Revista Brasileira de Nutrição Esportiva

195-203

Authors: Luiz Henrique Carrilho

Introduction: Good nutrition back better development for physical performance, there may be a decrease in muscle fatigue, and also preventing the loss of lean mass, but due to the difficulties of lack of time people nowadays can maintain a diet balanced, grows ever more interest in dietary supplements that promise the same benefits of proper nutrition. The whey protein (WP) is a protein supplement made from whey, which is widely used due to their beneficial health properties in general. Objective: To demonstrate with this work, the relationship between the use of whey protein among practitioners or no physical activity. Materials and Methods: Systematic Literature Review. Results: there were 11 international articles on humans and 2 national addressing the whey protein with exercise performance or not. Discussion: were found different training protocols and diet. Results were decreased weight, reduced body fat, increased satiety, easy digestibility, increased bone mineral density, lean mass, muscle and liver glycogen and strength. Conclusion: in general, the consumption of whey protein promoted improvement in both health and in performance, but nothing can replace a balanced diet and suitable for every lifestyle. Key words: Whey protein, Benefits, Food supplement, Physical activity.

212-223

Authors: Luciana Aparecida Gonçalves

The branched chain amino acids (AACR/BCAA): leucine, isoleucine and valine are essential amino acids in the human diet. Lately these amino acids have gaining some attention due their physiological properties, especially leucine. The objective of this literature review is to aim for the highest number of studies and other reviews with humans, approaching the effects of leucine supplementation singly or not in anabolic processes of synthesis, muscle protein degradation and prevention of sarcopenia. Eight studies were evaluated, all of them with humans, with or without physical activity and with or without food. Among the studies reviewed, it was found that 7 studies associate the beneficial effects of leucine supplementation and only one mentions the endurance exercises had no beneficial results with the use of leucine with respect to the muscle synthesis associated with exercise. Some studies report that leucine promotes muscle protein synthesis by protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) that stimulates the three key proteins: 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (elF4G). It also verifies that leucine acts by stimulating the translation initiation stage of messenger RNA into protein by mechanisms dependent and independent of insulin and mTOR. Although 90% of the articles have a positive standpoint regarding leucine supplementation and muscle protein synthesis further studies and research that addresses more training are needed especially endurance. Key words: BCAA, Leucine, Protein Synthesis, Supplementation, Insulin.

233-245

Authors: Milena Biazi Prado Pereira

Introduction: Physical exercise has many benefits, however, it may increase the production of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the muscle and other tissues which may contribute to tissue and cellular damage and may impair physical performance. The antioxidant defense system is extremely important to protect against oxidative stress. Objective: Discuss the role of antioxidants against oxidative stress observed in weightlifting physical exercise. Literature Review: Selected studies from 1998 to 2012, totaling 50 articles (26 international and 24 national). The reviewed literature has show that there are studies with positive and negative results regarding antioxidant supplementation on oxidative stress induced by exercise, so definitive conclusions are complicated by variations in population, the timing, antioxidants dosage variations and different protocols, which induce different degrees of muscle damage. Conclusion: Oxidative stress can be observed in different types of exercise, including weightlifting, however, systematic training induce positive adaptations in the antioxidant defense in response to increased production of ROS. Furthermore, antioxidant supplementation should only be indicated in case of deficit and for high performance athletes, because studies are still inconclusive regarding the benefits against oxidative stress and therefore its recommendation for the general population. Key words: Antioxidants, Oxidative Stress, Weightlifting, Free Radicals.

147-153

Authors: Beatriz Antunes Voltolino, Camila Cristina Santos, Luiza Maria Pinheiro Cipriano, Bianca Santos Giacomini, Renata Furlan Viebig

Now days, a very common strategy for improving the quality of life in corporate environments is having a physical activity option in the workplace. One of the favorite modalities is the Spinning® class, which corresponds to an exercise conducted between moderate and high intensity for 50 minutes that can lead to hyperthermia and dehydration. The goal of this research was to analyze the water loss and sweating rate of employees of Spinning® classes. This study was cross-sectional, descriptive and was conducted in three corporate units of a network of academies in the city of São Paulo, from February to March 2013. All bank employees attending classes during the study period were eligible for the study. The sample consisted of 54 adult, men and women volunteers who were weighed on a digital scale before and after class. From these samples were estimated weight loss for the class, the percentage of weight loss relative to the initial weight, and their sweating rate. It was observed that women lost less weight than men, averaging 140g and 410g respectively. Women also had a lower percentage of weight loss and sweat rate. This study showed no significant weight loss, only one man showed a result equal to 1%. Employees who participated in the classes are hydrated properly, however, it is essential the presence of the nutritionist in the gyms to show the importance of proper hydration in sports. Key words: Sweat rate, Fluid loss, Percentage Weight loss.

160-168

Authors: Camila Rodrigues, José Ailton Carneiro, Sofia Miranda de Figueiredo Ribeiro, Camila Bitu Moreno Braga, Carlos Alberto Simeão Júnior, Karina Pfrimer

Introduction / objective: Exercise performance depends on several factors, among which body composition and muscle strength. The aim of this study was to evaluate body composition, noting the major changes after the training period. Materials and methods: We evaluated 23 handball athletes from the city of Cloves – SP. Assessments were once at the beginning of the training period and another after seven months. Assessments were made of body composition by bioelectrical impedance, skinfold thickness, muscle strength by dynamometer, and weight and height. Results: The data show that most of the athletes (57%) is the weight above recommended, as well as the percentage of body fat, achieving a mean of 27 ± 6.3%. However, when comparing the group evaluated at the beginning of the training period with the group assessed after workouts, there is a 3.6% gain in lean body mass and decreased body fat 4.1%. Anthropometric evaluation shows that the largest changes occurred in the reduce skin folds of the breastplate (p = 0.048) and supra-iliac, (p = 0.020) after training. The manual force team after training increased by 2 kg for the left hand (p 0.124) and 3.6 kg for the right (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Although the athletes did not receive nutritional counseling to improve the nutritional status and sports performance, there was an improvement in body composition, increasing lean body mass and strength and decreasing body fat. Key words: Lean mass, Sports performance, Nutritional status, Anthropometry, Handgrip strength.

177-184

Authors: Daniele Borba de Assunção Santiago, Daniela Lopes dos Santos

Objective: To investigate the relationship of dance and body image satisfaction and risk behaviors for eating disorders. Methods: We evaluated 50 girls, 11 dancers and 10 non-dancers from a public school, 9 dancers and 11 non-dancers from a private school, and nine dancers from a dance school. Assessment of risk behaviors for eating disorders was verified by the EAT-26 (Eating Attitudes Test) and the presence of dissatisfaction with body image through BSQ (Body Shape Questionnaire). Results: Among girls who practice dance, we observed a higher frequency of risk factors for eating disorders in dancers enrolled in a dance school (22.2%) than in the public and private schools. Overall, girls from the private school who do not practice dance have a higher frequency of presence of eating disorders (36.4%). Conclusion: It was found that the presence of risk behaviors for eating disorders and disorders related to body image distortion are present very early, not only in students who dance, but also in students in general. This shows that the risk behaviors for eating disorders is not only associated with the pressure to be thin to dance, but as a cultural issue in society. Key word: Dance, Students, Body image, Eating disorders.

91-98

Authors: Germana Terenzi

Several studies report creatine’s ergogenic action in various types of sports. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to verify, through a systematic review, the possible ergogenic effects of creatine supplementation in high-intensity interval training. A systematic review was performed, consisting of 16 original essays, both in Brazil and abroad, published from year 2000 on. Most of the studies were experimental, with the use of creatine and a placebo, and the sample’s population was composed, mostly, of physically active male individuals. The supplement protocol was diversified in the studies, varying from 2 to 30 g, as well as the experiment durations, with periods from 24 h to 10 weeks of intervention. The tests mostly used to assess performance improvement were Wingate test, maximum strength test, running and swimming. Most of the studies demonstrated that creatine supplementation presented positive results in anaerobic performance, in the increase of the maximum repetition capacity in the maximum strength test, in the increase of the maximum isometric strength, in fatigue reduction and in the increase of lean body mass. The results found in the studies show that creatine supplementation, when properly done, may have ergogenic effects and improve performance in high-intensity interval training. Key words: Creatine, Creatine supplementation, Creatine and training, Creatine supplementation, Training.

108-117

Authors: Lidiana de Camargo Talon Chiaverini, Erick Prado de Oliveira

Increasingly, practitioners have sought to exercise dietary supplements. This practice becomes worrisome, since the use of supplements is indiscriminate and careless, in most cases, which can cause damage to health. Factors such as peer pressure and the media in relation to the perfect body, contributing to the increased use of supplements which can cause health damaged. Considering these facts, the aim of this study was evaluate profile of individuals who use supplements in the city of Botucatu-SP. Of the total sample (n=180), 82 were women and 98, men. Among the people who used nutritional supplements, 49 (86%) were men. Most of individuals who used supplements, consumed mainly protein supplements, without professional assistance, in order to increase muscle mass and would like to weigh less than the current weight. For these reasons, greater efforts should be focused on nutrition education of the general public, to clarify the importance and priority of proper nutrition and proper supplementation indication, in cases where there is need. Key word: Gymnastics academy, Nutritional supplements, Protein, Body perception.

128-137

Authors: Débora Vianna Rossi, Patrícia Pilar Ten Salgueiro, Carolina Horcajo Agostinetti, Pabla Faria da Silva, Emília de Lucca Pedro, Tamara Stulbach, Andrea Zaccaro de Barros

Introduction: The triathlon is a proof of high intensity and long duration. The principal route of cooling during exercise is sweating. The water loss through sweating can lead to dehydration the organism. A proper hydration can ensure satisfactory performance. The recommendations depend on individual factors, such as physical fitness, age, sport practiced. Dehydration can lead to a more severe as heat shock, coma and death. Objective: To evaluate the total liquids loss in athletes by calculating the rate of sweating after simulated triathlon in São Bernardo do Campo, SP. Methods: 49 subjects practicing Triathlon. We excluded those who had urinated after the initial weighing and others who participated in simulated. Individuals were questioned when the water consumption before and during and body weight was measured before and after the activity to measure fluid loss and calculating the rate of sweating. Results: The average weight loss was 1.3 kg of athletes and the average sweating rate of athletes simulated Triathlon was 7.2 ml / min. Conclusion: Compared with other modalities triathlon showed a high sweat rate. Key words: Dehydration, Food intake, weight loss.

1-3

Authors: Antonio Coppi Navarro

Editorial

13-18

Authors: Carla Costa e Lima, Sidrayton Pereira do Nascimento, Érika Michelle Correia de Macêdo

Nowadays practicing bodybuilding is increasing among individuals, whether due to concern with esthetics or the pursuit of a healthy lifestyle. However, the information related to the pre-workout nutrition is scarce, resulting in food myths among athletes and resulting in inadequate dietary intake. The objective of this study was to identify the food consumption and its adequacy on pre-workout of practitioners of weight training in gyms in the cities of Santa Cruz do Capibaribe and Surubim, Pernambuco. Have been assessed 114 practitioners of weight training aged between 18 and 30 years. It was observed that 95.6% of practitioners of weight training studied consumed carbohydrates inadequately, so they are more prone to hypoglycemia, to decreased performance and muscle mass due to the impairment of the process of muscle contraction for lack of energy, to negative impacts in the immune system, to losses in metabolism of adipose tissue and muscle fatigue early. There needs to be a better guidance regarding appropriate feeding prior to exercise, with the support of a sports nutritionist. This will help create habits of nutritional behaviors most appropriated, thereby improving the performance and the quality of activity performed. Key words: Foods for Persons Engaged in Physical Activities, Carbohydrates, Resistance Training.

28-34

Authors: Camila Serro Vargas, Cristina Bragança de Moraes, Natália Faresin Mozzaquatro, Vanessa Ramos Kirsten

Dissatisfaction with its own image seems to be a common occurrence on general population. People with low self-esteem and difficulties in interpersonal relationships may frequently reject or accept the suffering with their own body image and, in some cases; this phenomenon may be described as muscle dysmorphia or, as also called, vigorexia. The dependence of women self-esteem upon their appearance make them more vulnerable to negative body image, the literature presents most of the studies with male individuals and thus, the interest in assessing the prevalence of vigorexia signs and symptoms in women. Thirty-seven women with mean age of about 29,05 ± 9,237, who practitioner physical activities in two academies in the city of Santa Maria/RS were interviewed. These women responded the “Adonis Complex Questionnaire” which consists in understanding the way image concerns may affect the population daily-life. This questionnaire is a set of 13 questions (A, B, C), with scores that give the raw index showing the gravity of body image concerns. The results demonstrated that the interviewed women have a concern about their body image but, it does not affect their daily-life being considered a female vanity. The educational level of the interviewed was complete higher education (35,1% n = 13), bodybuilding practitioners (45,9% n = 17) from which 37,8% n = 14 reported that the reason for the practice was weight loss and muscle toning. The statistical analysis was performed using the software SPSS version 18.0. It is possible to conclude that women pursue the thinness ideal while men seek to be stronger and larger. Key words: Body image, Obsessive compulsive disorder, Low self-esteem.

43-50

Authors: Lorenna Karen Paiva e Freitas, Maria Lúcia Lira de Andrade, Maikon Moisés de Oliveira Maia, Arnaldo Tenório da Cunha Júnior, Humberto Jefferson de Medeiros, Maria Irany Knackfuss

We have seen a greater adherence of individuals in gyms, and in view of the intimate relationship between exercise and nutrition, should be emphasized to caloric intake of individuals who adopt this practice This study aimed to evaluate the intake of macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) in users of gyms in the city of Pau dos Ferros/RN. This descriptive research in their sample had an number of 118 individuals aged between 18 and 30 years, which corresponds to approximately 35% of users of that city academies. The used instrument for data collection was the 24-hour Food Recall, besides questions about supplementation. For statistical test, we applied the ANOVA. Of the 118 interviewed, 59 (50%) have hypoglycemic diet, 72 (61%) achieved diet and 74 (63%) have hyperproteic diet, where men consume more protein than women. A total of 59 (50%) not using supplements. In the group studied, it was found that men (61, 7%) are more adept to supplements than women (38.3%). With relation to the macronutrients intake among men and women that ingest supplement, both showed hypoglycemic diet; normolipídica and hyperproteic, being amino acids and proteins the most consumed (34%), where the majority (37%) showed muscle hypertrophy as main goal. Therefore, from this study we can conclude that users of gyms in Pau dos Ferros have a deficient diet in carbohydrates, and on the other hand, there is the excessive intake of protein. Key words: Food intake, Food supplements, Nutrients.

57-67

Authors: Cristina Eustáquio de Oliveira, Tamara Campos Sandoval, Jéssica Cristina dos Santos da Silva, Tamara Eugenia Stulbach, Rogério Eduardo Tavares Frade

The implementation of pre-exercise meal is indicated in order to avoid hypoglycemia during physical activity. A nutritionist is the most indicated person to do the orientation and awareness of the athletes diet, in order to have a good performance, especially in competitive terms. The present study aimed to assess dietary intakes before the physical activity of gym-goers in different modalities. We conducted a survey with 274 people between 18 and 60 years old, which were interviewed before, during and at the end of their physical activities. They were selected at random, with no restriction on the sport. Among the results, a total of 84% are used to eat before exercise, 41% eat 30 minutes before. On the group of carbohydrate, 57% eat bread, on the group of protein, 66% consume milk and dairy products, fruits 78% and vegetables 22%, juice 68% and supplements 68%. The physically active regularly consume some food before the exercise. An inadequate diet can affect the health and the performance of these people, and when properly oriented can reduce fatigue. Nutritional counseling is needed for further clarification regarding the choice of the right foods to eat on a pre-exercise meal. Key words: Food, Exercise, Physical Performance and Nutrition.

77-87

Authors: Wendel Luiz Pinho, Adriana Pederneiras Rebelo da Silva

Objective: To investigate the literature on the effects of physical exercise on the formation of reactive oxygen species and dietary antioxidant compounds. Materials and Methods: This is a literature review with emphasis on the past 10 years, using scientific articles indexed in SciELO, PubMed and Lilacs databases, periodic CAPES Portal and book chapters, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Results: The literature indicates that, regardless of the type of exercise performed, individuals who undergo strenuous exercises are exposed to a deleterious process in cells and tissues, a loss in performance, with a reduction in body stores of antioxidants may contribute significantly to the increased oxidative stress. Conclusion: Regular exercise, combined with a diet rich in antioxidant nutrients, can promote the body benefits by keeping the oxidative process within physiological limits, but more studies are needed on the origin of oxidative stress in order to develop new strategies to combat the deleterious effects of this phenomenon. Key words: Physical activity, aerobic exercise, free radicals, oxidative stress, antioxidants.

417-419

Authors: Antonio Coppi Navarro

Editorial

427-435

Authors: Leandro Kazuhiro Kuroda, Avany Bon, Michel Dacar, Luciana Setaro

The practice of resistance training (RT) has been proved effective in increasing strength, lean body mass and reducing body fat. However, the influence of different dietary patterns in performance and improvement in body composition is not well understood. Objective: To assess the impact of different dietary patterns on strength and body composition in trained individuals engaged in eight weeks of RT. Materials and Methods: Ten healthy, male and trained individuals (at least six months of training experience), between 18-24 years old, who were not using any type of food supplement, engaged in four days a week RT, for eight weeks. We applied a three-day food record and performed anthropometric measurements and the 1-RM at baseline (p0) and at the end of the study (p8). We compared the participants in order to analyze the relationship between diet and TR. Results: Four participants completed the study. Positive correlation between increasing lean muscle mass and strength gains in the 1-RM in bench press (r = 0.983). However, there was no relationship observed between different macronutrients distributions and body composition improvement. Conclusion: Other factors independent of diet and nutrient timing seem to influence muscle hypertrophy and improved body composition in individuals engaged in TR. Key words: Body composition, Muscle hypertrophy, Resistance training, Sport nutrition, Weight training.

449-457

Authors: Gabrielli Thais de Mello, Rafaela Liberali

Draws attention in relation to men a new framework called Vigorexia or muscle dysmorphia. In this syndrome the individual finds himself with a skinny body and small, but the truth is brawny and big. In other words, there is a concern in not to be brawny enough in all your body. Thus the objective of this article is to demonstrate through a systematic review data from muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders. Was made a review of national and international articles, where we excluded studies that did not that did not present so left n = 12. Only three study had men and women practitioner in physical activity as population, the others studies only men. It was observed that there is high prevalence (17.5%, 22%, 53.6%, 13.6% and 40%.) of muscle dysmorphy in the studies. And have association between muscle dysmorphia and use of ergogenic resources, changing diets, as well as use of steroids. Key words: Muscle Dysmorphia, Body Image, Body dysmorphic disorder.

464-469

Authors: Wilma Silvia da Costa

The importance of having adequate food becomes relevant in the daily lives of people who engage in physical activity, the aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional status and dietary intake and dietary supplement by physically active for an academy in the city of São Bento do Una - PE, participants were 25 individuals of both sexes, the majority being female (32%), it was observed that 4% were underweight, 60% normal weight, 36% were overweight, and the highest proportion among males, according to the results 52% declared to make use of the supplement, and the type consumed more amino acids or protein concentrates was 72%, most sought no indication as to the consumer, and in relation to food intake was perceived a daily intake of protein foods and fruits and legumes, however calorie food intake was high ingestion. Further study is needed to help with proper nutrition physically active. Key words: Nutrition, Food, Dietary Supplement, Exercise.

477-485

Authors: Manuela do Carmo Machado, Mírian Patrícia Castro Pereira Paixão

Nutrition can enhance athletic performance, since proper nutrition can reduce fatigue, allowing for better performance and faster recovery of the athlete. The work is aimed at promoting fat loss and muscle mass gain by the athlete through dietary intervention. This is a case study with a practicing bodybuilding. Habitual dietary intake was obtained through a survey with food, 24-hour food recall 3 days and a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Anthropometric assessment was performed before and after dietary intervention, in order to compare the pre and post intervention. The nutritional intervention was done through eating plan (standard diet, five daily menus, list of replacement foods) and dietary guidelines. Before the dietary intervention the outcome of body mass index indicated overweight, already eutrophic% fat. Energy intake was low calorie, but the macronutrient appropriate. The intake of vitamin A was inadequate. Was prepared diet normocaloric, normolípidica, and normoglicídica normoprotein. After the dietary intervention, there was an increase of 1.5 cm arm circumference, weight loss of 2.1 kg decrease in waist circumference, the% fat and skinfold thickness, except for the subscapularis. The results indicate that the nutritional intervention was through a healthy and balanced, without resort to using anabolic positive for the desired goals. Key words: Anthropometry, Body composition, Bodybuilder, Nutrition

498-503

Authors: Karine Daros, Édina Cassol Zago, Fernanda Grison Confortin

Introduction: Women who practice a physical activity can be considered a group of risk to the development of a eating disorder, since they usually worry too much with health and well being, and they are also critic concerning to their body. Aim: To evaluate the existence of the risk to develop eating disorder in women who practice physical activity, as well as identify the level of satisfaction concerning to their image. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study, performed with women that practice physical activity at gyms aging 18 to 40 years old. it was collected datas of age, anthropometry and it was applied the test EAT-26 and the silhouettes scales. Results: I was evaluated 71 women with the avarege age of 27 years old, from that, 24 (33,8%) women were classified with EAT positive indicating risk to develop eating disorder. Related to the body image 56 (78,8%) women demonstrate dissatisfaction with their body. Conclusion: It's extreme important to perform new studies with the aim to confirm these results, here discussed, that the population who practice physical activities can be focus of studies which fosters better understanding about certain eating disorder and actions to minimize physical, nutritional and psychological loss. Key words: Body image, eating disorder, nutritional status.