of all seven gram positive and ten of the gram negative bacterial strains. Conclusions The present study strongly confirms the effectiveness of crude leaves extracts against tested human pathogenic bacterial strains causing several tropical diseases. Since Egyptian clover is used as a fodder plant, it could be helpful in controlling various infectious diseases associated with cattle as well.

203–209

Authors: Abd El-Moneim MR Afify, Hossam S El-Beltagi,Samiha M Abd El-Salam, Azza A Omran

Objective To investigate the changes in total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, vitamin E, β-carotene and antioxidant activity during soaking of three white sorghum varieties. Methods The changes in total phenols, total flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids compounds, flavonoid components, vitamin E, β-carotene and antioxidant activity during soaking of sorghum grains were determined. Results Total phenols, total flavonoids, tannins, vitamin E, β-carotene and antioxidant activity in raw sorghum were ranged from 109.21 to 116.70, 45.91 to 54.69, 1.39 to 21.79 mg/100 g, 1.74 to 5.25, 0.54 to 1.19 mg/kg and 21.72% to 27.69% and 25.29% to 31.97%, respectively. The above measured compounds were significantly decreased after soaking. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid and cinnamic acid represent the major phenolic acids in Dorado variety. While ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid and caffeic acid represent the major phenolic acids in Shandaweel-6. On the other hand, protocatechuic acid represents the major phenolic acids in Giza-15. Regarding flavonoids components, Dorado was the highest variety in kampferol and naringenin while Shandaweel-6 was the highest variety in luteolin, apigenin, hypersoid, quercetin and christen. Finally, Giza-15 was the highest variety in catechin. Phenolic acids, flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activities were decreased after soaking. Conclusions Sorghum varieties have moderate quantities from total phenols, total flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids compounds, flavonoid components, vitamin E, β-carotene and antioxidant activity which decreased after soaking.

215–219

Authors: ubhankari Prasad Chakraborty, Sumanta Kumar Sahu, Panchanan Pramanik, Somenath Roy

Objective To evaluate the acute toxicity of carboxymethyl chitosan-2, 2′ ethylenedioxy bis-ethylamine-folate (CMC-EDBE-FA) and as well as possible effect on microbial growth and in vitro cell cyto-toxicity. Methods CMC-EDBE-FA was prepared on basis of carboxymethyl chitosan tagged with folic acid by covalently linkage through 2, 2′ ethylenedioxy bis-ethylamine. In vivo acute toxicity, in vitro cyto-toxicity and antimicrobial activity of CMC-EDBE-FA nanoparticle were determined. Results Vancomycin exhibited the antibacterial activity against vancomycin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, but CMC-EDBE-FA nanoparticle did not give any antibacterial activity as evidenced by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), disc agar diffusion (DAD) and killing kinetic assay. Further, the CMC-EDBE-FA nanoparticle showed no signs of in vivo acute toxicity up to a dose level of 1 000 mg/kg p.o., and as well as in vitro cyto-toxicity up to 250 µg/mL. Conclusions These findings suggest that CMC-EDBE-FA nanoparticle is expected to be safe for biomedical applications.

223–227

Authors: Ernieenor Faraliana Che Lah, Mariana Ahamad, Mohd Subail Haron, Ho Tze Ming

Objective To establish a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique based on cytochrome b (cytb) gene of mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) for blood meal identification. Methods The PCR technique was established based on published information and validated using blood sample of laboratory animals of which their whole gene sequences are available in GenBank. PCR was next performed to compile gene sequences of different species of wild rodents. The primers used were complementary to the conserved region of the cytb gene of vertebrate's mtDNA. A total of 100 blood samples, both from laboratory animals and wild rodents were collected and analyzed. The obtained unknown sequences were compared with those in the GenBank database using BLAST program to identify the vertebrate animal species. Results Gene sequences of 11 species of wild animals caught in 9 localities of Peninsular Malaysia were compiled using the established PCR. The animals involved were Rattus (rattus) tanezumi, Rattus tiomanicus, Leopoldamys sabanus, Tupaia glis, Tupaia minor, Niviventor cremoriventor, Rhinosciurus laticaudatus, Callosciurus caniseps, Sundamys muelleri, Rattus rajah and Maxomys whiteheadi. The BLAST results confirmed the host with exact or nearly exact matches (>89% identity). Ten new gene sequences have been deposited in GenBank database since September 2010. Conclusions This study indicates that the PCR direct sequencing system using universal primer sets for vertebrate cytb gene is a promising technique for blood meal identification.

233–234

Authors: Adil Edan Alsaimary, Hayder M Abdulnbi, Abdulhadi Laibi, Ahmed Rasheed Jwad

Objective To detect the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in hydatid liver disease. Methods A total of 58 patients with hydatid liver disease attending AL-Sadder Teaching Hospital in Al-Najaf and Al-Basrah governorate from February to August, 2008 were included in the study and served as group A. One hundred and twenty 1st degree relative patients (group B) and 20 normal persons including 10 male and 10 female (group C) as control were detected for the presence of H. pylori infection in general population. Chest X-ray was done for the above groups to exclude lung hydrated cyst. The patients were screened by ultrasound to obtain intra abdominal hydrated cyst and enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) test was utilized to detect the H. pylori infection. Results Fifty eight patients from group A with hydatid liver disease, 30 male (51.7%) and 28 female (48.3%) were screened for the presence of H. pylori infection by using ELISA test. We found that 28 patients from group A had positive ELISA test including 19 male (32.8%) and 9 female (15.5%) (P<0.01). However, there were no positive results of H. pylori infection in group B and C by chest X-ray, ultrasound and ELISA test. Conclusions It can be concluded that there is a strong relationship between hydatid liver disease and presence of H. pylori.

240–246

Authors: Muniappan Ayyanar, Pandurangan Subash-Babu

Syzygium cumini (S. cumini) (L.) Skeels (jambolan) is one of the widely used medicinal plants in the treatment of various diseases in particular diabetes. The present review has been primed to describe the existing data on the information on botany, phytochemical constituents, traditional uses and pharmacological actions of S. cumini (L.) Skeels (jambolan). Electronic database search was conducted with the search terms of Eugenia jambolana, S. cumini, jambolan, common plum and java plum. The plant has been viewed as an antidiabetic plant since it became commercially available several decades ago. During last four decades, numerous folk medicine and scientific reports on the antidiabetic effects of this plant have been cited in the literature. The plant is rich in compounds containing anthocyanins, glucoside, ellagic acid, isoquercetin, kaemferol and myrecetin. The seeds are claimed to contain alkaloid, jambosine, and glycoside jambolin or antimellin, which halts the diastatic conversion of starch into sugar. The vast number of literatures found in the database revealed that the extracts of different parts of jambolan showed significant pharmacological actions. We suggest that there is a need for further investigation to isolate active principles which confer the pharmacological action. Hence identification of such active compounds is useful for producing safer drugs in the treatment of various ailments including diabetes.

250–252

Authors: S Lanitis, MAA Khan, G Sgourakis, C Kontovounisios, T Papaconstandinou, C Karaliotas

Eight percent of necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTI) are attributable to group A Streptococci (GAS), and among these, 50% develop streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The reported mortality associated with NSTI reaches 32%. We present cases of two healthy individuals with minor GAS skin infection which developed to a rapidly progressed NSTI and sepsis despite of the antibiotic treatment, aiming to discuss the lessons learned from the course and management of these patients.

1212-1216

Authors: Patil PS, Venkatanarayanan R, Argade PD, Shinde PR

Objective: To Assessment of pharmacognostic and phytochemical parameters of root of Thespesia populnea (L.) soland. Methods: Macroscopical, miscroscopical, physico-chemical evaluation, florescence analysis, behavior of root powder and preliminary phytochemical analysis, quantitative estimation of phytoconstituents were determined of various extracts of T. populnea. Results: microscopic study shows the general characteristic of root with presence of periderm, cortex, xylem and phloem region, abundant starch grains. Physico-chemical investigation shows the total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash and sulphated ash values were 10.59±0.02 % w/w, 1.02±0.03 % w/w, 2.72±0.03 % w/w and 8.56±0.02 % w/w respectively. However, the aqueous soluble, alcohol soluble extractives and moisture content were found to be 14.23±0.46 % w/w, 10.54±0.23 % w/w and 4.60±0.01% w/w respectively. The preliminary phytochemical assessment revealed the presence of glycosides, steroid/triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds saponins, carbohydrates and proteins. Total phenolic and flavonoids content of root was 0.271% and 0.344% respectively. Behavior of root powder with various chemicals confirmed the presence of phytoconstituents. Conclusions: The pharmacognostic and phytochemical assessment of T. populnea may helpful towards founding for quality, purity and sample identification and standardization.

1221-1226

Authors: Kripi Vohra, Vivek Kumar Gupta

Objective: To present a detailed pharmacognostic study of the Lens culinaris Medikus (Fabaceae) seeds, a food grain used as Dhal in India. Methods: The macroscopy, microscopy, fluorescence analysis of powdered drug, physicochemical analysis, preliminary testing and other WHO recommended methods for standardization were investigated. Results: Seeds are greyish brown in colour. Treatment of powdered drug with various chemical reagents showed the presence of proteins, cellulose, lignins and fixed oils. Microscopy of seeds revealed the presence of starch grains in seed. The colour of seed coat changed from brown to greenish grey in day light and brown to black at 254nm when treated with acetic acid. Total ash value of the seeds was found to be 1.86% w/w whereas fo reign organic matter was found to be nil. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins and flavonoids in acetone extract. Conclusions: The present study on pharmacognostic profile of Lens culinaris Medikus seeds provides an important tool in identification and authentication of this plant to researchers in future.

1232-1236

Authors: Kalaskar Mohan G, Saner Sachin Y, Pawar Manohar V, Rokade Dipak L, Surana Sanjay J.

Objective: Celastrus paniculatus Willd. is an important Indian medicinal plant and widely used in the treatment of the verity of disease and well explored scientifically for their pharmacological properties. The current study was therefore carried out to provide requisite pharmacognostic details about the plant. Methods: Pharmacognostic investigation of the fresh, powdered and anatomical sections of the leaves of Celastrus paniculatus Willd. was carried out to determine its morphological, anatomical, and phytochemical diagnostic features. Quantitative diagnostic characteristics, physicochemical properties and quantitative phytochemical measures were established. Results: The morphology of leave reveled, leaves are alternate, acute, acuminate or obtuse, rounded with cuncate base,; margin is finely crenate, venation is reticulate. The microscopy reveals the dorsiventral type of leave, with anomocytic stomata, covering (lower epidermis) and glandular (upper epidermis) trichomes. The collateral vascular bundle crowned with sclerenchymatous fiber, ideoblast of calcium oxalate. The Quantitative diagnostic characteristics such as leaf constant were measured. Physicochemical properties such as ash, extractive values and fluorescence analysis were established. Quantitative phytochemical revealed presence of carbohydrates, fixed oil, glycosides, cumarines, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids and triterpenoids. Conclusion: The results of the study could be useful in setting some diagnostic indices for the identification and preparation of a monograph of the plant.

1241-1244

Authors: Susaimanickam Maria Packiam, Kathirvelu Baskar, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu

Objective: To evaluate the ovicidal activity of different botanical oil formulations against Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura. Methods: Different botanical oils were formulated with different ratio to evaluate the ovicidal activity against H. armigera and S. litura at 5, 10, 15 and 20µl/L concentrations. Results: All the oil formulations showed the ovicidal activity against H. armigera and S. litura. The maximum ovicidal actvity of 76.74 and 69.36% was noticed at 20µl/L concentration in formulation 3 PONNEEM. Formulation 4 Pongam oil showed lower ovicidal activity of 31.34 and 24.76% against H. armigera and S. litura respectively. Among the fo rmulations, PONNEEM exhibited statistically superior ovicidal activity against both insect pests. Conclusions: the present study clearly showed PONNEEM as a pontenial biopesticide to control the egg stage of economically important pests of H. armigera and S. litura. This is the first report fo r the ovicidal activity of PONNEEM against these two insect pests.

1254-1260

Authors: Manjusha, Neha Aggarwal, Nitesh, Pankaj Gupta

Objective: The present study was carried out to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of the petroleum ether extract of Sesbania sesban (SS)(Merr.) roots, which are widely used in inflammation, fever, ulcers, leucoderma and diabetes in various parts of India. Methods: SS was administered orally at different doses (250, 500 and 1000mg/kg) to normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced type- 2 diabetic mice. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), biochemical parameters in serum, change in body weight, internal organs weight, food intake, water intake and glycogen level in livers were performed for the evaluation of hypoglycemic effects.Results: All the doses of SS caused a marked decrease of FBG in STZ induced type -2 diabetic mice. SS decreased the cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), urea, creatinine level and increased the insulin, HDL cholesterol, and total protein level. Decrease in body weight and glycogen level induced by STZ was restored. Increase in water and food intake induced by STZ was decreased. Conclusions: The results suggest that SS may have hypoglycemic potential for the type 2- diabetes and support the traditional use of the roots of plant as a hypoglycemic agent.

1266-1269

Authors: Pierre Watcho, Fabien Zelefack, Silvere Ngouela, Telesphore Benoît Nguelefack, Pierre Kamtchouing, Etienne Tsamo, Albert Kamanyi

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the prosexual activity of two compounds isolated fr om the hexane extract of the dried roots of Mondia whitei in rats. Methods: β-sitosterol and the mixture of α and β-amyrin acetate were isolated and characterised using several reagents, chromatography, mass spectrometry and physical analysis (RMN, 1H and 13C). Sexually inexperienced adult male rats were orally treated with these compounds at doses of 0mg/kg (control), 10mg/kg or 50mg/kg. 1h after the treatment, mount and intromission latencies and frequencies, penile erection, ejaculation latency and post-ejaculatory interval were measured for 60 minutes. Results: β-sitosterol and the mixture of α and β-amyrin acetate significantly increased the mount frequency (p<0.05), penile erection (P<0.001) and the ejaculation latency when compared to control. The intromission fr equency remained unchanged (P>0.05) when compared to control. The two purified compounds were efficient at the lower dose (10 mg/kg b.w) with β-sitosterol being the most potent. Conclusion: Results of the present work give added value to the aphrodisiac property of Mondia whitei and further justify its popular use as a sex stimulant.

1276-1279

Authors: Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan, Rajarajeswaran Jayakumar, Murugaiyan Prabhakaran

Objective: To analyse the chemical composition of essential oil isolated from the leaves of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. and to test its bioactive properties. Methods: Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis and antigenotoxicity, cytotoxicity and antioxidant studies of isolated oil. Results: GC-MS analysis of oil revealed the presence of 42 compounds. The major compound in the oil was β-phellandrene (21.35%). DNA protecting activity of oil was considerably significant against H2O2 induced genotoxicity in human lymphocytes. Concentration of oil needed to protect 50% of DNA was calculated as 100 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity of oil against breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (HT-29) cancer cells were observed with the IC 50 value of (7.80±0.03) µg/mL and (100.00±0.16) µg/mL respectively. Considerable DPPH free radical, hydroxyl radical scavenging, iron chelation and inhibition of lipid peroxidation activities of oil were also studied. Conclusions: The results of the present study clearly indicate oil could be a promising candidate for food and drug preparation.

1285-1288

Authors: K. Sathiyaraj, A. Sivaraj, T. Thirumalai, B. Senthilkumar

Objective: An ethnobotanical study was undertaken to collect information from local people about the use of contraceptive medicinal plants in Kathiyavadi Village. Methods: Kathiyavadi Village was surveyed through interviewing of randomly selected 321 participants using semistructured questionnaire and regular field visits. Results: The investigations revealed that there are about 25 species of medicinal plants which were used by local peoples. Conclusions: The study revealed that the local peoples are using folklore medicinal plants for contraceptive purpose. This survey is mostly useful for rural area of local people.

1293-1298

Authors: Priya Alphonso, Aparna Saraf

Objective: To establish the chemical fingerprint of various secondary metabolites of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC, a medicinally important plant. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening for various secondary metabolites was carried out. HPTLC profiles of various individual secondary metabolites were done and profiles were developed for authentication. Result: The ethanolic extract of the fruit showed the presence of 8 Glycosides, 10 Flavonoids, 6 Essential Oils, 5 Anthraquinones, 9 bitter principles, 7 Coumarins and 8 Terpenoids. Conclusions: The development of such fingerprint for the fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC is useful in differentiating the species from the adulterant and also act as biomarker for this plant in the Pharmaceutical industry.

1303-1307

Authors: Pavan Bhausaheb Udavant, Suggala Venkata Satyanarayana, Chandrashekhar Devidas Upasani

Objective: Evaluation of preliminary antiinflammatory and cytotoxic activities of a parasitic plant Cuscuta reflexa. Methods: Human red blood stabilizing activity was used for the evaluation of in vitro antiinflammatory activity and Brine shrimp lethality assay was used to assess the cytotoxic potential of extract of stems of Cuscuta reflexa. Results: Methanolic extract and Ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic extract of Cuscuta reflexa (MECR & EAMECR resp.) were found to have significant antiinflammatory and cytotoxic activity with inhibitory concentration IC50% values 277.83 µg/ml & 214.94 µg/ml in HRBC stabitlity assay[table 01], and lethal concentration LC50% 257.73 µg/ml 184.86 µg/ml in BSLA respectively[table 02]. Conclusions: Amongst various extracts evaluated for cytotoxicity and antiinflammatory activities, methanolic extract of Cuscuta reflexa (MECR) and its ethyl acetate soluble fraction (EAMECR) show significant cytotoxic as well as antiinflammatory activities which may be due to the presence of phenols, polyphenols and flavonoids.

1312-1316

Authors: Femina Wahab, Kalidass Subramaniam, Sembian Suriyamoorthy, Sweetin Preethi Subburaj

Objective: The present investigation was an attempt to identify the potent drug principles of Ixora macrothyrsa flower against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii. Methods: Hot extraction soxhlet method was performed for the extraction of Ixora macrothyrsa flower powder with different solvents. Antagonistic activity checked for all extracts with MTCC standard pathogenic strains and multiple drug resistant strains. Followed this minimal inhibitory concentration, phenol estimation, High performance thin layer chromatography analysis and Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry analysis were performed for Ixora macrothyrsa ethanolic extract. Results: The results from the present study indicate that the flowers of the plant has rich source of phytochemicals in ethanol extracts compare to acetone and methanol extracts. The quantitative estimation of ethanolic extracts of Ixora macrothyrsa showed phenol content 83.67±.04 µg/g of ascorbic acid equivalent. The ethanol extract exhibited good antibacterial activity against all tested pathogens. In this study we point out that ethanol and methanol extracts showed supreme activity against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii. The MIC of Ixora macrothyrsa ethanolic extract was identified as 22µg/ml for MRSA and 200µg/ml for Acinetobacter baumannii. The HPTLC analysis of the ethanol plant extract inferred that it contain both polyphenol and terpenoids. In GC-MS analysis the major constituent was identified as Ethene (2-chloroethoxy)-, 1-propanol 2-chloro, urethane with 16.39 area %. Conclusions: Hence it is inferred from our study that the plant flower would be a promising source of phytomedicine against multidrug resistant strains MRSA and Acinetobacter baumannii.

1323-1328

Authors: Mohammad Khalid, H. H. Siddiqui

Objective: To evaluate the weight reduction and hypercholesteremic potential of punarnava root extract induced with high fat diets in experimental rodents by administrating oral doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). Methods: Thirty six female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided in six groups and each group had six animals. Group-I administered laboratory diet, control obese group-II induced with high fat diet (HFD), group-III standard drug plus HFD rats (5 mg/kg) and Boerhaavia diffusa root extract (BDRE) were administered (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) plus HFD rats (group-IV, V and VI). After the end of experimental period (60 days) the body weight, organ fat pad weight, lipid profile, liver and kidney marker enzyme were estimated along with histopathological examination in experimental groups of animals. Results: The obtained results showed that the significant reduction on administration of BDRE (200 and 400 mg/kg) in body weight, visceral fat pad (P<0.01- ), lipids level (P<0.01), AST and ALT (P<0.01), urea (P<0.01) and creatinine (P<0.01) when compared with HFD groups II. The biochemical estimation were supplemented by histopathological examinations. Conclusions: The results of this study scientifically supported its traditional uses of Boerhaavia diffusa as antiobesity activity by normalizes the elevated body weight and organ fat pad weight as well as antilipidemic property by lowering the altered levels of lipid profile in female Sprague-Dawley

1333-1337

Authors: Daya L. Chothani, N. M. Patel

Objective: The aim of present study was to carry out preliminary phytochemical screening, detailed pharmacognostic profile and physicochemical evaluation of leaf of Gmelina arborea. Methods: Fresh leaf and dried power of the leaves were studied by morphology, microscopy, preliminary phytochemical screening, and florescence analysis of powdered drug. Other physicochemical parameters were also performed as per WHO guide lines. Result: The detailed microscopy revealed that the presence of anomocytic stomata and covering uni-multicellular trichome. Leaf constant such as stomatal number, stomata index, vein islet number, vein termination number were also determined. Physicochemical parameters and florescence analysis were also studied. The preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroid, triterpenoid, saponin, protein, phenolic compound, flavanoid and carbohydrates. Conclusions: The result of these studies could be useful for correct identification and detection of adulterants of this plant material.

1341-1346

Authors: M.Kalaiselvi, D.Gomathi, C.Uma

Objective: Ananus comosus (L.) is belonging to the family Bromeliaceae used to cure various diseases. The present study is focus to evaluate the HPTLC fingerprinting analysis and phytochemical analysis of Ananus comosus peel. Methods: HPTLC fingerprinting profiles was done by using Hamilton syringe and CAMAG LINOMAT 5 instrument. Results: Among all solvents, most of the secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, flavanoid, phenol, tannins, steroids etc were present in ethanolic extract of Ananus comosus peel and the yield of plant extract in different solvents were analyzed, from which ethanolic extract gave 2.40g/100g. The quantitative assay was also analyzed in flavanoid, alkaloid, phenols, carotenoid and lycopene. HPTLC fingerprinting profile confirms the presence of phenols, flavanoid and alkaloid. Conclusion: From the above results ethanolic extract of Ananus comosus peel can be used as therapeutic agents to treat various disorders caused by free radical and chemical substances due to presence of its secondary metabolites.

1351-1356

Authors: Santoshkumar R Jeevangi, S Manjunath, Sachidananda G. Shetti, Chetan Manjunath, Prashant Dass

Objective: To study the anti-inflammatory activity of Lovastatin, Simvastatin, Atorvastatin, and Rosuvastatin on acute and chronic models of inflammation, to compare with the effect of Diclofenac sodium and amongst themselves in rats. Methods: Carrageenin induce rat paw edema method in which 5 animals of each group (6 groups) received orally 4% gum acacia, Diclofenac and 4 statins respectively 1 h before Carrageenin injection in paw. The paw edema volume measured with plethysmograph after 3 h and percentage inhibition of edema in various groups calculated. Rexin pellet granuloma method in which 4 rexin pellets were implanted into dorsum of skin of each rat of 6 groups (n=5) including control, Diclofenac and 4 statin groups respectively. Rats were orally fed with drugs daily for 7 days and on 8th day rexin pellets were removed after sacrificing the rat and dried in incubator 60°C overnight. Pellets were then weighed and percentage inhibition of granulation tissue was calculated and sent for histopathological examination. Results: All the 4 statins showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in the present study in both acute as well as chronic models of inflammation. The anti-inflammatory activity of the 4 statins was significant on comparison with Diclofenac. Lovastatin and Simvastatin demonstrated 10-20% more anti-inflammatory activity than Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin. Conclusions: The present study revealed the anti-inflammatory effect of statins and thus suggests that the statins have a potential anti-atherosclerotic activity along with its lipid lowering property.

1362-1366

Authors: P. P. Singh, S. Jha, R. Irchhaiya

Objective: To study sailent diagnostic pharmacognostical characters of the leaves of Calamintha officinalis Moench along with their phytochemical analysis, physicochemical parameters, fluorescence analysis of leaf powder and HPTLC study. Methods: Fresh leaf and dried powder sample of leaf were studied macro-morphologically and microscopically. Preliminary phytochemical investigation of leaf for the standardization was performed. HPTLC analysis of ethanolic extract was performed using solvent system benzene: methanol in the ratio (9:1). Result: Epidermis of leaf was found to be formed of a single row of cells, those of the upper epidermis being larger than those of the lower epidermis and uniseriate non-glandular and glandular trichomes were observed. Mesophyll was heterogeneous and asymmetric; two types of parenchyma was clearly differentiated; palisade and spongy. The upper one (palisade parenchyma) was formed of a single row of elongated cells. Abundant chloroplasts were observed. The lower, spongy parenchyma was formed of irregularly shaped cells with large intercellular spaces. Vascular tissue was found at the level of the spongy parenchyma. Prismatic shape of calcium oxlate crystals has been found. The preliminary phytochemical screening shows the presence of carbohydrate, flavonoids, steroid and triterpenes. HPTLC analysis of ethanolic extract showed eight peaks confirming the presence of eight compounds in the ethanolic extract of the leaves. Conclusions: The pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters are major reliable and inexpensive criteria for confirmation of the crude drugs. The present work therefore attempts to report various necessary standards for the leaf of Calamintha officinalis Moench.

1372-1376

Authors: Abirami.R.G, Kowsalya.S

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of Kappaphycus alvarezii methanolic extracts in albino rats. Methods: Sub-chronic toxicity was tested with a single dose of intraperitonal administration of the extract as per the OECD guidelines in the experimental group rats and the control group rats was fed with standard diet and water ad libitum. Mortality, behaviour changes, clinical signs and symptoms, food intake, body weight and any abnormalities of the visceral organs were observed. Results: The results revealed that the algal extract resulted in neither mortality nor any abnormalities. The Most of the serum biochemical parameters and hematological values were similar in control and experimental groups, histopathological examination of the vital organs like liver, kidney, spleen, brain and heart revealed no obvious abnormality in the control group and Kappaphycus alvarezii treated group. Conclusion: It may be concluded that Kappaphycus alvarezii rich in nutrient and nutraceutial potentials and also safety food for human consumption.

1382-1387

Authors: Das Surya Narayan, Patro Varanashi Jagannath, Dinda Subas Chandra

Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic property of Bauhinia vahlii (stem bark) with preliminary phytochemical profile of the extracts. Methods: The dried whole plant material (1 400 g) was packed in soxhlet apparatus and extracted successively with Pet. Ether (PE) to defat the drug, petroleum ether was removed from the powdered defatted drug which was then extracted with benzene (BE), chloroform(CE) and 95% of Ethanol (EE) as increasing polarity and all extracts screened for anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity using carrageenan induced paw edema and streptozotacin induced diabetic respectively. The toxicity and phytochemical screening were done using standard procedure. Result: The preliminary phytochemical tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phytosterol, phenolic compounds, and glycoside. While carbohydrates, protein, gums and amino acids were absent. The acute toxicity study of various extracts of Bauhinia vahlii was conducted and dose of 353 mg/kg is fixed for antiinflammatory and antidiabetic perperty. The pet ether, chloroform and ethanolic extract of Bauhinia vahlii significantly decreased the paw edema induced by carrageenin in rats at a dose of 353 mg/kg comparable to standard ibuprofen (100 mg/kg). Similarly in case of antidiabetic property, the ethanolic and chloroform extract of Bauhinia vahlii at a dose level 353 mg/kg, showed significant reduction in blood sugar level from 2 to 24 h in progressive manner comparable to standard glibenclamide (5mg/kg).

1392-1395

Authors: G. Abraham, Vidhu Aeri

Objective: To evaluate the role of seasons on the phytochemical properties of Azolla microphylla. Methods: Dried and powdered leaves (50g) were extracted with 300 ml of methanol using soxhlet extractor for 16 h at a temperature not exceeding the boiling point of the solvent. Standard methods have been used to screen the phytochemical constituents. Conclusions: From the observations it can be concluded that the plant extracts show the presence of several bioactive compounds which could be exploited further.

1400-1406

Authors: Papiya Mitra Mazumder, Anindita Mondal, Dinakar Sasmal, Sinnathambi Arulmozhi, Paramaguru Rathinavelusamy

Objective: Barleria lupulina Lindl (Acanthaceae) (B. lupulina) has been traditionally used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis but, no scientific data has been published supporting the claimed ethnomedical use. This study was designed to investigate the anti-arthritic potential of B. lupulina leaves and its role in immunomodulation. Methods: Methanol extract of B. lupulina (MEBL) leaves (300 and 600 mg/kg BW) was tested for its antiarthritic activity by various models namely, formalin-induced arthritis, adjuvant induced arthritis, collagen type II-induced arthritis and monosodium iodoacetate induced osteoarthritis. Immunomodulatory activity of the same was tested by measuring WBC Count, Spleen Weight, Spleen WBC Count and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) Reaction.Results: MEBL extracts 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/ kg showed statistically significant inhibition (P<0.05 and P<0.001) of the edema formation and Myeloperoxidase (MPO) during experimental period and activities of antioxidants were restored significantly. MEBL extracts 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg significantly increased the Hemoglobin (Hb) level, serum albumin, total protein, calcium and phosphorus levels and reverted back the levels of WBC count and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (P<0.05 and P<0.01). Histopathological studies of ankle joints also supported this finding. Immunomodulatory study revealed an increase in the blood leukocytes count, weight of spleen, spleenic leukocytes count and increase in paw volume on delayed type hypersensitivity footpad thickness suggesting an uplift of immune status. Conclusions: The present study concluded that, MEBL holds antiarthritic and Immunomodulatory activity. Although subsequent study is required to evaluate the active constituents responsible for the activity.

1412-1414

Authors: Binu Thomas, Konickal Mambetta Prabhu Kumar, Satheesh George, Arumugam Rajendran, Indira Balachandran

Objective: A new variety of Crotalaria ramosissima is described from the Western Ghats of India. Crotalaria ramosissima Roxb. var. kanuvayensis Binu T., K. M. Prabhu et A. Rajendran (Fabaceae) from Kanuvai hills, Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. Methods: Compare this species with available varieties of Crotalaria and cross checked with previous literature for authetification of this taxa. Results: The current paper provides a detailed description of the new taxa along with illustrations, colour plates and other relevant notes. Conclusions: The present study concluded that this taxa is new to science from the Southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India.

1418-1422

Authors: FK Saikot, Alam Khan, MF Hasan

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of acetone extract of leaves of Abroma augusta. Methods: Disc diffusion method was used to demonstrate antibacterial and antifungal activities. Cytotoxicity was determined against brine shrimp nauplii. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using serial dilution technique to determine antibacterial potency. Results: The extract showed significant antibacterial activities against three gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium and Staphylococcus aureus) and four gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei and Salmonella typhi) bacteria. The antifungal activity was found strong against five fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus fumigatus). In cytotoxicity determination, LC50 of the extract against brine shrimp nauplii was 7.06 µg/ml. Conclusions: The Abroma leaves extract may be consider as a potent antimicrobial and cytotoxic agent for further advance research.

1431-1435

Authors: Mythili Sathiavelu, Sathiavelu Arunachalam

Objective: To study the phenols, flavonoids, saponin profile of the medicinal plant Cassytha filiformis (C. filiformis) using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Methods: The extracts were tested to determine the presence of various phytochmeicals like alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, fixed oils, fats and protein and aminoacids (Harborne and Harborne, 1998). HPTLC studies were carried out by Harborne and Wagner et al method. Different compositions of the mobile phase for HPTLC analysis were tested in order to obtain high resolution and reproducible peaks. Results: The results of the preliminary phytochemical studies confirm the presence of phenols, alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, flavanoids, terpenoids and tannins in the methanolic extracts of C. filiformis. The methanolic extracts of C. filiformis displayed the presence of 13 types of phenolic substances with 13 different Rf values ranging from 0.01 to 0.96. The results illustrated the presence of 9 different types of flavonoides with 9 different Rf values ranging from 0.01 to 0.97. The results of HPTLC analysis of saponins demonstrated the presence of 11 different types of saponins with 11 different Rf values ranging from 0.04 to 0.92. Conclusions: In the present study we observed the phenols, flavonoids, saponin profile of the medicinal plant C. filiformis using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Hence it was concluded that the phenolic compounds present in the methonolic extract could be responsible for antioxidant activities. Plant derived antioxidants, especially phenols and flavonoids, have been described to have various properties like anticancer, antiaging and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Furthur, separation and characterization of the bioactive compound from the plant is to be evaluated and reported in near future.

1440-1442

Authors: K. Deepti, P.Umadevi, G.Vijayalakshmi, B.Vinod polarao

Objective: The objective of the present work is to evaluate the presence of Phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of different extracts of leaves of Morinda tinctoria Roxb. Methods: The serial exhaustive extraction was done with a series of solvents: Hexane, Chloroform, Ethylacetate and Methanol with increasing polarity using soxhlet apparatus. The Phytochemical analysis was done by using the standard procedures. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by Agar well diffusion method against nine human pathogens. Results: The results revealed that the leaf extracts contain a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites: Alkaloids, Phytosterols, Flavonoids, Phenols and Triterpenes in major proportion. Methanol extract was shown to be more effective against all the organisms followed by Ethylacetate, Chloroform and Hexane extracts. Proteus vulgaris (24mm) was found to be most sensitive organism followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (21mm) and Enterococcus feacelis (21mm). Conclusions: The present study concludes that the different extracts of M. tinctoria leaves contain a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites and also exhibit antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms. It can also be concluded that Morinda tinctoria plant can be exploited to discover the bioactive natural products that may serve as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals.

1446-1449

Authors: Mohammad Amzad Hossain, Roudha Ali Al-Hashmi, Afaf Mohammed Weli, Qasim Al-Riyami, Jamal Nasser AlSabahib

Objective: The aim of this present study was to isolate and analyze the chemical composition of essential oils from two different imported brands of Syzigium caryophyllatum (clove) samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Methods: The two essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation from two different brands of Syzigium caryophyllatum (clove) such as Guzal and Shahi clove samples using Clevenger type apparatus. Results: Eleven chemical components were identified in the essential oil isolated from Guzal clove imported from Indonesia. The isolated components representing 99.03% of the Guzal clove oil were identified as eugenol (51.51%), caryophyllene (36.20%), α- caryophyllene (4.26%), acetyleugenol (2.64%), carvacrol (2.42%), α-cubebene (0.77%) and thymol (0.42%) were the major components with some other minor components isolated from the same. About twenty two components representing 99.73% were identified within the essential oil isolated from the Shahi brand clove which was imported from India with the main components being eugenol (46.53%), caryophyllene (43.03%), α-caryophyllene (4.61%), aceteugenol (2.54%), copaene (0.80%), α-farnesene (0.72%), germacrene (0.43%) and δ-cadinene (0.27%). Conclusions: Both the isolated essential oils were found to be rich in eugenol and caryophyllene. The clove essential oil from Guzal and Shahi was found to be comparable in terms of its eugenol and caryophyllene contents. According to the above findings, it is suggested that both brands of clove are of similar quality.

1457-1460

Authors: I.M. Bagban, S.P. Roy, A.Chaudhary, S. K. Das, K.J. Gohil, K.K. Bhandari

Objective: To investigate hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract of Fagonia indica Burm. on CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Methods: Animals in Group 1 served as vehicle control, Group 2 served as hepatotoxin (CCl4 2ml/kg, s.c) treated group, Group 3 served as standard (Silymarin 50mg/kg, p.o.) treated group. Group4 and 5 served as methanolic extract of Fagonia indica (MEFI) in different doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg b.w., p.o).The degree of protection was determined by measuring levels of biochemical marker like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Bilirubin (Total & Direct) and Cholesterol. The histopathological studies also show the hepatic protection of the test extracts. Results: The levels of the biochemical parameters such as SGPT, SGOT, ALP, Total bilirubin, Direct bilirubin and Cholesterol were significantly increased in CCl 4 treated rats when compared with the normal group (P<0.05), but the MEFI (400 mg/kg, bw) treated rats showed maximum reduction of SGOT (114.83±1.51), SGPT (164.33±1.25), ALP (154.83 ±1.53), Total bilirubin (1.55±0.01), Direct bilirubin (0.65±0.009) and Cholesterol (193.00±1.06) in a significant manner. Histopathological studies also reveal the hepatoprotection property of MEFI in a dose dependent manner. Conclusions: These results suggest that MEFI in different doses showed significant hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity and this might be due to the presence of flavonoids and tannins. Further research is sought to explore the exact mechanism of action and phytoconstituents responsible for the pharmacological response.

1466-1470

Authors: Kalpna Rakholiya, Sumitra Chanda

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro interaction between methanolic extracts of Terminalia catappa (Combretaceae) (T. catappa) and Carica papaya (caricaceae) (C. papaya) leaves and certain known antimicrobial drugs like penicillin G (P), ampicillin (AMP), amoxyclav (AMC), cephalothin (CEP), polymyxin B (PB), rifampicin (RIF), amikacin (AK), nilidixic acid (NA), gentamicin (GEN), chloramphenicol (C), ofloxacin (OF) against five Gram positive and five Gram negative bacteria. Methods: Evaluation of synergy interaction between plant extracts and antimicrobial agents was carried out using disc diffusion method. Results: The results of this study showed that there is an increased activity in case of combination of methanolic plant extracts and test antimicrobial agents. The more potent result was that the synergism between methanolic extract of C. papaya and antibiotics showed highest and strong synergistic effect against tested bacterial strains; though methanolic extract of C. papaya alone was not showing any antibacterial activity. Conclusions: These results indicate that combination between plant extract and the antibiotics could be useful in fighting emerging drug-resistance microorganisms.

1477-1486

Authors: Sourav Kanti Roy, Pratyush Kumar Mishra, Subhangkar Nandy, Rana Datta, Bodhisattwa Chakraborty

Objective: To establish the wound healing activity of methanolic, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of plant of Typhonium trilobatum. Methods: Two models were performed to evaluate the wound healing activity i.e. excision and incision models. In incision model the parameter which is carried out was breaking strength of the wounded skin. In excision model the percentage wound contraction and period of epithelialization were established for three extracts. Reference standard drug was povidone iodine ointments for comparison with other groups. Results: From the observation in both two models, methanolic and ethyl acetate extract were found greater wound healing activity than chloroform extract in terms of breaking strength in incision model and percentage wound contraction, period of epithelialization in excision model than that of other groups. Conclusions: The results indicate that the different extracts of Typhonium trilobatum has significant wound healing activity.

1493-1497

Authors: L. Rasingam

Objective: To conduct an ethnobotanical studies and collect information about the wild edible plants collected and utilized by the Irula tribes of Pillur valley, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: The study was conducted among the Irula peoples of Pillur valley through survey, interview and field work along with the knowledgeable individuals during January 2009 - September 2010. All the traditional and other knowledge related to the collection and consumption of wild edible plants on which the communities depend was documented. Results: A total of 74 plant species have been recorded as wild edible in the study areas, of which, fruits yielding plants ranked first with 42 species, green leaves, tubers, young shoots and flowers ranked next with 26, 7, 4 and 2 species respectively. Conclusions: Our study revealed that the adivasi community in the Pillur Valley continues to have and use the knowledge about the wild edible plants, including their habitat, collection period, sustainable collection, mode of preparation and consumption. To date, this knowledge appear to be fairly well conserved and used as a result of continued reliance of local community on the wild uncultivated foods.

1504-1508

Authors: Jaganathan Anitha, Indira A. Jayraaj

Objective: To evaluate the acute toxicity effects of earthworm powder (EWP) obtained from Eudrillus euginae on wistar male rats. Methods: The animals are treated orally with EWP at the doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg bodyweight daily for 12 days. Results: There was no significant mortality and changes in body weight noticed at all the doses tested. No gross significant changes observed in the hematological indices (HB, RBC and WBC), Hepatic, serum markers (AST, ALT, ALP, and protein) and renal indices (Urea, Uric acid and Creatinine). The EWP did not show any significant effects in the clinical signs, behavioral changes and examined toxicological endpoints in experimental animals. The histopathological studies provide supports to the safety data of above parameter of EWP dosing. Conclusions: Thus, it can be inferred from the present study that EWP (Eudrillus euginae) is devoid of toxic effects in rats and suggested to utilize the EWP as novel medicine.

1520-1525

Authors: Bikram K. Mallik, Tribhuban Panda, Rabindra N. Padhy

Objective: To record ethnoveterinary information of numerous aboriginal tribes of Kalahandi district of Odisha state, India. Methods: A survey of about 20 hamlets in the district was done with a questioner and personal interviews using the snowball technique in survey and sampling. Results: Seventy-three plants belonging to 41 families (Acanthaceae, Alangiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Anacadiaceae, Annonaceae, Araceae, Arecaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, Bombaceae, Brassicaceae, Caesalpinaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Combretaceae, Convolvulaceae, Ebenaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Lecythidaceae, Loganiaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Menispermaceae, Mimosaceae, Moraceae, Moringaceae, Musaceae, Myrtaceae, Piperaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, Umbelliferae, Verbenaceae, Vitaceae and Zingiberaceae) are used by aborigine tribes of Kalahandi district, Odisha, India, for treating ailments of domestic animals. Conclusion: Aborigine tribes of Kalahandi district use about 73 plants for treating ailments of animals.

1534-1541

Authors: Repon Kumer Saha, Srijan Acharya, Syed Sohidul Haque Shovon, Apurba Sarker Apu, Priyanka Roy

Objective: Nyctanthes arbortristis is a common plant in Bangladesh. The objective of our research was to biochemical and biological analysis of the methanolic extract of the dried leaves of Nyctanthes arbortristis found in Bangladesh. Methods: We investigated the presence of polyphenols, flavanoids and other types of compounds by thin layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and UV spectroscopy analysis. We performed antioxidant assay by colorimetric methods. We investigated antibacterial assay by disk diffusion method. Cell surface receptor binding assay was performed by hemagglutination inhibition assay and hemolysis assay. Results: Methanolic extract of the leaves of Nyctanthes arbortristis contains flavanoids and other biologically active compounds. The extract showed antioxidant, peroxide scavenging and total reducing activity. The extract also showed antibacterial activities against several strains of bacteria. It also showed hemaglutination inhibition activities and hydrogen peroxide induced hemolysis inhibition activity in human blood cells. Conclusions: Therefore, Nyctanthes arbortristis may be considered as a plant of various health benefits.

1548-1555

Authors: Abd El-Moneim MR Afify, Hossam S El-Beltagi, Amina A Aly, Abeer E El-Ansary

Objective: To study the capability of gamma irradiation for inhibiting sprouting of potato tubers. Methods: The enzymes activities i.e. peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), glutathioneS-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), in addition to lipid peroxidation level were tested in potato tubers stored for 3, 6 and 9 weeks. Gamma irradiation with five treatments (0, 30, 50, 100 and 200 Gy) was used to control germination process of potato tubers. Results: Gamma radiation was able to maintain potato tuber for 6 weeks. The main biomarkers for validity of potato tuber during storage were studying antioxidant enzyme activities i.e. POD, PPO, GST, SOD, CAT enzyme activities as well as lipid peroxidation during storage time. Conclusions: The optimum dose was 50 Gy which prevented the sprouting initiation all over the storage period without casting undesirable rotting for potato tubers. At this dose all antioxidant enzyme activities i.e. POD, PPO, GST, SOD, CAT enzyme activities as well as lipid peroxidation level during storage time recorded the best rates.

1561-1567

Authors: Venugopalan Santhosh Kumar, Visweswaran Navaratnam, Aiyalu Rajasekaran, Narenk Nair, Dorai Soundaraj Priya Matharasi, Srinivasan Narasimhan, Subramaniam Ramachandran

Objective: To evaluate the potential immunostimulant activity of glucosamine from Azadirachta indica leaves in mice. Methods: The hexane, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves were prepared and its immunostimulant activity was studied. The aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica leaves (AEAIL) showed significant (P<0.001) higher immunostimulant activity than other extracts. Hence, isolation of possible phytoconstituent(s) from AEAIL was carried out and glucosamine was isolated. The Azadirachta indica leaves glucosamine (AILG) was administered at 266, 400 and 800 µg/kg of mice, intraperitoneal route weekly for 4 weeks to evaluate immunostimulant activity. The serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) level and histopathological studies on thymus were performed to confirm AILG immunostimulant activity. Results: The administration of above doses of AILG has significantly (P<0.001) increased serum IL-2 levels in mice than control mice. The dose dependent effect on IL-2 was noticed in AILG treated mice. The weight of thymus, liver and kidney were significantly (P<0.001) increased after the AILG treatments compared to control mice. Also, body weight of AILG treated mice showed significant (P<0.001) increment from second week to fourth week than control mice. The proliferation of T-lymphocytes in thymus after the administration of AILG was observed in histopathological study. Conclusion: The glucosamine was isolated from Azadirachta indica leaves aqueous extract and its immunostimulant activity was confirmed in mice.

1572-1577

Authors: Velusamy Kalpanadevi, Veerabahu Ramasamy Mohan

Objective: To evaluate the total phenolic, flavonoid contents and in vitro antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of Begonia malabarica Lam. and Begonia floccifera Bedd. whole plant. Methods: Total phenolic content was estimated using the Folin Ciocalteu method. The flavonoid content was determined using aluminium chloride. In vitro antioxidant activities and reducing power capacity were determined using standard methods. Results: The total phenolics and flavonoids were estimated. The methanol extracts of whole plants of Begonia malabarica and Begonia floccifera showed potent in vitro antioxidant activities using various models viz, DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide and ABTS radical scavenging activity. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that methanol extracts have potential in vitro antioxidant activity. The phytochemical phenolics and flavonoids could be the reason for its antioxidant activity.

1583-1587

Authors: Periyar Selvam Sellamuthu, Palanisamy Arulselvan, Balu Periamallipatti Muniappan, Murugesan Kandasamy

Objective: The present investigation was to evaluate the possible anti-diabetic effect of mangiferin from Salacia chinensis (S. chinensis) on the activities of kidney carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in chemically induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in adult male rats, as a single intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 55 mg/ kg body weight. The STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated by mangiferin and glibenclamide (positive control drug) for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed and carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities were analyzed in the kidney. Results: Diabetic control rats showed a significant increase in the level of fasting blood glucose and also increase the activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in kidney on successive days of the experiment as compared with their basal values. Daily oral administration of mangiferin showed a significant decrease in the blood glucose when compared to diabetic control. The anti-hyperglycemic effect was obtained with the dose of 40 mg/kg b.wt. In addition, treatment of mangiferin shows alteration in kidney carbohydrate metabolic enzymes including gluconeogenic enzymes like glucose-6- phosphatase and fructose-1,6-disphosphatase. These results were comparable with positive control drug, glibenclamide. Conclusions: The results obtained in this study provide evidence of the anti-diabetic potential of mangiferin, mediated through the regulation of carbohydrate key metabolic enzyme activities.

1592-1599

Authors: Anand Thiru, Gokulakrishnan Kannan, Kalaiselvan Ashokan, Velavan Sivanandam

Objective: To evaluate the restorative effect of (5E, 13E)-5,13-Docosadienoic acid on carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress in rats. Methods: Wistar strain male albino rats, weighing 180-200 g/bw were selected for the study. Rats were divided into four groups. Group I animals were served as normal control. Group II was administered with corn oil (3 ml/kg, i.p.) as vehicle control. Group III was given single dose (29th day) of CCl4 in corn oil (1:1 v/v, 3 ml/kg, i.p.). Groups IV was treated with (5E, 13E)-5,13-Docosadienoic acid (DA) (6 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days and given single dose of (29th day) CCl4 in corn oil (1:1 v/v, 3 ml/kg, i.p.). Six hours after CCl4 intoxication, the experimental animals were sacrificed. The blood samples were collected. Liver was excised immediately and immersed in physiological saline. Results: The lipid peroxidation was initiated in CCl4 intoxicated rats which is evidenced by thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and diminution of GSH content in liver. Super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), vitamin C and E in CCl4 intoxicated rats retrieved towards near normalcy. After treating with DA which significantly altered (P<0.001) serum marker enzyme level and antioxidant level near normal against CCl4 treated rats. Conclusions: It was observed that the entire variable tested i.e., SOD, CAT, GPx, reduced glutathione, vitamin C and E recorded a significant decline on CCl 4 treatment. However, treatment with DA restored the levels to near normal value, suggesting the therapeutic effect of DA to counter the oxidative stress.

1606-1610

Authors: Alemayehu Toma, Eyasu Makonnen, Asfaw Debella, Birhanu Tesfaye

Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity on chronic administration of the butanol fraction of the ethanol extract of Moringa Stenopetala leaves in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Methods: The mice were grouped in four groups; Normal control, Diabetic control, Butanol fraction treated and standard drug treated groups. The Diabetic mice received the butanol fraction of Moringa stenopetala daily for 28 days. Results: The butanol fraction of Moringa stenopetala treatment resulted in significant reduction of fasting blood glucose level, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides level. This fraction also showed a tendency to improve body weight gain in diabetic mice. Its oral LD50 was found to be greater than 5000mg/Kg indicating its safety in mice. Conclusions: Though the mechanism of action of Moringa stenopetala seems to be similar to that of sulfonylureas, further studies should be done to confirm its mechanism of antidiabetic action. Furthermore the active principle(s) responsible for the antidabetic effects should also be identified.

1615-1619

Authors: Homayoon Babaei, Reza Kheirandish, Laya Ebrahimi

Objective: Exposure to environmental toxicants such as copper has been suggested to have adverse effects on male reproduction. Therefore, our aim in the present study was to investigate morphometrical changes of rat testes following long term consumption. Methods: Animals were divided into three experimental groups. Two different doses of copper sulfate were applied once a day for 8 weeks by gavage. The first treatment group received copper sulfate at a dose of 100 mg/ kg (Cu100 group) and the second treatment group was given copper sulfate at a dose of 200 mg/ kg (Cu200 group). Control animals received normal saline using the same method. Testes from five cases of 15 animals of each group were removed for histopathological examinations on days 14, 28 and 56. Morphometrically, seminiferous tubules diameter, spermatogonial cells nuclei diameter, sertoli cells nuclei diameter and epithelial height were measured in the experimental groups. Meiotic index and the percentage of spermatogenesis were also calculated.Results: The mean values of about mentioned morphometrical parameters in copper treated groups showed significant decrease on 14th day compared to the control group. Copper administration caused a significant damage to morphometrical parameters on 28th day compared to the day 14. Also, in some parameters further decreases were observed specially in the Cu200 group on 56th day such as the diameter of seminiferous tubules, spermatogonial and sertoli cells nuclei and epithelial height of germinal layer (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results show that exposure to copper has the deleterious effects on morphometrical structure of testes which are appeared as early as two weeks.

1625-1629

Authors: Sharmishtha Purkayastha, Rittee Narain, Praveen Dahiya

Objective: The inhibitory effects of essential oils including fennel, juniper and kalonji from Foeniculum Vulgare, Juniperus Osteosperma and Nigella Sativa on multi drug resistant clinical isolates were investigated. All the oils have been evaluated for phytochemical constituents, antibacterial activity and TLC bioautography assay. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed. The antibacterial potential of essential oils from fennel, juniper and kalonji fennel, juniper and kalonji was evaluated by agar well diffusion method against multi drug resistant clinical isolates. The antibacterial effect was investigated using the TLC-bioautographic method. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of most of the phytochemicals including saponins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids and tannins. Antibacterial activity of essential oils was assessed on eight multi-drug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and two standard strains. All the oils tested showed significant to moderate antibacterial activity toward all tested strains except Acinetobacter sp and Staphylococcus aureus MRSA. The maximum zone of inhibition was found to be 25±0.12 mm for juniper oil followed by 21±0.085 mm for kalonji oil against Staphylococcus aureus 2. Thin layer chromatography and bioautography assay demonstrated welldefined growth inhibition zones against Staphylococcus aureus 2 and E. coli for juniper essential oil in correspondence with tannins observed at Rf values of 0.07 and 0.57. Conclusions: Based on the present study, the essential oils from juniper and kalonji possess antibacterial activity against several multi drug resistant pathogenic bacteria and thus can be used as a base for the development of new potent drugs and phytomedicine.

1633-1636

Authors: Durre Shahwar, Muhammad Asam Raza, Sana Bukhari, Gulshan Bukhari

Objective: Eucalyptus and Curcuma species are well reputed for their traditional medicinal uses in south east Asia, therefore, the present study was designed to determine reducing potential of their essential oils. Method: Essential oils of the selected medicinal species Eucalyptus sideroxylon, E. teriticornis, E. citriodora, Curcuma longa and C. aromatic were extracted using hydro distillation method, separated with diethyl ether and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Column chromatography of Curcuma aromatica was carried out and six fractions were collected using gradient solvent system of n-hexane-ethyl acetate. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of oils were evaluated using standard protocol and results were expressed in µM equivalent to FeSO4.7H2O. Results: The essential oil of Eucalyptus sideroxylon was found to possess highest reducing potential among the Eucalyptus species. Curcuma longa essential oil showed most significant reducing potential with 138.4±1.1 FRAP equivalents. Conclusions: It was concluded that the all essential oil and the column fractions of C. aromatica possess significant reducing capacity ranged from 95.8±1.0 to 152.4±1.4 µM in a dose dependent manner.

1643-1646

Authors: Grasian Immanuel, Berkmans Jude Thaddaeus, Muthusamy Usha, Ramasamy Ramasubburayan, Santhiyagu Prakash, Arunachalam Palavesam

Objective: Some of the products derived from marine organisms have been recommended in alternative system of medicine especially Siddha medicine for several treatments. Among the marine molluscs, Cypraea moneta shell has been used as siddha medicine from ancient days. But no systematic study has been done on its efficacy as antipyretic, wound healing and as antimicrobial agent. In the present study, the protective action of processed shell powder of C. moneta was evaluated by us in an animal model for the above treatments. Methods: C. moneta shell powder was prepared by standard method described in Siddha medicine. Then the antipyretic, wound healing as well as antimicrobial effect of the processed powder was tested in Wister albino rats. Results: By the intravenous injection of yeast cell suspension into albino rats, the antipyretic effect of the shell powder given orally was studied by various concentrations of 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/ml. The body temperature of the albino rat became normal within a short duration (3h). The wound healing effect of the shell powder was very effective. In the thigh region 2 cm wound was made and the different dosages of shell powder (C -Control, SD - Single dose, DD -Double dosage and TD -Triple dose/day) were applied externally as ointment. The scar was produced in eighth day onwards in DD and TD. Antimicrobial activity was studied in three different oppurtunistic human pathogens such as Micrococcus sp., Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella abory in different concentrations (2, 3, 4 and 5% w/v) of C. moneta shell powder extract. Among these, Proteus vulgaris showed the maximum zone of inhibition (15mm size) against 5% w/v concentration, followed by Micrococcus sp. (12mm) and S. abory (10mm) against the same concentration. Conclusions: The present observation suggested that, processed C. moneta shell powder can be used as an alternative medicine, and it has antipyretic, wound healing as well as antimicrobial properties.

1653-1659

Authors: Kulanthaivel Langeswaran, Rajendran Revathy, Subbaraj Gowtham Kumar, Shanmugam Vijayaprakash, Maruthaiveeran Periyasamy Balasubramanian

Objective: The present study was aimed to scrutinize the anticancer consequence of kaempferol against aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Epidemiological studies of the incidence of liver cancer in the population, where dietary aflatoxin exposure is high, have provided much circumstantial evidence for the development of aflatoxin B1 induced primary liver cancer in humans. Methods: In the present investigation, aflatoxin B1 (2 mg/kg body weight i.p) was used as a hepatocarcinogen to induce hepatocellular carcinoma in experimental animals. Results: In the present analysis, on treatment with bioflavonoid kaempferol (100 mg/kg body weight p.o) the nucleic acids levels were brought back to normal and also the altered levels of biological enzymes such as membrane bound ATPase, carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and mitochondrial TCA cycle enzymes levels (P<0.01). Conclusions: Membrane bound ATPase, carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and mitochondrial TCA cycle enzymes were modulated by kaempferol evaluated on aflatoxin B1 induced primary liver carcinogenesis.

1664-1666

Authors: M. Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal, Shahedur Rahman, Md. Azizul Islam, Md. Rezaul Karim, Md. Samsul Alam, Md. Ziaur Rahman

Objective: In this present study, it is tried to find out the antimicrobial effect and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of Nerium oleander against Bacillus subtilis (IFO 3026), Sarcina lutea (IFO 3232), Escherichia coli (IFO 3007) and Klebsiella Pneumoniae (ATTC 10031). Methods: Powered leaves were prepared and used for extraction with various solvents, viz, the petroleum ether, and chloroform extract of the oleander. All the solvent extracts were evaporated to dryness. Using the disc diffusion method, the bacterial growth were inhibited, Results: Among the solvent extracts tested, petroleum ether extract inhibited the growth of all the tested bacteria having various degrees of inhibition zones. Highest inhibitory activity was observed against E. coli (1.9 cm) and minimum inhibitory concentration was observed 2µg/ml also against E. coli. Both results were observed in case of petroleum ether extract. Petroleum ether extract also showed inhibitory zones of 1.8 cm, 1.4 cm and 1.5cm against B. subtilis, S. lutea and K. pneumoniae. On the other hand chloroform extract was observed to have inhibition zones of 1.2 cm, 1.6 cm, 1.8 cm and 1.5 cm against B. subtilis, S. lutea, E. coli and K. pneumoniae respectively. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the petroleum ether extract of N. oleander is potentially good source of antibacterial agents. Further evaluation is necessary to identify the specific bioactive compounds, their mode of action and their nontoxic nature in vivo condition.

1671-1674

Authors: Sachin Jain, Gajendra Pratap Choudhary, Dinesh Kumar Jain

Objective: Anti-fertility activity of ethanolic extract of Jatropha gossypifolia leaf in female albino mice. Methods: Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extract, when administered orally, altered the estrous cycle pattern in female mice, prolong the length of estrous cycle with significant increase in the duration of diestrus stage and reduced significantly the number of litters in albino mice. Treatment of mice with extract of 250 and 450 mg/kg body weight/day for 21 days caused a prolonged estrous cycle with significant increase in the duration of diestrus phase and elongation of estrus stage in treatment with higher dose (450 mg/kg body weight/day). Results: The analysis of the principal hormones involved in estrous cycle regulation showed that the plant extracts altered gonadrotrophin release (LH, FSH and prolactinn) and estradiol secretion. Conclusions: The results indicated the anti-fertility effect of Jatropha gossypifolia leaf extract in female albino mice.

1680-1682

Authors: Mohammad Hossein Farjam

Objective: In this study, antimicrobial activity of essential oil, ethyl acetate and ether extracts of S. urmiensis Bunge were screened against some species of bacteria and fungi. Also, the essential oil of the aerial part of S. urmiensis Bunge was examined by GC and GC-MS. Methods: The oils obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus from fresh and dried aerial parts of S. urmiensis Bunge were analyzed by GC and GC-MS to investigate the variations of oil components. Ethyl acetate and ether extracts of S. urmiensis Bunge were obtained using powdered aerial part and appropriate amounts of each solvent (ethyl acetate, ether) by maceration method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oil and extracts against the bacteria and fungi was determined using broth microdilution method. Results: In the essential oil of S. urmiensis Bunge 27 Compounds have been identified. Benzyl benzoate (60.3 %), n-hexyl benzoate (16.7 %), Amyl benzoate (5.2 %) and 2- octyl benzoate (4.2 %) were the main components of the essential oil. The essential oil analysis showed greatest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis (5.3 μg/ml) and S. cerevisiae (9.3 μg/ml). The ethyl acetate showed greatest antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis (106.7 毺g/ml), Candida albicans (5.3 μg/ ml) and ether extract showed greatest antimicrobial activity against Klebseilla pneumoniae (10.7 μ g/ ml) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (10.7 μg/ml). Conclusions: we suggest that the antimicrobial activity of S. urmiensis may be due to its content of germacrene and linalool.

1691-1695

Authors: Alok Maithani, Versha Parcha, Geeta Pant, Deepak Kumar, Ishan Dhulia

Objective: To evaluate the fasting serum glucose (FSG) lowering potential of different fractions (C & D) and subfraction (D1 & D2) from aqueous extract of Aloe vera leaf on normal and alloxan induced type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: Two fractions (C & D) obtained by common chemical treatment of the aqueous extract of Aleo vera leaf and subfraction (D1 & D2) from fraction D were administered to the alloxan induced (150mg/kg i.p.) diabetic rats. The FSG lowering capacity, of different fractions and subfractions, was then evaluated in terms of percentage reduction in blood glucose level. Results: Oral administration of fractions C & D and subfraction D1 & D2 for 15 days led significant (P<0.05) reduction to the elevated FSG level of alloxan induced diabetic rats. Percentage reduction in blood glucose level and comparison with standard drug glibenclamide suggest the superiority of fraction D and subfraction D1 in hypoglycaemic potential. Conclusions: The results suggest that fraction D and subfraction D1 from aqueous extracts of Aloe vera leaf possesses the maximum FSG lowering capacity and further investigation is required for determination of anti-diabetic principal(s) and exact mechanism of their hypoglycaemic action.

1701-1706

Authors: Antony Nishanthini, Veerabahu Ramasamy Mohan

Objective: To evaluate the total phenolic, flavonoid contents and in vitro antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Xanthosoma sagittifolium corm. Methods: Total phenolic content was estimated using the Folin Ciocalteu method. The flavonoid content was determined using aluminium chloride. In vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated by studying DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity and reducing power capacity were determined using standard procedure. Results: Xanthosoma sagittifolium corm exhibited 0.32g100g-1 total phenolic; 0.26g100g-1 flavonoid and better scavenging activity of DPPH (78.22±0.56%), hydroxyl radical (69.11±0.21%), superoxide radical (83.27±0.08%) and ABTS radical cations(76.11±0.07%).Conclusions: The present studies confirm the methanolextracts have potential in vitro antioxidant activity.

1711-1719

Authors: Sudarshan K. Singh and Agham A. Sameer

Objective: Lisinopril is the drug of choice in hypertension. Bioavailability of the drug is 25% of orally administered dose. An attempt was made to provide safe medicine meeting pharmacokinetics requirement of plasma concentration by formulating a sublingual tablet of Lisinopril. The Objective of present study is to develop the sublingual tablet of Lisinopril and improve its bioavailability, in view to maximize therapeutic effect of the drug. Method: The directly compressed tablet of Lisinopril was formulated using Mannitol, Micro Crystalline Cellulose and Kyron T-314 as super disintegrant. Formulation (F1-F7) was evaluated for disintegration time and in vitro release study. Further the optimized sublingual formulation (F6) and marketed formulation was subjected to in-vivo comparative bioavailability study using white New Zealand rabbits. Results: It was observed that concentration of Micro Crystalline Cellulose, Kyron T-314 has significant effect on the disintegration time of Lisinopril sublingual tablet formulations. The super disintegrant concentration 5% w/w (Kyron T-314) was found optimum in all tablet formulations. AUC of optimized sublingual tablet and oral tablet are 925.35 μg×h/ mL and 641.97 μg×h/mL with Cmax of 60.80 μg/mL and 41.21 μg/mL and Tmax of 4 h and 4 h respectively. The bioavailability of optimized sublingual tablet of Lisinopril was improved by 1.44 times as compared to conventional oral marketed tablet of Lisinopril. Conclusions: The present approach of formulating sublingual tablet of Lisinopril would definitely improve bioavailability leading to reduced conventional dose of this drug. The administration of sublingual tablet becoming easy and it will improve patient compliance to therapy for hypertension for pediatrics, geriatric and bed ridden patient.

1728-1734

Authors: Nidhi Mishra, Narayan P Yadav, Jaya Gopal Meher, Priyam Sinha

Objective: To discuss the preparation, characterization, targeting and formulation aspect of phospholipids based drug delivery system i.e. Phyto-vesicles. Methods: The methods of phytovesicles preparation on R & D scale and different analytical techniques to characterize them have been discussed. Result: Phyto-vesicles are the advanced form of herbal drug delivery systems as its structure includes water soluble head and two fat soluble tails which act as an effective emulsifier. Conclusion: It is concluded that phytovesicular delivery system has improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameter as compared to conventional system Therefore, phyto-vesicles are called as conduit between conventional and novel drug delivery system.

1738-1741

Authors: Asha Peter, Radhakrishnan E.K, Jyothis Mathew, Shini Zacharia

Objective: The study was undertaken to investigate the genomic and phenotypic relationship among E.faecium strains isolated from chicken and clinical sources. Methods: Enterococci were isolated and identified by conventional biochemical methods and the antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion methods. Phenotypes and genotypes of vancomycin resistance were detected by E tests and PCR amplification techniques respectively. Genotyping of the vancomycin resistant E.faecium from two sources were done by RAPD typing. Results: The Vancomycin resistant E.faecium identified was selected for this comparative study. Among the VREF from two sources minor biochemical difference with regards to raffinose fermentation and haemolytic properties was observed. The RAPD tests using random primers also showed polymorphism. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the strains from two different sources were not identical.

1747-1753

Authors: K. Dhananjaya, Sibi G, H. Mallesha, K.R. Ravikumar, Saurabh Awasthi

Objective: To evaluate potential use of daidzein and genistein in the prevention of breast cancer. Methods: Molecular docking of human estrogen receptor α (HER α) with daidzein and genistein were done by using Discover studio 3.1. Various analogs of daidzein and genistein were docked with HER α to enhance the binding affinity and locate the pharmacophoric groups. Results: Replacement of pharmacophoric group with methylsulphonmide (-NH-SO2-CH3) in daidzein and cyanide (-CN) in genistein were found to be sterically more compatible with significant increased energy values and could serve as probable lead molecules. The docking sore (E-value) obtained for genistein and daidzein was -217.67 and -220.63 respectively which shows their high affinity for HER α. Conclusions: Lower affinity and the side effects associated with conventional drugs needs an improved solution. The present findings showed that daidzein and genistein can play a potent role in breast cancer prevention.

1764-1769

Authors: Anusha Bhaskar, Anish Kumar

Objective: To investigate the antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of aqueous and ethanolic flower extracts of Punica granatum (P. granatum) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes mellitus in wistar rats. Methods: Antihyperglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effect of P. granatum aqueous (PGFAet) and ethanolic extracts (PGFEet) at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg bw was evaluated in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Glycosylated hemoglobin, plasma insulin, cholesterol and lipoprotein levels, lipid peroxide levels and the antioxidant enzyme levels were determined. Results: The administration of the extracts markedly reduced blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin increased the levels of plasma insulin and liver glycogen. The extract also had a hypolipidemic activity decreasing the levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. The levels of lipid peroxides in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were remarkably reduced and the activities of the enzymes SOD, CAT and GPx and GSH were increased. We also saw an increase in the activity of the enzyme glucokinase and decrease in glucose-6-phosphatase. It can be concluded that the flower extracts of P. granatum (PGFAet and PGFEet) has significant restorative effect on the blood glucose, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress. Conclusions: It can be concluded from the studies that the ethanolic extracts of the flowers of P. granatum at dosage 400 mg/kg/day exhibit significant effect in lowering blood sugar and lipid levels and increasing the antioxidant enzymes when compared to the aqueous extract. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels were reduced and the extract exhibited a stimulatory effect on insulin.

1775-1779

Authors: Margaret Beula Banerjee, Sundaram Ravikumar, Murugesan Gnanadesigan, Banerjee Rajakumar, Muthusamy Anand

Objective: To identify the antiviral antioxidant and toxicological evaluation of marine halophyte. Methods: Mangrove associates such as Salicornia brachiata, Clerodendron inerme, Rhizophora lamarckii, Suaeda maritima were collected. In vitro antiviral studies such as HBsAg binding assay, DNA polymerase inhibition assay, RT inhibition assay were carried out. Moreover, antioxidant properties, ash content, elemental analysis, LD50 analysis were measured for the S. maritima leaf extract which was the most potent. Results: S. maritima leaf extract showed minimum concentration of IC50 value with HBsAg binding assay, DNA polymerase inhibition assay, RT inhibition assay as 325.98, 843.09 and 587.32 μg/ml concentrations respectively. Antioxidant properties of S. maritima leaf extract showed the minimum concentration (23.64± 5.27μg/ml) of IC50 value with the nitric oxide scavenging assay, followed by DPPH assay (112.03 ±18.39μg/ml). The ash content of S. maritima leaf extract was varied between 8.05% to 87.30% concentrations. The elemental analysis of S. maritima showed the values within the limits of WHO guidelines. The lethal dose of S. maritima leaf extract was identified as 3000 mg/kg/body weight. The sub acute toxicity was not showed any significant differences with organ weights between control and extract treated animals. Biochemical parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, ALP, sugar and urea were not showed any significant variations between control and extract treated animals. But, the results of haematological parameters such as WBC (6600±234.90 cells/cumm), lymphocytes (69依14.09), polymorphs (38±9.38), eosinophils (02±0.00) were found significantly increased with extract treated animals. Phytochemical analysis of S. maritima leaf extract showed the presence of various phytochemical constituents such as reducing sugars, polyophenols, flavonoids and tannins with the leaf extract. Conclusions: The results of the present findings pave the way for the identification of novel molecules for the possible utilization of antiviral and antioxidant drugs from Suaeda maritima leaf.

1784-1789

Authors: Maushmi S. Kumar, Asim. K. Pal

Objective: Sponges (phylum Porifera) are sessile marine invertebrates and are known to be the richest source of pharmacologically-active compounds. This work was taken to investigate the antibacterial, antifungal activity and cytotoxicity from marine sponge. Method: In this study the marine sponge Spongosorites halichondrioides crude extracts were investigated for three bioassays. The first is an antimicrobial test against Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa and the second is an antifungal test against three pathogenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Metarhizium anisopliae. The third is a cytotoxicity test using larva of Artemia salina, for detection of cytotoxic activity in the extracts. Result: For all the three bioassays, extracts were fo und to be bioactive. This result suggests that this marine sponge is able to produce biologically active agents required for an overall defense against their predators. Conclusions: Further GC MS was done and the fragmentation pattern, showed the presence of sterol esters and terpenoids in the active extracts.

1798-1801

Authors: V. Karthikeyan A. Gopalakrishnan R. Vijayakumar, P. Bharathirajan

Objective: Molluscs are highly delicious seafood and they are also very good source for biomedically imported products. Among the molluscs some have pronounced pharmacological activities or other properties which are useful in biomedical area. Methods: In the present study GAGs was isolated from the bivalve such as Donax incarnates. Results: The isolated GAGs were quantified in crude samples and they were estimated as 6.84 gm/kg crude GAGs in Donax incarnates. The bivalve showed the anticoagulant activity of the crude samples 124.53 USP units/ mg in Donax incarnates. FTIR analysis reveals the presence of anticoagulant substance signals at different ranges. Conclusions: The determined in this research show that gastropod Donax incarnates tissue is value medicinal due to high quality of anticoagulant compounds.

1808-1810

Authors: Ali Asghar Mozaffari, Mohammad Khalili

Objective: Bluetongue virus is an arthropod-borne Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae which infects both domestic and wild ruminants. Bluetongue disease is a "List A" disease of the Office of International Epizootics. To the best of our knowledge, no report has been published on bluetongue disease of sheep flocks of Southeast of Iran. The objective of this study was to describe the seroprevalence rates of BTV in sheep flocks in southeast of Iran. Methods: The blood samples were collected randomly from herds of Southeast of Iran. A total of 188 sera samples (94 male, 94 female) collected between 2009 and 2010, were available. Antibodies to BTV in sera were detected by using a commercial competitive ELISA (Institute Pourquier, Montpellier, France) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Results: The seroprevalence rates were 6.57 % fo r sheep herds. Within a herd, prevalence of BTV seropositive animals ranged from 0% to 42.85%. 33.3% sheep flocks were positive to BTV antibodies. Sex didn't affect the rate of seropositivity, but the rate of seropositivity was significantly changed in different age groups. Conclusion: This study describes the seroprevalence rates of Bluetongue virus (BTV) in sheep flocks in southeast of Iran for the first time.

1817-1821

Authors: Annadurai Hemalatha, Panneerselvam Karthikeyan, Kuppusamy Manimaran, Perumal Anantharaman,Pitchai Sampathkumar

Objective: To study the combined effect of temperature, nitrate and silicate on the growth, of the marine diatom, Chaetoceros simplex (Ostenfeld, 1901). Methods: Samples were analysed for the effect of temperature, nitrate and silicate on the growth, chlorophyll ‘a’, protein and carbohydrate contents. Totally fifteen experiments were conducted for 12 days under three different temperature (20, 25 and 29 °C), 68 μmol photon m-2 s-1 light intensity and at five concentrations of nitrate: silicate propositions (882 μM [NO3-] -106μM [SiO32-], 1323μM [NO3] -159 μM [SiO32-], 1764μM [NO3-] -212μ M [SiO32-], 2205μM [NO3-]-265μM [SiO32-] and 2646μM [NO3-]-318 μM [SiO32-] respectively). Result: The maximum cell density reached 23.5*105 cells ml-1 with 1764 μM [NO3-] and 212μM [SiO32-] concentrations at 29 μ, in 10th day of culture. The high chlorophyll ‘a’ content of 1.57±0.05 pg/ cell at 20°C and 2205μM [NO3-]-265μM [SiO32-]. The high protein content of 4.48± 0.17 pg/cell was found in 2205 μM [NO3-]-265 μM [SiO32-] at 25°C. The high carbohydrate contents of 0.78±0.03 pg/cell were found in 1764 μM [NO3-]-212μM [SiO32-] at the temperature of 25°C. Conclusions: The growth rate was directly proportional to nutrient concentration and temperature whereas chlorophyll ‘a’ and biochemical concentration was directly proportional to nutrient concentration. Based on the present results, furture work on growth optimization with the other physical and nutritional factors will yield noteworthy information on the mass cultivation of C. simplex for aquaculture purposes.

1827-1834

Authors: S.Chacko Vijai Sharma, Ernest David

Objective: To isolate and make a comparative study of marine sediments actinomycetes from Pulicat estuary, Muttukadu estuary and Ennore estuary, TamilNadu, India. Methods: A unique selective enrichment procedure has resulted in the isolation and identification a total of 304 actinomycetes colonies which were isolated from different stations of marine soil sediments in Pulicat estuary, Muttukadu estuary and Ennore estuary, TamilNadu, India. Results: Among them, 277 isolates were morphologically distinct on the basis of spore mass colour, aerial and substrate mycelium formation and production of diffusible pigment. The majority (60%; 162 isolates) were assigned to the genus Streptomyces. (35%; 104 isolates) were assigned to the genus Actinopolyspora, (5%; 11 isolates) were assigned to the genus Nocardiodes. Conclusions: The present study concluded that the physiological characteristics of actinomycetes Streptomyces, Actinopolyspora and Nocardiodes varied by available nutrients in the medium and the physical conditions.

1842-1844

Authors: Samuel Tennyson, K. John Ravindran and S. Arivoli

Objective: To determine the bioefficacy of plant extracts viz., whole plants of Sphaeranthus indicus (Asteraceae) and Citrullus colocynthis (Cucurbitaceae), leaves of Abutilon indicum (Malvaceae), Cleistanthus collinus (Euphorbiaceae), Leucas aspera (Lamiaceae) and Murraya koenigii (Rutaceae), and aerial parts of Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) against the dengue and chikungunya vector Aedes aegypti. Methods: The larvicidal activity was determined against the early third instar larvae at concentrations of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm. Larval mortality was assessed after 24 h. Results: The ethyl acetate extract of Sphaeranthus indicus (201.11ppm) and hexane extract of Abutilon indicum (261.31ppm) was found to be effective. Conclusions: Further in-depth investigations on the crude extract/phytotoxic compounds of Sphaeranthus indicus are needed to elucidate the larvicidal activity against a wide range of all stages of mosquito species and also the active ingredients of the extract responsible for larvicidal activity in Aedes aegypti should be identified, and small scale field trials are needed for usage of this plant as a mosquitocidal agent.

1852-1857

Authors: Asmita A. Mehta, V. Anil Kumar, Kumari Indira K, Suresh G. Nair, Kavitha R. Dinesh, Sanjeev K. Singh

Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with mortality in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus– baumannii (Acb) complex blood stream infection. Methods: This was an observational study conducted in tertiary care hospital of South India. All patients with blood culture positive for Acb complex from January 2008 to December 2009 were included and a standardized abstraction form was used to abstract data. P value was calculated by Chi square test. Univariate analysis was done by using 2x2 tables and the variables with P value of <0.1 were further subjected to multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis was done by logistic regression method. Results: After excluding the polymicrobial infections and duplicate isolates from the same patients, 81 cases were included in our study. Out of 81 patients, 20 (24.6%) patients had positive isolate from body secretion other than blood for Acb complex, majority were hospitalized in intensive care unit (74%), had indwelling vascular catheters (68%) and were mechanically ventilated (61%). Multi drug resistant phenotypes were seen in 56 (69.1%) isolates and among them 13 (16%) were resistant to carbapenems. Univariate analysis showed renal disease, diabetes mellitus, use of mechanical ventilation and absence of appropriate antibiotic therapy, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and raised prothrombin time were related to increased mortality in Acb complex bacteraemia. However, in multivariate analysis independent risk factors for mortality in Acb complex bacteraemia were platelets of less than 1.5 lacks and inappropriate empirical antibiotics. Conclusions: Thrombocytopenia and absence of appropriate antibiotics were risk factors associated with mortality in Acb bacteraemia. Patients with blood culture showing Acb complex bacteraemia with above findings should be attended with aggressive management. Clinician of hospitals with high incidence of Acb complex bacteraemia, should predict the chances of such infection even prior to blood culture reports are available, and should initiate appropriate antibiotics according to their institution antibiogram.

1862-1866

Authors: K. Samidurai

Objective: This study was undertaken to assess the larvicidal and ovicidal potential of the crude methanol, benzene and acetone solvent extracts from the medicinal plant Pemphis acidula (Pe. acidula) against the medically important mosquito vectors, Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Cx.tritaeniorhynchus) and Anopheles subpictus (An. subpictus) were exposed to various concentrations and (Diptera: Culicidae). Methods: Twenty five late third instar of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. subpictus were exposed to various concentrations and were assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of WHO 2005. The larval mortality was observed 24 h of treatment. Hundred eggs of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. subpictus were exposed to various concentrations and were assayed in the laboratory by using the protocol of Su and Mulla 1998. The ovicidal activity was observed 48 h of treatment. Results: The LC50 and LC90 values being 10.81and 20.64 and 22.10 and 43.71 ppm and hundred percent of egg mortality was observed at 350 and 400 ppm methanol extract of Pe. acidula against Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. subpictus, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that the leaf extracts have the potential to be used as an ideal ecofriendly approach for the control of mosquitoes.

1869-1873

Authors: Manas Paramanik, Indranil Bhattacharjee, Goutam Chandra

Objective: To obtain a complete and systematic data about the breeding habitats and density of vector immatures (larvae & pupae) in a filarial endemic area. Methods: All the possible permanent and temporary water bodies were surveyed systematically. Four hundred samples were taken in each season from each type of habitats. Sampling was done with a 250 mL dipper and immature mosquitoes were identified following standard keys. Results: In summer, rainy and winter seasons, overall 49.64%, 44.64%, and 28.57% of the habitats were positive for immature filarial vector (Culex quinquefasciatus) respectively; 36.93%, 35.11%, and 21.18% of the samples were positive for immatures respectively and overall per dip densities (PDD) of them were 10.29, 10.18, and 4.40 respectively. In the study year overall PDD were much higher in open cesspits (19.53) and drains (17.24) than in other habitats. Peak PDD of vector immatures in Dobas (ditches), open cesspits and drains were in March whereas in paddy fields and temporary water bodies peak PPD were in September. Conclusion: Dobas, paddy fields, open cesspits, drains, and temporary water bodies were found to be the main breeding sites of filarial vector, Cx. quinquefasciatus in different months. Open cesspits and drains were suitable almost throughout the year with peak in summer. Dobas also act as a steady breeding site throughout the year, whereas temporary water bodies immerge as strong breeding site during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons. Information about the breeding habitats will be helpful to formulate a filarial vector control strategy and in turn to control the filarial diseases in the study area.

1879-1882

Authors: Akshatha Venugopalan, Parvatam Giridhar

Objective: To study the antibacterial efficacy of Bixa orellana leaves and deseeded fruit capsule extracts against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Methods: The antibacterial activity of the ethanolic, methanolic, acetone and dimethyl sulphoxide extracts of B. orellana were tested against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococus aureus by disc diffusion method. Results: The antibacterial activity of leaf was more pronounced even at low concentrations and fruit extracts exhibited the same at relatively higher concentrations. Only DMSO extract of seeds showed growth inhibition of S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, and P. aeruginosa. Conclusions: The present study suggested that the leaves and deseeded capsule extracts of B. orellana possess significant antibacterial activity thereby providing substantial support for the ethanobotanical applications of this plant.

1888-1891

Authors: Ladan Mansouri-Najand

Objective: Background and aim: The most common and the best way of preventing microbial decay of marine foods is using freezing technology and the cycles and methods of defrosting have considerable effect on microbial changes of frozen shrimp. Shrimp is one of the marine foods that due to high active water (aw) and neutral PH and autolytic enzymes have high decay. Thus, in this study the effect of various methods of defrosts on microbial contamination of shrimp was investigated. Methods: This study was an empirical design on Penaeus merguiensis. The shrimps were divided into three groups including 1- peeled and headless (PUD), 2- Complete, 3- Headless (with skin) being frosted and defrosted in three cycles. Each group of shrimp was classified in terms of the type of defrosting method in three groups as 1- Microwave, 2- Refrigerator, 3- Water and were investigated in 3 cycles with the interval of 4 days. In this investigation, the total bacteria, Psychrophil bacteria, coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus were counted in private culture mediums. For data analysis, repeated measure Anova was used. Results: All the bacteria including Psychrophil bacteria, coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus during the cycles had significant reduction process and this reduction showed significant reduction in complete shrimp and defrosting with refrigerator compared to other groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: According to the results, complete shrimp was the best kind of shrimp in terms of microbial load. Thus, avoiding temperature changes during transportation and avoiding unduly defrosts in maintaining the quality of the frozen shrimp is proposed.

1896-1899

Authors: Anil Chander, Chandrika Devi Shrestha

Objective: To assess the levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in serum in patients with sputum smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis (SNPTB) and to compare it with serum ADA levels in patients with non-tuberculous pulmonary disease - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and with healthy control group and to explore its validity as a diagnostic marker in serum in SNPTB patients. Methods: Three groups of study populations were made. Group I: SNPTB - 142 cases, Group II: non-tubercular pulmonary disease - COPD - 40 cases, Group III: healthy controls - 80 cases. Serum samples were collected and ADA assay was done by the method of Guisti and Galanti. Results: ADA levels (Mean±SD, U/L) in the three groups were as follows: Group I: 42.26±21.22, Group II: 23.31±8.22, Group III: 18.88±6.67. Difference between Group I and Group III was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The test showed a high specificity 91.25% (95% confidence interval - CI 83.00 - 95.7) and a sensitivity of 83.10% (95% CI 76.08-88.37) in Group I. Positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and accuracy in Group I were 94.00%, 69.52%, 9.49, 0.18 and 82.43% respectively.Conclusions: Overall assessment of the use of serum ADA levels as a diagnostic biochemical marker in smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients showed promising results. Studies with a larger population group are required to validate its use as a routine diagnostic test in these cases.

1906-1909

Authors: Praveen Kumar Goyal, Renuka Jain, Shweta Jain, Archana Sharma

Objective: The large flowering plant genus Callistemon is belongs to family Myrtaceae and reported for its medical importance. Various parts of different species exhibit different medicinal importance and yet to be phytochemically investigated. In the different time various scientist have investigated the genus and reported the chemical constituents. A survey of literature on genus Callistemon reported the isolation of triterpenoids and steroids from leaves, seeds and stem bark of different species.

1918-1923

Authors: Mahendra Jain, Rakhee Kapadia, Ravirajsinh Navalsinh Jadeja, Menaka Chanu Thounaojam, Ranjitsinh Vijaysinh Devkar, Shri Hari Mishra

The aim of the present review is to present comprehensive information of the traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Tecomella undulata (Family, Bignoniaceae) and to discuss future scope of research. Tecomella undulata (TU) is commonly known as desert teak (ver.Rohiro) and is traditionally for treating liver and spleen diseases, tumours, conjunctivitis, hepatosplenomegaly, syphilis, gonorrhea, hepatitis, as a blood purifier and in wound healing. Compounds such as naphthaquinone derivative, iridoid glucoside, phytosterol, fatty alcohol, flavonols, flavonoid glucoside and triterpenoids have been reported from TU. Anti HIV, antibacterial, anti microbial, immune modulator, analgesic and hepatoprotective activities have been reported from its various aerial parts. In the present review, attempts have been made to compile research reports on TU, to assess current research trends with possible future avenues of research.

1938-1944

Authors: agdish Narain Sharma

All the components of the kallikrein-kinin system are located in the cardiac muscle, and its deficiency may lead to cardiac dysfunction. In recent years, numerous observations obtained from clinical and experimental models of diabetes, hypertension, cardiac failure, ischaemia, myocardial infarction and left ventricular hypertrophy, have suggested that the reduced activity of the local kallikrein-kinin system may be instrumental for the induction of cardiovascular - related diseases. The cardioprotective property of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors is primarily mediated via kinin releasing pathway, which may cause regression of the left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive situations. The ability of kallikrein gene delivery to produce a wide spectrum of beneficial effects makes it an excellent candidate in treating hypertension, cardiovascular and renal diseases. In addition, stable kinin agonists may also be available in the future as therapeutic agents for cardiovascular and renal disorders.

1954-1962

Authors: Arin Bhattacharya, Rahul Mishra, Prashant Tiwari

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which body's immune system eats away the protective sheath that covers nerves which interferes with the communication between brain and the rest of body. Ultimately this may result in deterioration of the nerves themselves a process that’s irreversible. Symptoms vary widely, depending on the amount of damage and the type of nerves affected. Patients with severe cases of multiple sclerosis may lose the ability to walk or speak. Multiple sclerosis can be difficult to diagnose early in the course of the disease because symptoms often come and go sometimes disappearing for months. There’s no cure for multiple sclerosis. However treatments can help treat attacks, modify the course of the disease and treat symptoms.

1975-1978

Authors: Askari Nasrin, Akhtardanesh Baharak, Kheirandish Reza

A 6-year-old female nulliparous Dutch Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was presented in shock status with a history of abdominal distention, inappetance, lethargy, polydipsia, diarrhea and weight loss since 2 weeks ago. There was no breeding history. Radiographic survey showed increased soft tissue opacity dorsal to the urinary bladder and ventral to the colon on the lateral view consistent with uteromegaly and severe intestinal distention resembling intussusceptions. Conservative treatment was failed and the animal died. In necropsy, ileocecal intussusception was noted as the main death factor. Thickened uterine endometrium in both horns was observed and the uterus was filled with mucoid fluid. Both ovaries were multilobulated and distended. On the other hand, a small cyst sized 1.5 × 2.5 cm was diagnosed on the liver surface. Several samples were obtained from lesions for histopathological evaluation. Histopathologically, dilated cystic glands of variable size lined by densely packed epithelium and hyperplasia of the endometrium resulting in irregular folds or papillar projection into the lumen were evident and the sections of ovaries revealed ovarian luteoma that composed of polyhedral cells with pale stained vacuolated cytoplasm, centrally located nuclei with distinct cytoplasmic borders and the cytoplasm of cells contain lipid droplet. The occurrence of biliary cyst adenoma was confirmed by microscopic examination of the mass that composed of multicystic space in different sizes lined by flattened to cuboidal biliary epithelium with papillary projections. These cysts were seperated by variable amount of connective tissue. The lack of postmortem investigations in aged rabbits reduced the incidence of neoplastic disease diagnosis in this species. Whereas uterine adenecarcinoma and lymphosarcoma were commonly reported in rabbits, luteoma and biliary cyst adenoma that are well described in this case report were uncommon in rabbit medicine.

1981-1982

Authors: Bafende Aombe Eric. ,Guilavogui Agathe., Kolié Cece.

The authors are reporting the first case of Human pentastomiasis in the forest region of Guinea in West Africa. The 52 years old man Guinean farmer has a history of eating snakes.The authors recommend to cook well snake before consumption and a moderation on the snake consumption.