Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine

431-437

Authors: Md. Reyazul Islam, Md. Badrul Alam, Umme Tamima, Shayla Islam Jenny

Objective To investigate in vitro antioxidant and in vivo antitumor activity of the crude methanolic extract of Aponogeton undulatus (A. undulatus) (MAU) along with its various organic fractions. Methods A. undulatus leaves were successively extracted using methanol (MAU) and then fractionated by chloroform, ethyl acetate (EAU) and water. The total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation inhibition assay, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and ferrous reducing power assessment were used to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the crude extract and its organic fractions. The in vivo antitumor activity is evaluated against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cell bearing in Swiss albino mice. Results EAU showed the highest antioxidant capacity as (175.80 ± 0.41) mg/g, IC50 value of DPPH scavenging activity was (38.84 ± 0.02) μg/mL and also exhibited maximum lipid peroxidation inhibition activity with the IC50 value of (42.52 ± 0.32) μg/mL than other fractions. The results demonstrate that reducing power of the extract was concentration dependent. In addition, EAU was administered at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight respectively to EAC cell bearing mice and a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in tumor volume, packed cell volume and viable cell count and also increased the life span (17.52%, 42.53% and 62.05%). Hematological profiles were restored to normal levels in MAU treated mice as compared to EAC control mice. Conclusions The results were found to be significant and confirmed that the A. undulatus has remarkable antitumor activity with antioxidant potential.

457-463

Authors: Bereket Alemayehu, Zewdneh Tomass

Objective To establish the prevalence and associated risk factors of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infection among schoolchildren at a village in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among primary schoolchildren. A total of 384 randomly selected study subjects provided stool samples for parasitological examination by Kato-Katz and Formalin-Ether concentration techniques. Secondary parasitological data were obtained from Health Center Laboratory to see the previous history of S. mansoni infection in the area. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16. Results From the total children examined, 85.4% were found positive for at least one helminth infection. S. mansoni infection (81.3%) was the most prevalent and the prevalence of STH was 32%. Moderate and heavy infection intensities were only observed in S. mansoni infections. The overall heavy intensity of infection was 56.4%. Contact to Bisare stream was the most important factor for S. mansoni infection (OR 3.9) followed by herding cattle near the stream (OR 2.527). Males were twice more likely to get the infection than females (OR 1.923). Analysis of secondary parasitological data showed that S. mansoni infection was a leading helminthic infection over the past years. Conclusions The present study found a higher intensity and prevalence of S. mansoni infection in a rural village of Wolaita Zone. Therefore, appropriate integrated control and prevention measures need to be implemented in the study area.

468-473

Authors: Cheng-Kui Geng, Hong-Hua Cao, Xiong Ying, Hua-Lin Yu

Objective To investigate the effect of BMSCs transplantation plus hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on repair of rat SCI. Methods Seventy five male rats were divided randomly into five groups: sham, vehicle, BMSCs transplantation group, combination group, 15 rats in each group. Every week after the SCI onset, all animals were evaluated for behavior outcome by Basso–Beattle–Bresnahan (BBB) score and inclined plane test. Axon recovery was examined with focal spinal cord tissue by electron microscope at 6 weeks after the SCI onset. HE staining and BrdU staining were performed to examine the BMSCs and lesion post injury. Somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) testing was performed to detect the recovery of neural conduction. Results Results from the behavior tests from combination group were significant higher than rats which received only transplantation or HBO treatment. Results from histopathology showed favorable recovery from combination group than other treatment groups. The number of BrdU+ in combination group were measureable more than transplantation group (P < 0.05). The greatest decrease in TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-α determined by Elisa assay in combination group were evident too. Conclusions BMSCs transplantation can promote the functional recovery of rat hind limbs after SCI, and its combination with HBO has a synergistic effect.

479-484

Authors: Dan Wu, Min Shi, Xiao-Dong Fan

Objective To study the mechanism of effect of miR-21 via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in human A549 lung cancer cells and Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Methods The effect of miR-21 on A549 cells were detected by MTT method. MiR-21 expression levels were overexpressed or inhibited in A549 cells by transfecting with miR-21 mimics or inhibitors. Correlation among key molecules (Wnt1, β-catenin, CyclinD1 and miR-21) of mRNA and protein levels in Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were studied by Real-time PCR and Western blot hybridization assay. Invasive ability of A549 cells was determined via Transwell chamber cell invasion assay; the role of miR-21 in A549 cells was explored via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. A Lewis lung carcinoma animal model was established to detect miR-21 expressions in tumor animals and controlled animal tissues, and verify expression changes of the above molecules in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was determined in the animal level. Results MTT assay results showed that miR-21 overexpression could markedly enhance cell absorbance value; that is, miR-21 could increase the ability proliferation of A549 cells. β-catenin and CyclinD1 expression levels were significantly higher in miR-21 mimic transfected cells (P < 0.05), and Wnt1 gene had no significant change. Wnt1, β-catenin and CyclinD1 gene expression showed no significant change when miR-21 expression was suppressed, compared with controls. After cells were transfected with miR-21 mimics, cell invasion assay revealed that the perforated cells was significantly higher than the perforated cells in the control group (P < 0.01). Lewis lung assay revealed that miR-21 expression levels in the Lewis lung carcinoma were significantly higher; and at the same time, Wnt1, β-catenin and CyclinD1 gene expression levels were significantly increased, compared to controls. Conclusions In A549 human lung cancer cells and Lewis lung carcinoma in mice, key molecules β-catenin and CyclinD1of miR-21 expressions and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway are positively correlated.

494-497

Authors: Xiao-He Zheng, Gui-Dong Zhang, Guo-Hong Zhang, Rui-Qin Mai, Ling Shen

Objective To explore the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the mast cell tryptase (MCT) in asthmatic guinea pigs. Methods A total of 60 male or female healthy guinea pigs were randomly divided into control group (group A), asthmatic group (group B), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 group (group C), with 20 cases in each group. To establish asthmatic guinea pig models, 1 mL peanut oil was filled into stomach in the morning in group A and group B, and 1 mL peanut oil with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 was filled into stomach in group C. Airway resistance (Re) of asthmatic guinea pigs was detected, and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cells were counted. Lung tissue with HE and MCT immunohistochemical staining were used to observe the pathological changes in lung tissue and the distribution of MCT. Results After injection of different concentration of acetylcholine chloride, the Re in group B and group C were increased significantly compared with group A (P < 0.05); compared with group B, the Re in group C were decreased significantly (t = −5.385, −5.761, −6.184, −13.574, P < 0.05); the total number of BALF cells and eosinophils were increased significantly in group B and C (t = 19.618, 9.598, 10.854, 5.388, P < 0.05); compared with group B, the total number of BALF cells and eosinophils in group C was decreased significantly (t = −5.555, −5.392, P < 0.05); the number of tryptase positive cells in group B was increased significantly than that in group A (t = 21.312, P < 0.05), and in addition to the alveolar septum and submucosa, the cells were also distributed around blood vessels and outside the cells; the number of tryptase positive cells in group C was decreased significantly compared with group B, and the difference was statistically significant (t = 5.043, P < 0.05). Conclusions After the asthmatic guinea pigs are treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, their BALF, Re, infiltration degree of inflammatory cells in the trachea and lung tissue and airway inflammatory reaction are reduced significantly. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 has a certain inhibiting effect on the activation of mast cells and the release of MCT granules.

502-505

Authors: Xin Li, Zi-Xin Wang, Zi-Sheng Wang, Quan-Fang Li

Objective To explore the effect of microRNA-101 on apoptosis of condylar cartilage cells and the specific mechanism of molecular biology. Methods IL-1 was used to stimulate and establish the model of apoptosis of condylar cartilage cells. The expression change of miR-101 in control group was compared with that in IL-1 stimulation group by qRT-PCR. Overexpression and down-regulation models of miR-101 were established by transfecting Mimics and Inhibitor and verified by qRT-PCR. Flow cytometry was used to detect the effect of miR-101 overexpression and down-regulation on apoptosis. Target gene of miR-101 was analyzed and calculated through bioinformatics. Western blot and Luciferase report assay were used to detect whether SOX9 could become the target gene of miR-101. Results qRT-PCR results showed that IL-1 stimulation could cause the increase of miR-101 expression. After the transfection of rabbit condylar cartilage cells by Mimics and Inhibitor, qRT-PCR results confirmed the significant effect of miR-101 overexpression and down-regulation. It was confirmed by flow cytometry that overexpression of miR-101 could promote the apoptosis of condylar cartilage cells, and down-regulation of miR-101 could reduce the apoptosis. It was confirmed by Western blot and Luciferase report assay that SOX9 was the target gene of miR-101, and miR-101 inhibited SOX9 expression through complementary pairing with 3′UTR of SOX9 mRNA. Conclusions miR-101 can promote the apoptosis of condylar cartilage cells through inhibiting the protein level of target gene SOX9.

359-365

Authors: Fidele Ntchapda, Kakesse Maguirgue, Hamadjida Adjia, Paul Faustin Seke Etet, Théophile Dimo

Objective To evaluate anti-dyslipidemic, antioxidant and anti-atherosclerogenic properties of this extract in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rat, a model of metabolic syndrome-induced atherosclerosis and associated cardiovascular diseases. Methods Normocholesterolemic (NC) male rats were divided into six groups (n=10) and fed a high-cholesterol (HC) diet for 30 days (5 groups), or normal rat chow (normal control group). Rats given a HC diet also received distilled water (disease control), the potent hypocholesterolemic agent with anti-atherosclerotic activity atorvastatin (2 mg/kg, positive control), or one of the three doses of Zanthoxylum heitzii stem bark aqueous extract tested (225, 300 and 375 mg/kg) concomitantly for four months. Signs of general toxicity, body temperature and weight, and water and food intake were monitored in live animals. After sacrifice, lipid profiles and oxidative stress markers were assessed in the blood and liver, aorta, and feces, and histopathological analysis of aorta was performed. Results Plant extract prevented the elevation of aortic total cholesterol and triglycerides, and hepatic low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) was decreased and aortic atherosclerotic plaque formation prevented. Conclusions These observations strongly suggest that stem bark aqueous extract of Zanthoxylum heitzii has anti-atherosclerogenic properties, at least partly mediated by antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects.

373-377

Authors: VY Belizario Jr, JM Erfe, JRA Naig, PLC Chua

Objective To explore risk of school-age children being infected with schistosomiasis in selected villages in the municipality of Calatrava, province of Negros Occidental, Philippines. Methods As part of the monitoring and evaluation of the helminth control program in the province of Negros Occidental, parasitological monitoring, through the use microscopy of stool samples processed using Kato-Katz technique, was conducted to describe the baseline and follow-up parasitological status of school-age children in 2010 and 2012, respectively. Seven villages from the municipality of Calatrava were selected as study sites. Results During baseline assessment, only one case of schistosomiasis was reported from the village of Marcelo. During follow-up assessment, 32 cases (6.9%) of schistosomiasis were reported and the prevalence of moderate-heavy intensity infection was 1.3% in six villages. Among the seven villages included in the follow-up, Minapasuk had the highest prevalence at 14.6%, while San Isidro reported no case of schistosomiasis. Conclusions Non-endemic villages, which have reported positive cases in school-age children, may need to be assessed for possible endemicity for schistosomiasis. Transmission of the disease may need to be determined in these villages through active parasitological and malacological surveillance. Other non-endemic villages adjacent to or share river networks with endemic villages in Calatrava may need to be explored for possible introduction of the disease, especially after typhoons and flooding. Establishing endemicity for schistosomiasis in these villages will help infected and at risk individuals to receive yearly treatment to reduce morbidities caused by this disease.

382-385

Authors: Xiao-Min Sun, Ping Kang, Ke Tao

Objective To explore the causes of immune dysfunction in neonatal rats with hyperbilirubinemia. Methods A total of 60 newborn SD rats were equally randomized into normal saline (NS) group, LPS control group, bilirubin control group, low-dose group and high-dose group. After anesthesia, 0.1 mL NS was given to the NS and LPS control group and different doses of bilirubin for the other groups; 1 h later, the NS and bilirubin control group received the intraperitoneal injection of 0.05 mL NS and 1mg/kg LPS for the other groups. After 5 or 24 hours of model establishment, spleens were collected for detecting the expression levels of MyD88 and p-TAK1 protein and the spleen cells apoptosis by immunohistochemmistry and TUNEL method. After 24 hours of model establishment, serum inflammatory factors levels and T cell subsets distribution were determined by ELISA and flow cytometry. Results In contrast to low-dose bilirubin, high-dose bilirubin could induce spleen cells apoptosis in coordination with LPS. After 5 hours of model establishment, compared with NS group, MyD88 expression level in low-dose group elevated while p-TAK1 level in high-dose group reduced (P<0.05). In high-dose group, inflammotory factors levels and CD8+ T cells percentage were all higher than LPS control and NS group (P<0.05), while CD4+ T cells percentage was lower than NS group (P<0.05). Conclusions High-concentration plasma bilirubin in coordination with LPS could inhibit NF-κB signal pathways activation and aggravate inflammatory reaction, thus caused immunosuppression with inflammation cascade, which resulted in the immune dysfunction.

399-404

Authors: Liang-Hua Xia, Tian Chen, Bo Zhang, Ming Chen

Objective To explore the mechanism of Profilin-1 in regulating eNOS/NO pathway and its role in the development of myocardial hypertrophy. Methods Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) aged 5 weeks were injected with different adenovirus vectors to induce Profilin-1 expression knockdown (SHR-I) or over express (SHR-H) or to use as control (SHR-C). All these treatment were compared with Wistar-Kyoto rats (SKY) treated with control adenovirus vectors (WKY-C). The same injection was executed at the sixth week during the experiment of 12 weeks. After experiment, the left ventricular weight-to-heart weight ratio (LVW/HW) and left ventricular long axis (LVLA) were measured. Meanwhile, NO contents in blood and myocardium, Profilin-1, eNOS and Caveolin-3 mRNA and protein levels and phosphorylated eNOS (P-eNOS) protein level in myocardium were determined. Results Compared with WKY-C group, the SHR-C group was statistically higher in LVW/HW (0.79±0.03), LVLA (11.82±0.58 mm) and Profilin-1 mRNA and protein level (P<0.05), but lower in NO content [(18.63±6.23) μmol/L] in blood and [(2.71±0.17) μmol/L] in myocardium), eNOS activity and Caveolin-3 expression (P<0.05). The over expressing Profilin-1 led SHR-H group to a higher value of LVW/HW [(0.93±0.03) mm and LVLA (14.17±0.69) mm] in comparison with SHR-C group (P<0.05), and to a lower value of NO content (in myocardium), eNOS activity and Caveolin-3 expression (P<0.05); however, this phenomenon was reversed by the knockdown Profilin-1 expression (SHR-I group). Conclusions Profilin-1 expression, being negative in regulating Caveolin-3 expression and eNOS/NO pathway activity, promotes the development of myocardial hypertrophy which can be reversed by Profilin-1 silencing.

412-416

Authors: Zhi-Ming Wang, Xiao-Hua Yuan, Hong Shen

Objective To explore the role of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) in hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs). Methods The effect of BMP-4 on rat hepatic oval cells was examined by using the WB-F344 rat hepatocytic epithelial stem-cell-like cell line. This hepatocytic cell line could exert various hepatocyte functions including the secretion of albumin and urea. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the effects of BMP-4 and its antagonist, Noggin, on the proliferation and differentiation of these cells, cellular uptake and excretion of indocyanine green, the periodic acid-schiff (PAS) assay for glycogen storage and the expression of hepatic markers. Results Our results showed for the first time that BMP-4 may acted as a potential inducer of hepatic differentiation in rat hepatic oval cells. Conclusions This cell source offers a much-needed attractive and expandable source for future investigations of drug screening, stem cell technologies and cellular transplantation, in a society with increasing levels of liver disease and damage.

263-268

Authors: Soundharrajan Ilavenil, Da Hye Kim, Young-Il Jeong, Mariadhas Valan Arasu, Mayakrishnan Vijayakumar, Ponnuraj Nagendra Prabhu, Srisesharam Srigopalram, Ki Choon Choi

Objective To elucidate the key parameters associated with hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress and investigates the mechanism of trigonelline (TG) for reducing the H2O2 induced toxicity in H9c2 cells. Methods Cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of TG was assessed by EZ-CYTOX kit. RNA extraction and cDNA synthesized according to the kit manufacture protocol. Apoptosis was measured by the Flowcytometry, general PCR and qPCR. Results It was found that the TG significantly rescued the morphology of the H9c2 cells. Treatment of cells with TG attenuated H2O2 induced cell deaths and improved the antioxidant activity. In addition, TG regulated the apoptotic gene caspase-3, caspase-9 and anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, Bcl-XL during H2O2 induced oxidative stress in H9c2 cells. These results were comparable with quercetin treatment. For evident, flow cytometer results also confirmed the TG significantly reduced the H2O2 induced necrosis and apoptosis in H9c2 cells. However, further increment of TG concentration against H2O2 could induce the necrosis and apoptosis along with H2O2. Conclusions It is suggested that less than 125 μ M of TG could protect the cells from H2O2 induced cell damage by down regulating the caspases and up regulating the Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression. Therefore, we suggest the trigonelline could be useful for treatment of oxidative stress mediated cardiovascular diseases in future.

276-282

Authors: Young-Sil Lee, Bong-Keun Choi, Hae Jin Lee, Dong-Ryung Lee, Jinhua Cheng, Won-Keun Lee, Seung Hwan Yang, Joo-Won Suh

Objective To explore the anti-obesity effects and the mechanism of action of Monascus pilosus(M. pilosus)-fermented black soybean (MFBS) extracts (MFBSE) and MFBS powders (MFBSP) in adipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice, respectively. Methods Black soybean was fermented with M. pilosus, and the main constituents in MFBS were analyzed by HPLC analysis. In vitro, MFBSE were examined for anti-adipogenic effects using Oil-Red O staining. In vivo, mice were fed a normal-fat diet (NFD) control, HFD control or HFD containing 1 g/kg MFBSP for 12 weeks, and then body weight gain and tissues weight measured. Real-time PCR and western blot assay were used to determine the mechanism of anti-adipogenic effects. Results MFBSE inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without exerting cell cytotoxicity. MFBSP treatment in HFD-fed mice significantly decreased the body weight gain compared with the HFD control mice. MFBSE and MFBSP treatment resulted in significantly lower mRNA levels of adipogenesis-related genes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ(PPAR γ), fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), and fatty acid synthase (FAS), in adipocytes and in white adipose tissue (WAT) of HFD-induced obese mice. Conclusions These results suggest that the anti-obesity effects of MFBS are elicited by regulating the expression of adipogenesis-related genes in adipocytes and WAT of HFD-induced obese mice.

287-291

Authors: Najoua Haouas, Omar Amer, Asma Ishankyty, Adnan Alazmi, Ibrahim Ishankyty

Objective To describe the profile and geographical distribution of reported cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the province of Hail, Saudi Arabia from 2010 to 2013. Methods Human data were collected from the dermatology service of both King Khaled and General Hail hospitals. Results A total of 483 confirmed CL cases were investigated. Cutaneous leishmaniasis follows a seasonal distribution related to the activity of the phlebotomine sand fly fauna. Both saudi and non saudi patients were almost equally infected. The number of reported cases of CL in men was higher than that in females. The frequency of CL was asoociated with age and increased in teenager and adult group. By analyzing the geographical distribution, the majority of Hail districts were affected with this disease. However it is more prevalent in Hail city. Conclusions The lack of data concerning the parasite, the sand fly fauna and the existing transmission cycles in Hail province make difficult to interpret the reported results and to follow up the spatio-temporal evolution of the disease.

299-304

Authors: Li-Jun Ge, Shou-Yan Fan, Jie-Hong Yang, Yi Wei, Zhen-Hong Zhu, Yi-Jia Lou, Ying Guo, Hai-Tong Wan, Yi-Qiang Xie

Objective To investigate the effects of the active ingredients combined therapy on inflammatory factors interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) based on pharmacodynamics in rats. Methods The animal model was built by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The method for evaluating the concentrations of the FA-Pr-Al components in rat plasma was established by using HPLC and the expression levels of IL-1β and NPY were determined by ELISA. A new mathematics method of the trend of percentage rate of change (PRC) was used to assess the correlation between pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Results FA-Pr-Al in combination reduced neurological deficits, decreased infarct volume and inhibited the expression levels of IL-1β and NPY (all P<0.05) compared with the model group. FA, Pr and Al all displayed two compartment open models in rats. Clockwise hysteresis loops were obtained by time-concentration-effect curves. IL-1β and NPY level changes in the plasma followed an opposite trend to the plasma concentration tendency after Cmax was reached. Astragaloside's PRC value was significantly higher than those of FA and puerarin between 120 to 180 min. Conclusions The pharmacokinetics of FA-Pr-Al in combination were closely related its pharmacodynamics in treating ischemia/reperfusion injury, and the components of FA-Pr-Al may have a synergistic pharmacological effect. Astragaloside may play a more pronounced role in regulating IL-1βand NPY levels compared with puerarin or FA.

309-314

Authors: Heng-Song Tian, Qing-Guo Zhou, Fang Shao

Objective To study the expression of miR-126 and miR-223 in platelet of rabbit arterial plaque models, and explore its correlation with plaque morphology. Methods Rabbit arterial plaque models were established, peripheral blood of models and control animals was collected. Plaque morphologies were divided into type I, type II and type III based on angiography plaque morphology and Ambrose method. Platelet isolation kit was applied to isolate and purify peripheral blood platelets, CD45 immunomagnetic beads were used to remove the residual white blood cells. The miRNAs of platelets was extracted by miRNA Isolation Kit, and expressions of miR-126 and miR-223 of the platelets samples were detected by Real-time PCR. The correlation between plaque morphology and platelet-associated miR-126 and miR-223 expressions were analyzed. Expressions of target gene VCAM-1 and P2Y12 receptors of miR-126 and miR-223 in the atherosclerosis plaque of rabbit model were detected by Western blot. Results Relative expression levels of miR-126 and miR-223 in the model group were 0.27±0.10 and 0.71±0.14, respectively. Plaque morphology was divided into types I, II and III; and miR-126 and miR-223 expression levels were detected in each type. Expression levels of miR-126 in each type were 0.42±0.07, 0.17±0.11 and 0.22±0.15, respectively; and expression levels of miR-223 in each type are 0.68±0.02, 0.57±0.06 and 0.88±0.10, respectively. Relative to the control group, miR-126 and miR-223 known target genes in VCAM-1 and P2Y12 receptors increased platelets in rabbit atherosclerotic plaque models (P<0.05). Conclusions Relative to normal control animals, miR-126 and miR-223 platelets were reduced in the rabbit atherosclerotic plaque model group (P<0.05). In the type II plaque morphology group, miR-126 was greatly reduced; and there is no significant correlation between miR-223 and plaque morphology.

319-324

Authors: Feng Guo, Ying Zhang, Chun-Na Zhao, Lin Li, Yan-Jun Guo

Objective To determine the effect of gene silencing of cyclophilin B (CypB) on growth and proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Methods CypB siRNA lentivirus (LV-CypB-si) and control lentivirus (LV-si-con) were produced. CypB expression in gastric cancer cell lines was detected by Western blot. BGC823 and SGC7901 cells were chosen to be infected with LV-si-con and LV-CypB-si, and stable transfectants were isolated. The cell groups transfected with LV-CypB–siRNA, LV-siRNA-con and transfected no carrier were served as the experimental group, the implicit control group and the blank control group respectively. MTT and colony formation assays were used to examine the effect of CypB on the cell growth and proliferation in vitro. Cell cycle was analyzed with flow cytometry. The expression of VEGFR of BGC823-si and SGC7901-si was detected by Western blot. Results Gene silencing of CypB can inhibit gastric cancer cell growth, proliferation, cell cycle progress and tumorigenesis. CypB expression level was obviously higher in SGC7901 and BGC823 than MKN28 and GES. These two cell lines were infected with LV-si-con and LV-CypB-si respectively. MTT and cloney formation assays showed a significantly decreased rate of cell proliferation from the forth day or the fifth day in cells transfected with LV-CypB-si (P<0.05). Down-regulation of CypB resulted in slightly decreased percentage of S phase and increased percentage of G1 (P<0.05). These findings indicated that CypB could promote the G1-S transition of gastric cancer cell. In addition, the expression of VEGF of BGC823 and SGC7901 transfected with CypB siRNA was reduced in comparison with the implicit control group and the blank control group. Conclusions Gene silencing of CypB decreases gastric cancer cells proliferation and in vivo tumorigenesis. These findings indiccate CypB could be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for gastric cancer.

330-333

Authors: Zhi-Hong Chen, Chun Wang, Lin-Gan Wang, Mu-Qing Zhuo, Zhi-Hong Tang, Qiong-Xiang Zhai, Qian Chen, Yu-Xiong Guo, Yu-Xin Zhang

Objective To detect the CHRNA7 gene mutation and polymorphism in Southern Han Chinese patients with nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE). Methods Blood samples were collected from 215 Southern Han Chinese patients with NFLE and 200 healthy Southern Han Chinese control subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted, and CHRNA7 whole genome exons were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and subjected to Sanger sequencing. Results No CHRNA7 gene mutation was detected in all of the NFLE patients. However, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in sporadic cases were found, located in exons 5, 6, and 7 of the CHRNA7 gene. Among them, c.690G>A and c.698A>G are known SNPs, while c.370G>A, c.654C>T, and c.497-498delTG were newly discovered SNPs. These SNPs were also found in some of the healthy controls. Conclusions No CHRNA7 gene mutation was identified in Southern Han Chinese patients with NFLE. The CHRNA7 gene is probably not responsible for NFLE in this population.

606-611

Authors: Monia Deghrigue, Carmen Festa, Lotfi Ghribi, Maria Valeria D'Auria, Simona De Marino, Hichem Ben Jannet, Abderrahman Bouraoui

Objective To explore anti-inflammatory activities of organic extract and its semi-purified fractions (ethanol, acetone, methanol/dichloromethane) from the Mediterranean gorgonian Eunicella singularis. Methods The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were evaluated, using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model and the acetic acid writhing test in mice. The gastroprotective activity was determined using HCl/EtOH induced gastric ulcers in rats. The purification and structure elucidation of compound(s) from the more effective fraction were determined by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods and in comparison with data reported in the literature. Results The fraction F–EtOH showed an important anti-inflammatory activity associated with significant analgesic and gastroprotective properties. The purification and structure elucidation of compound(s) from this fraction lead to the identification of one diterpenoid and four sterols. Conclusions These results suggested that components from the active fraction can be used to treat various anti-inflammatory diseases.

618-623

Authors: Taimoor Islam Sheikh, Tashfeen Adam, Ishtiaq Qadri

Objective To identify the differential expression of candidate gluconeogenic genes which may initiate hepatitis C virus (HCV) related metabolic disorder during early stages of disease. Methods Patients of diverse age and sex, with positive HCV genotype 3 (HCV-3) RNA in serum and with no history of other related infections, co-infections, alcoholism, diabetes or chemotherapeutic treatments were considered for this study. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR analysis and quantitative fold change analysis of the fresh liver biopsies of eight chronically infected HCV-3 patients and six healthy individuals were evaluated for three potential biomarkers involved in glucose homeostasis induction, namely mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2), glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC) and associated forkhead box protein 01 (FOXO1). Results Symptomatic evaluation, clinical history and blood test were conducted according to general disease prognosis procedures and reported here. Significantly upregulated expression of PCK2 independent of age, sex and viral infectivity levels in all HCV patients was observed, whereas no significant changes in the expression of G6PC and FOXO1 were found. Conclusions PCK2 triggers initial gluconeogenic reactions which ultimately result in the accumulation of glycogen in the liver hepatocytes. We therefore suggest that the overproduction of PCK2 has important physiological role in the onset of metabolic disorder in the HCV-3 patients.

630-635

Authors: Yeshwant Singh, Mahendra Kumar Hidau, Shio Kumar Singh

Objective To determine the potential drug–drug interactions between anti-malarial candidate 97/78 and anti-tubercular drug rifabutin in-vivo in rats followed by in-vitro investigation of the underlying mechanisms of drug interaction. Methods Single oral dose study was conducted in male and female rats at 40 mg/kg and 70 mg/kg for 97/78 and rifabutin respectively. Results It was reported that rifabutin co-administration altered pharmacokinetics of 97/63 (active metabolite of 97/78). A significant decrease was reported in the systemic exposure of 97/63 by a factor of 3–4. The AUC0-last values were (4.03 ± 0.60) and (5.44 ± 1.15) μg h mL−1 upon 97/78 administration alone, while the values were decreased to (1.13 ± 0.10) and (1.23 ± 1.13) μg h mL−1 upon rifabutin co-administration in male and female rats respectively. Statistically significant differences were also reported in Cmax and Tmax values upon rifabutin co-administration. In-vitro drug metabolism study in rat liver microsomes has shown that the metabolism of 97/63 was increased by 10%–12% upon rifabutin co-incubation. The extent of plasma protein binding of 97/63 was found to be decreased from 54%-55% to 6%–8% upon rifabutin addition. Conclusions It was concluded that rifabutin co-administration altered PK parameters of 97/63 in SD rats. However, no intersex influences were reported in the interaction pattern. The results obtained in the in-vivo study were well correlated with the in-vitro findings and can further be applied to explore other aspects of potential drug interactions between these two drugs.

643-650

Authors: Hong-Lin Hu, Han-Song Bai, Hai-Xia Pan

Objective To explore the correlation between tumor-associated macrophages and the proliferation and invasion of type I endometrial carcinoma. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the infiltration of macrophages in normal and different types of hyperplastic endometrial lesions. The proliferation and invasion ability of type I endometrial carcinoma cell line RL95-2 influenced by mononuclear macrophage cell line THP-1 (constructed M2 type macrophages) was detected by CCK8 and transwell technologies respectively. Transwell was used to evaluate the recruiting ability of RL95-2 on THP-1 cells. Otherwise, the western blot was also used to detect the expression of CyclinD1 and MMP-2 in RL95-2 with the influence of THP-1. Results Immunohistochemistry result showed a positive correlation between the number of infiltrating macrophages and the progression of endometrial hyperplasia. THP-1 recruited by RL95-2 could promote its proliferation and invasion and enhance the expression of the CyclinD1 and MMP-2 protein in a time dependent manner (P < 0.05). Conclusions Increase of the number of infiltrating macrophages and its contribution to the tumor inflammatory microenvironment may result in the development of the type I endometrial carcinoma.

655-657

Authors: Jun Xue, Xue-Liang Wu, Xian-Tao Huang, Fei Guo, Hong-Feng Yu, Peng-Cheng Zhang, Li-Kun Wang, Ming Qu, Li-Ming Pan

Objective To study the expression of caveolin-1 in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues and its correlation with microlymphatic vessel density (LMVD), and to investigate the clinical pathological prognostic significance of caveolin-1 and LMVD in patients with colorectal cancer. Methods The expression of caveolin-1 and LMVD in 45 specimens of normal colorectal tissues, and 90 specimens of colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry technique. The correlation between their expression and the clinicopathologic features was analyzed. Multivariable Cox regression was used to analyze the association between the laboratory indices and overall survival time. Results The positive rates of caveolin-1 in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues were significantly higher than those in normal colorectal tissues (P < 0.01). LMVD in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues were significantly higher than those in normal colorectal tissues (P < 0.01). Mean LMVD in group with caveolin-1 positive was significantly higher than in that with caveolin-1 negative. The median survival time was 26.7 months. Cox regression analysis showed that the caveolin-1 expression, invation depth, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, liver metastasis and LMVD were independent risk factors of overall survival time of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Conclusions Caveolin-1 may contribute to the lymphangiogenesis in the tumor. During the occurrence and development of colorectal adenocarcinoma, there is a close relationship between the expression of caveolin-1 and lymphatic microvessel of tumor. Caveolin-1 expression and microlymphatic vessel density are significant prognostic value of colorectal carcinoma.

664-667

Authors: Zhan-Wu Yu, Ying-Hua Ju, Cheng-Liang Yang, Han-Bing Yu, Quan Luo, Ye-Gang Ma, Yong-Yu Liu

Objective To observe the antitumor effect and mechanism of recombinant human endostatin (Endostar) injection in tumor combined with intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin on subcutaneous transplanted Lewis lung cancer in rats. Methods A total of 30 C57 rats were selected, and the monoplast suspension of Lewis lung cancer was injected into the left axilla to prepare the subcutaneous transplanted tumor models in the axilla of right upper limb. The models were randomly divided into Groups A, B, and C. Medication was conducted when the tumor grew to 400 mm3. Group A was the control group without any interventional treatment. Group B was injected with Endostar 5 mg kg−1 d−1 for 10 d. Group C was given the injection of Endostar 5 mg kg−1 d−1 combined with intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin 5 mg kg−1 d−1 for 10 d. All the rats in three groups were executed the day after the 10 d medication and the tumor was taken off for measurement of volume and mass changes and calculation of antitumor rate, after which the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentration in rats' plasma was determined by ELISA. The tumor tissues were cut for the preparation of conventional biopsies. After hematoxylin-eosin staining, the pathologic histology was examined to observe the structures of tumor tissues, VEGF score and microvessel density (MVD) in each group. Results The volume and mass of tumor in Groups B and C were significantly lower than Group A (P < 0.05) while the tumor volume and mass in Group C were significantly lower than Group B (P < 0.05). The antitumor rate in Group C was significantly higher than Group B (P < 0.05), but the tumor VEGF score, MVD and plasma VEGF level in Group C were significantly lower than Groups A and B (P < 0.05). In Group B, the tumor VEGF score, MVD and plasma VEGF level were significantly lower than Group A (P < 0.05). The microscopic image of Group C showed that its number of active tumor cells and the blood capillary around tumor was significantly smaller than that of Groups A and B, and meanwhile atrophy and liquefactive necrosis were seen in local tumor. Conclusions Endostar injection combined with intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin is effective in reducing tumor VEGF score and MVD of transplanted tumor tissues in rats with Lewis lung cancer to obstruct the nutrient supply of tumor cells and kill tumor cells, so that the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and metastasis can be achieved with a remarkable effect.

674-676

Authors: Ji-Hong Huang, Zhong-Lin Mu, Xue-Jun Zhou, Qiong-Lian Huang, Feng Gao, Xi Chen

Objective To investigate the effect of Yupingfeng on hyaluronic acid (HA) and Foxp3+ Treg in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods A total of 58 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma were divided into two groups, 30 cases in the treatment group, 28 cases in the control group. Patients in two groups were treated with synchronous radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment, the treatment group was treated with the Yupingfeng granules through oral administration, 10 g/time, tid for 2 courses. The serum Foxp3+ Treg markers of each group were detected by flow cytometry assay before treatment and after treatment, and the level of HA in serum was detected by radio immunoassay. Results After radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the contents of Foxp3+ Treg and HA were significantly decreased in two groups (P < 0.05), and the decrease of treatment group was more significantly (P < 0.01). Correlation analysis showed positive correlation between Foxp3+ Treg and HA (P < 0.05). After treatment, the incidence of side effects in two groups was significantly decreased. And there was significant difference between two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy with Yupingfeng treatment can decrease the levels of Foxp3+ Treg and HA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Yupingfeng can also effectively reduce the side effect due to radiation and chemotherapy.

683-684

Authors: Bhawna Jha, Lipika Lipi, Smeeta Gajendra, Rashi Sharma, Ritesh Sachdev

513-519

Authors: Rajeev Nagill, Tejinder Kaur, Jyoti Joshi, Sukhbir Kaur

Objective To analyze the protective efficacy of recombinant 78 kDa antigen of Leishmania donovani in combination with two adjuvants, that is, cationic liposomes or MPL-A against visceral leishmaniasis in BALB/c mice. Methods The genomic DNA of promastigotes was isolated and 583 bp of T cell epitopes of gene encoding 78 kDa was amplified using specific primers. The amplified gene was cloned into pET28c, transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and got expressed after IPTG induction. The recombinant protein was then purified using Ni-NTA and named r78. Three groups of mice were immunized with 10 μg of r78 plus MPL-A, r78 encapsulated in positively charged liposomes and control animals immunized with PBS. Two booster doses were given with the respective vaccine at an interval of 2 weeks each. Mice were challenged with 1 × 107Leishmania promastigotes and sacrificed on different post infection/challenge days. Results Immunization with r78 along with MPL-A and liposome-encapsulated r78 brought a significant reduction in parasite load. In comparison to the infected controls, the parasite load declined by 96.2% in mice immunized with r78 plus MPL-A and 97.23% in animals immunized with liposome-encapsulated r78. The immunized animals also exhibited profound DTH response. The serum antibody responses increased from 15 to 90 days post infection/challenge. Immunized animals showed greater IgG2a levels and lesser IgG1 levels in comparison to the infected controls. The splenocytes from immunized mice were cultured, stimulated with r78 and analyzed for cytokine profile. The levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ were greater in immunized animals as compared to control mice. Conclusions The study proves that r78 in combination with suitable adjuvants is a potential vaccine candidate and may be instrumental in control of visceral leishmaniasis.

526-531

Authors: El Moataz Bellah El Naggar, Marta Chalupová, Gabriela Pražanová, Tomáš Parák, Emil Švajdlenka, Milan Žemlička, Pavel Suchý

Objectives To investigate the effects of perorally administered juice on tetrachloromethane (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity model in rats. Methods Male Wistar rats were tube-administrated silymarin, Ecballium juice at 0.2 mL/kg and 0.7 mL/kg daily for 3 consequent days, i.e., 3.28 μg and 11.48 μg of cucurbitacin B per kg of body weight respectively. On the third day, liver damage was induced by intraperitoneal application of CCl4. On the fourth day, abdominal cavity was macroscopically examined and liver samples were taken for histopathological and immunochemical evaluation. HPLC was used to determine the content of the active substance cucurbitacin B. Results The experiment revealed that 0.7 ml/kg juice concentration expressed the highest pro-apoptotic activity, but with prevailing negative effects. Compared with the lower concentration, there was an observable vasodilatation with consequent interstitial hemorrhages and a larger scope of inflammatory damage, which suppressed the hepatoprotective effect. In the 0.2 mL/kg concentration, there was a smaller pro-apoptotic activity but other parameters had better results, and the liver parenchyma damage was reversible. Conclusions No reactions confirming the potentially allergic effect on laboratory rats were observed; its hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effect was confirmed on a model of acute liver damage.

538-542

Authors: Jang-Gi Choi, Ji-Young Choi, Su-Hyun Mun, Ok-Hwa Kang, Preeti Bharaj, Dong-Won Shin, Myong-Soo Chong, Dong-Yeul Kwon

Objective To investigate the antibacterial activity of SHH extracted with either water or ethanol against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and combinatory antimicrobial effect with ciprofloxacin (CIP) by time kill assay and checkerboard dilution test. Methods The antibacterial activity determined by broth dilution method indicated that the antibacterial activity of Sami-Hyanglyun-Hwan (SHH) water extract (SHHW) and SHH ethanol extract (SHHE) ranged from 250 to 2 000 μg/mL and 125 to 1 000 μg/mL against MRSA, respectively. Results In the checkerboard method, the combinations of SHHE with CIP had a partial synergistic or synergistic effect against MRSA. The time-kill curves showed that a combined SHHE and CIP treatment reduced the bacterial counts dramatically after 24 h. Conclusions The present study demonstrates the therapeutic ability of SHHE against MRSA infections.

549-554

Authors: Kefale Awoke, Endalkachew Nibret, Abaineh Munshea

Objective To determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and to assess the possible risk factors associated with the infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care center at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar town, northwest Ethiopia. Methods A hospital based cross-sectional study was designed to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women. Three hundred eighty four serum samples were collected from November 2013 to January 2014. Data on socio-demographic and predisposing factors were collected from each study participant with simple random sampling technique. The serum samples were examined for anti-Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) antibodies using latex agglutination test. Results The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii among the pregnant women was 18.5%. All of T. gondii positive cases found to be positive only for IgG antibody. Significant association was observed between seroprevalence and presence of domestic cats [AOR = 2.85, 95% CI: 1.66–4.90, P = 0.000], consumption of raw or undercooked meat [AOR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.15–2.43, P = 0.014] and history of abortion [AOR = 2.47, 95% CI: 1.40–4.34, P = 0.002]. No significant association was observed between seroprevalence and socio-demographic characters, gestational age, gravidity, consumption of raw vegetable, and blood transfusion. Conclusions The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in Bahir Dar town was relatively high. Presence of domestic cats at home and consumption of raw or undercooked meat were identified as main risk factors for T. gondii infection. Therefore, health education towards avoiding eating raw or undercooked meat and avoiding contact with cats are recommended for prevention of miscarriage or defects during pregnancy.

560-564

Authors: Bin Wang, Chang-Jiang Lei, Rong Wu, Lei Li, Chun-Mei Deng, Wen-Xia Chen, Fu-Rong Hu, Hao-Cheng Long, Ze-Zhang Tao, Cheng Zeng, Jian-Bin Huang, Chun-Zhou

Objective To study the effect of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and 5-FU on the expression of caspase-3, EGFR, TGF-α proteins of tumor tissue of H22 cancer bearing mice and its anti-tumor mechanism. Methods A total of 40 SPF grade Kunming mice were selected to establish H22 liver cancer model, and then the mice were divided into 4 groups at random with ten mice in each group. Group A was given saline lavage treatment, Group B was treated with 5-FU by intraperitoneal injection, Group C was treated with LTA by lump body injection; Group D was treated with LTA by lump body injection and 5-FU by intraperitoneal injection. Two weeks after the treatment, the mice in each group were executed and the tumor tissue was stripping and weighted, and the tumor growth inhibition ratio was calculated. Then the tumor tissue was processed for conventional embedding, sectioned to observe the expression of caspase-3, EGFR, TGF-α by immunohistochemical staining method. Results The tumor inhibitory rate o f Group D was significantly higher than Groups B and C (P < 0.05); B, the tumor inhibitory rate o f Group B had no statistical difference compared with Group C (P > 0.05). The IDO values of TGF-α, EGFR proteins in Groups B, C, D mice tumor tissue were significantly lower than that in group A (P < 0.05); while IDO value of caspase-3 in Groups B, C, D group mice tumor tissue was significantly higher than that in Group A (P < 0.05). The IDO value of TGF-α, EGFR in Group D mice tumor tissue were significantly lower than that in Groups B and C; While IDO value of aspase-3 in Group D was significantly higher than that in Groups B and C (P < 0.05). Conclusions LTA combined with 5-FU can effectively inhibit the tumorigenesis of H22 tumor bearing mice, increase the caspase-3 protein expression, inhibit TGF-α and EGFR protein expression, further promote tumor cell apoptosis and play a synergistic antitumor effect.

569-573

Authors: Qian-He Han, Zhong-Jie Shan, Jian-Ting Hu, Nan Zhang, Xue-Pei Zhang

Objective To investigate the relationship between genetic factor and prostate cancer (Pca) risk and the possible cause in it. Methods The polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 family 17 (CYPl7) rs743572, p27 V109G and androgen receptor (AR) gene CAG repeat length in peripheral blood from 70 cases and 70 controls were detected through the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique or short tandem repeat-polymerase chain reaction technique. Then, according to the results of case–control study, the recombinant plasmids containing the wild/mutant p27 gene were constructed and transfected Pca LNcap cells. After 24 and 72 h of transfection, the cell proliferative activity was determined by MTT method, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and the expression level of bcl-2, caspase-3 and p27 protein was determined by Western-blot. Results In three target polymorphisms, only p27 V109G polymorphism was related to Pca risk (P = 0.030, OR = 0.202, 95% CI = 0.042–0.973). Pca risk of p27-109G allele was lower than −109V allele (P = 0.006, OR = 0.285, 95% CI = 0.110–0.737). Cells transfected with wild/mutant p27 gene both showed the higher cells apoptosis rate and the lower cell proliferative activity than mock cells (P < 0.05 or 0.01), the regulatory effect of mutant p27 on cell proliferation and apoptosis was stronger than the wild p27 (P < 0.05). Conclusions p27-109G allele that could cause higher p27 protein expression than −109V allele in LNcap cells, maybe is the protective factor of Pca.

578-582

Authors: Hu Qu, Bo Ma, Hao-Feng Yuan, Zhong-Yang Wang, Sheng-Jie Guo, Jing Zhang

Objective To explore the effect of salinomycin on the metastasis and invasion of bladder cancer cell line T24 by regulating the related protein expression in the process of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and to provide experimental basis for the treatment of urological tumors. Methods The bladder cancer cell line T24 was cultured in vitro. The rat bladder tumor model was established in vivo. The rats were randomized into two groups, among which the rats in the experiment group were given intraperitoneal injection of salinomycin, while the rats in the control group were given intraperitoneal injection of normal saline. The change of tumor cells in the two groups was observed. Transwell was used to detect the cell migration and invasion abilities, Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of mRNA, while Western-blot was utilized for the determination of the expressions of E-cadherin and vimentin proteins. Results The metastasis and invasion abilities of serum bladder cancer cell line T24 after salinomycin treatment in the experiment group were significantly reduced when compared with those in the control group, and the tumor metastasis lesions were decreased from an average of 1.59 to 0.6 (P < 0.05). T24 cell proliferation in the experiment group was gradually decreasing. T24 cell proliferation at 48 h was significantly lower than that at 12 h and 24 h (P < 0.05). T24 cell proliferation at 24 h was significantly lower than that at 12 h (P < 0.05). T24 cell proliferation at each timing point in the experiment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The serum mRNA level and E-cadherin expression in the tumor tissues in the experiment group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while vimentin expression level was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions Salinomycin can suppress the metastasis and invasion of bladder cancer cells, of which the mechanism is probably associated with the inhibition of EMT of tumor cells.

590-593

Authors: Bao Shan, Jun-hong Cai, Shu-Ying Yang, Zhuo-Ri Li

Objective To study the relevant risk factors of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) of Li People so as to provide basis for early diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. Methods With case–control study method, 285 cases of PCOS of Li People were as recruited case group, and 580 cases of non-PCOS of female Li People as control group. Questionnaire was adopted to collect data regarding risk factors of PCOS, then the risk factors of PCOS was searched by univariate and multivariate analysis. Results Multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors of PCOS included in menstrual cycle disorder (OR = 5.824), bad mood (OR = 2.852), family history of diabetes (OR = 7.008), family history of infertility (OR = 11.953), menstrual irregularity of mother (OR = 2.557) and lack of physical exercise (OR = 1.866). Conclusions To target the high risk factors of menstrual cycle disorder, family history of diabetes, family history of infertility, family history of diabetes, bad mood and lack of physical exercise of female population, we should implement early screen, diagnose and treatment of POCS in order to reduce the incidence rate of PCOS and improve prognosis of PCOS.