Journal of Ecophysiology and Occupational Health

89-93

Authors: Sherareh Mefahkeri, Mahmoud Goudarzi, Noushin Hadizadeh

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of changing life-style education on improving the physical and mental health of patients with cardiovascular disease. For this purpose, among patients referring to the cardiovascular clinic of Tohid Hospital in Sanandaj, in 2016, using random sampling, with available medical records, 30 subjects were selected in experimental and control groups (15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) and the age range was 20 and higher. For collecting data before and after training, the general health questionnaire by Goldberg and Hiller (1979) was used. The results of single-variable covariance analysis (ANCOVA) showed that there was no significant difference in lifestyle-based education on physical and mental well-being of normal people with cardiovascular disease (p>.05).

104-109

Authors: Samira Taheri, Mohammad Reza Moradi, Mohammad Ali Manafzadeh, Esmail Ghaderi, Soran Mowlaie

Nowadays, due to competition among organizations and companies in order earn more benefits; it has become particularly significant to dominate the existing resources. One of the strategic decisions in the market is market entry mode. Choosing a suitable competitive strategy depends on the company’s decision to enter the market before or after its rivals. The present study was carried out in order to examine the relationship among the variables of market entry modes and organizational design in hospitability industry. Regarding its objectives, the present research was an applied study, and in terms of collecting the required data, it was descriptive. The statistical population included all of the 127 hotels located in Tehran Province. Krejcie and Morgan Decision Making Model were utilized in order to determine the sample size as 96 individuals. The results of the present study indicated that all market entry modes (ownership, contract, and franchising) had a positive significant effect on organizational design. In fact, survival and growth of the company depends on successful entry of hotel to the market.

118-122

Authors: Esmail Ghaderi, Samira Taheri, Mohammad Reza Moradi, Mohammad Ali Manafzadeh, Soran Mowlaie

The present research has been designed and implemented to investigate the relationship between sales strategies and the development of new products in insurance companies in Isfahan. From the perspective of the method, this study is a descriptive study of the type of correlation, in terms of purpose, applied; in terms of collecting information, surveying is a time-cross-sectional one. The statistical population of this study includes 17 active insurance workers in Isfahan city. Reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha for the sales strategy equal to 0.940 and for the development of new products was 0.768. The final findings of SPSS software showed a significant relationship between the development of new products and their dimensions (technology, management, marketing, and commercialization) with sales strategies in insurance companies, among which the commercialization dimension, Had the highest correlation coefficient with sales strategies.

131-135

Authors: Khabat Ahmadi, Hadis Alipoor, Serveh Hejrat, Saeed Delfani, Soran Mowlaie

Social responsibility is one of the most important elements of the existential philosophy of organizations, so that the importance of observing it by organizations in comparison with other organizations can create a competitive advantage for them. In this paper, we try to examine the relationship of social responsibility with its four components (economic responsibilities, legal responsibilities, ethical responsibilities, and humanitarian responsibilities) with competitive advantage. This is an applied research and research method is descriptive of survey type and a questionnaire has been used to collect data. The statistical population of this research is the employees and clients of the National Bank of Sanandaj which were analyzed and analyzed using parametric statistical tests. The results of the research show that there is a positive and significant relationship between social responsibility and its components with competitive advantage, among which is the moral responsibility of the bank because it adheres to ethical principles and protects personal secrets and fair and non-discriminatory treatment with Its customers have the most relationship with a competitive advantage.

141-152

Authors: Sudabeh Darjazini, Maryam Moradkhani

Background and Purpose: Expressing feelings and emotions not only has an important effect on intimacy growth, but it is also an important factor in distinguishing satisfied couples from the dis-satisfied ones. Thus, the present study aims at investigating the relationship between marital satisfaction and feelings identification and expression among women. Methods: The present study was a descriptive-correlational study with a single-subject design conducted cross-sectionally. In the present study, as many as 325 married women participated (from four health medical centers that had the highest number of referrals). In the present study, ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale as well as 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was used. For determining the significance of the relationship existing between background variables, marital satisfaction, and alexithymia, the researchers applied independent t-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the Pearson correlation coefficient were respectively used. Findings: With respect to the marital satisfaction and women’s alexithymia, the results of one-way analysis of variance indicated no significant statistical difference in women’s mean marital satisfaction; (F = 1.381, P = 0.249) and (F = 1.836, P = 0.140) in terms of different ages, (F = 0.481, P = 0.696) and (F = 2.309, P = 0.076) in terms of different ages of their spouses, (F = 0.423, P = 0.655) in terms of different durations of marital life, (F = 0.612, P = 0.608) and (F = 1.94, P = 0.122) in terms of different number of children, and (F = 0.61, P = 0.603) and (F = 0.557, P = 0.644) as for women who lived with either parents or relatives (either theirs or those of their husbands). Independent t-test indicated that the there is no significant statistical difference between marital satisfaction (t = 0.185, df = 321, and p = 0.853) and alexithymia (t = 0.776, df = 321, and p = 0.444) at different age groups. The results of one-way analysis of variance indicated that there is a significant statistical difference in the mean of marital satisfaction in the groups with different educational levels (F = 5.8, P = 0.003) and different economic statuses (F = 11.209, P = 0.003). Scheffe’s Test indicated that this statistical difference has to do with women who have a higher level of education than that of their husbands. Moreover, Scheffe’s Test indicated that this difference has also to do with women enjoying a proper economic status. The results of one-way analysis of variance indicated a significant statistical difference in women’s mean alexithymia in groups with different educational levels (F=4.369, P = 0.013) and different economic statuses (F = 4.369, P = 0.005). Scheffe’s Test indicated that this statistical difference has to do with women who have a higher level of education than that of their husbands. Moreover, Scheffe’s Test indicated that this difference has also to do with women enjoying a proper economic status. Discussion and Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate that if alexithymia is solved, one can expect improved marital satisfaction. Moreover, the different educational levels and economic statuses are likely to affect marital satisfaction and alexithymia.

1-3

Authors: Priya A. K.

As large industrial users of water, the pulp and paper industry has long managed water in the context of a regulatory environment. In other words, all mills in Tamilnadu must use and treat water in accordance with environmental permits. However, the industry is now collectively moving beyond water quality to better understand the quantity and the environmental impacts of water use. Industry participants are committed to better understanding our impacts and we have identified the evaluation of water foot printing tools and water disclosure as a key initiative. While access to water is an issue of global concern it is critical to recognize local, site-specific resources. Here is the overview on water usage in the pulp and paper industry and offer reflections on the driving forces for and barriers to change.

9-16

Authors: Amit Kumar, Md Arshad, Ajai Singh, Asif Jafri, Sabir Ali, Manish Yadav, Suchit Swaroop

Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered as multifactorial disorder characterized by erosion of articular cartilage, tightening of joint space, subchondral bone remodelling and internal synovial inflammation. OA reduces joint function progressively as a person gets older. The most important group of the cytokines or chemokines are pre-dominantly involving in the early progression of the disease includes IL-1, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α, etc. IL-1 family of cytokinesare known to be strongest stimulus for progressive synthesis of Matrix Metallo Proteinases (MMPs). Large number of immune cells, chondrocytes and endothelial cells potentially secrete IL-1 with diverse effect on number of diseases. This review highlights the association of IL-1 family cytokine in OA.

28-33

Authors: Kishori Kasat, Sneha Kumari, Naim Shaikh

Occupational Health care is a critical issue emerging in factories. The paper proceeds with an objective to develop a theoretical framework for developing an occupational health care management and to discuss the construct of the framework in detail. The research is a desk based research. Literature and secondary data research has been conducted to develop a conceptual framework for developing an occupational health care management in factories. Career growth, working conditions, health laws, incentives, performance appraisal, medical assurance and few other elements have been extracted from the literature to build up a conceptual framework. These elements and their importance in developing an occupational health care management have been discussed. The conceptual framework can be used to develop an occupational health care management.

40-49

Authors: Yahya Bakhtiyar, Seema Langer, Sanjeev Kumar Karlopia and Rajesh Kumar Chalotra

The present study was carried out to study the feeding habits of Labeo rohita from culture ponds of Gho-Manhasa fish farm, Jammu. Monthly samples were collected from the ponds to study the gut contents. In case of L. rohita in LrfI (lowest size group) and LrfII, LrfIII 40 guts/group, LrfIV 50 guts (due to non-availability of the size categorized) and 120 guts each in case of LrfV and LrfVI (largest size group) were analysed. For every group 10 guts/month were analysed to study feeding ecology in case of L. rohita. Individual stomach fullness scale was estimated to a subjective scale, ranging from 0 (empty) to 5 (full). The results so obtained were used to compute percentage volume of food items in the gut (%V), percentage of occurrence of guts having particular food item (%O) and Index of preponderance (IOP). The food of Labeo rohita consisted of plant (algae and macrophytes) and animal matter (protozoa, rotifers, cladocerans, copepods, molluscs, annelids and insects) besides unidentified matter (UM), sand/mud and detritus. Of the total 420 specimens analyzed, only 84 (20%) were found with empty guts and 336 (80%) were found with food components. Index of Preponderance (IOP) revealed that algae, along with protozoans, rotifers and cladocerans were the most preferred food items in the smaller size groups and marked a decline as the size of the fish increased. In the advanced stages, macrophytes, detritus and sand/mud were found to form a major share of food. Subsequently rohu has been categorized as omnivore-planktophage in early stages of life and herbi-omnivore in adult stages.

57-62

Authors: Lokesh Kumar Sharma and Joydeep Majumder

The general incidence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) is one the major causes of mobility and concerns about financial and physical losses. The more objective pre-employment selection and employee placement test methods can reduce the work related injuries and Employers in general prefer for post-offer pre-placement (POPP) testing as a tool for evaluating worker’s physical proficiency towards essential functions within a job. This functions as an effective screening technique intended to identify vulnerable workers who may be at greater risk of developing future musculoskeletal injuries. In this study, data mining approaches to estimate the proper work group for a pre-defined specialized job is used. In the first phase, the cluster analysis for the grouping the young workers according to their physical parameters was applied and according to the characteristic of each cluster, particularly with increasing handgrip strength values, the clusters were coined as very poor, poor, fair, good and excellent. In the second phase, supervised learning methods are utilized to classify the worker based on the anthropometric variables.

66-71

Authors: Neelam Singh and Madhu Tripathi

Fluoride contamination in aquatic ecosystem has been recognized as one of the major problems worldwide and it is imposing a serious threat to aquatic organisms. It induces adverse physiological and biochemical effect in animals. The present study has been planned to observe toxic effect of Sodium fluoride on antioxidative biomarkers like LPO, SOD, and GSH in a fresh water catfish Heteropneustes fossilis. Fish were exposed to two sub lethal concentrations of Sodium fuoride for 30 days. After exposure, fish were sacrificed for collection of tissues for biochemical assay. It was found that SOD, GSH decreased significantly while LPO increased significantly in treated ash as compared to control. Results indicate concentration dependent induction of oxidative stress and subsequent alternations in the activities of non enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants like LPO, GSH and SOD.

78-87

Authors: Fardin Vakili, Nemat Tahmasebi, Sairan Tahmasebi, Delaram Tahmasebi

Entrepreneurs are creative, innovative, risk taking, dynamic, flexible, and brave, opportunity recognizer, and leadership potentiality, and network builder, independent and self-reliant people. Entrepreneurship is a key factor on (1) Economical Growth and Development of countries (2) Providing employment and job opportunity (3) Enhancing productivity and production capabilities (4) Contributing to the high levels of creativity and innovation and (5) Creating wealth and providing educate welfare. All new ideas and knowledge should be converted to profitable and useful products and services. And education for creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship should start from very early stages of childhood. This research is about role of education in Entrepreneurship development. This research is consisted of a main hypothesis based on There is a meaningful relation between education and Entrepreneurship development. Method and materials: This research has been done based on researching the key words Entrepreneurship, Education, Entrepreneurship Education, Entrepreneurship Process, Entrepreneurship Typology, Education Strategy and Virtual Organization. It also includes the researcher’s manual attempt in journals and related materials. Conclusion: This research is a descriptive research. Based on the results of research, entrepreneurs needs be determined by Education Process., finally, has been observed that there is an average and upward between, Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurship development Process.

98-102

Authors: Soma Muzafari, Soran Mowlaie, Kamyar Bahmani

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between Materialism and Financial Risk and with the mediating role of propensity toward indebtedness and emotions So 102 private banks customers in sanandaj were selected with stratified Sampling by using kocran’s formula after collecting 30 primary questionnaire and calculating final sample number. This study is an applied research and the method is correlational research component and the data collection method was a quantitative research. Measurement tools are standard questionnaire. First Face validity confirmed by related professors of university and then the content validity confirmed by CFA test and PLS software. Pearson correlation tests and SEM were used to test hypothesis relationships. Results show that there is a meaningful negative relationship between Materialism and propensity toward indebtedness and also positive relationship between propensity toward indebtedness and emotions and also propensity toward indebtedness and Financial Risk.

112-117

Authors: Mohsen Ghotbi, Mehdi Sohrabi, Hamid Reza Taheri, Ezzat Khodashenas

The visual perception is completely associated with successful performance of motor skills. Development of Children’s perceptual abilities considerably improved motor function or weakens. So awareness of the developmental status of visual perception is essential. The purpose of this study was to compare depth perception of 7-9 years old children Characterized by developmental coordination disorder (DCD) with healthy children. Participants were 80 male subjects, 40 subjects with developmental coordination disorder and 40 healthy peers that selected on available sampling. All have normal vision or were modified. Depth perception of subjects was evaluated in three times by the depth perception model D9009. The average error of depth perception was used as the depth perception score. Independent T-test results showed significant difference between healthy children and DCD. The average error in the healthy children was significantly lower (MD = 9.45). From the results can be concluded that weaker motor functions and motor delay and consequently the DCD has negative impact on the visual perception of depth. Therefore, in dealing with these people due to the importance of depth perception in motor function, attention to this matter is essential.

130-135

Authors: Abobakr Ravand, Chun Yuanhan and Seyed Abbas Afsanepurak

In 1997, Sport and Environment Commission was established in an attempt to reduce destructive effects resulted from sports activities in environment by raising awareness among athletes, managers, authorities, and organizers of sports events in order for the athletes be able to carry out their sports activities in a healthy environment. The present study was carried out in order to examine the awareness status and sanitary and environmental interest among Sanandaj citizens and its relationship with the rate of their participation in physical activities.The statistical population included the outdoor and indoor sports spaces (a minimum of 250 m2) and the citizens of Sanandaj, Naysar, and Hasanabad. The study sample consisted of 22 sports places and 380 participating citizens. The sample size was determined based on the proportion of the society to the minimum required sample size with an appropriate error limit. Data collection tools included a researcher-designed questionnaire and two data collection forms. The reliability coefficient of the sports participation questionnaire was 0.743 and the reliability of the sanitary and environmental checklist was 0.952. Descriptive statistics was employed in order to analyze the collected data, and one sample t-test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were used to analyze correlation using SPSS 20.0. The results of the present study indicated that the level of awareness of the environmental and sanitary status of the sports places among the citizens was favorable. However, there was no significant relationship between awareness and sanitary and environmental interest and the level of participation in physical activities among Sanandaj citizens (p = 0.601, r = 0.079 and p = 0.712, r = 0.11, respectively). Moreover, there was no significant relationship between the citizens’ participation in physical activities and demographic characteristics of gender and education level (p = 0.725, r = 0.31); however, it was significant between age and participation in physical activities (p = 0.008, r = 0.430). Therefore, according to the results of the present study, it is recommended that sports managers and planners of Sanandaj attempt to maintain and raise the citizens’ awareness of an interest in environmental and sanitary status of sports places and provide different age groups with various choices in order to motivate them to participate in sports activities.

1-6

Authors: Hyun-Seob Cho and Moon-Hee Choi

Background/Objectives: Environmentally-friendly construction material means the production and installation of the construction materials with reduced energy use and environmental load. The area includes environmentally-friendly construction finishing materials, energy-saving material technologies, etc. They try to make a growth in connection with regional industries by way of convergence industrialization of marine resource materials, getting out of the limit of utilizing the mud resource. Methods/Statistical analysis: Survey has been Step 4(Environmentally-friendly Materials, Insulation and Heat Storage Performance, Provides Comfortable Environment, Natural Deodorization Function) program. Findings: Environmentally friendly construction material markets grow continuously because the mud products may replace the role of red clay products in the construction material market, so we can expect demand for the mud products to be high in future. Improvements/Applications: Based on the awareness built up by the activation of mud festival, it is required to strengthen the competitiveness of the community industry using mud, the representative resource in Boryeong City, converting value added industry that is life care industry.

13-21

Authors: Rubina M. Nadaf and C. B. Ganesh

The present study was conducted to determine the avifaunal diversity in lakes of Dharwad city. Of the three lakes studied, highest number of species was recorded in Sadhankeri followed by Kelageri and Nuggikeri lakes. A total of 53 species of birds spread over 31 families and 15 orders were documented in three lakes of Dharwad. Maximum species of birds belonged to Passeriformes followed by Charadriiformes, Pelecaniformes, Anseriformes, Coraciiformes, Cuculiformes, Accipitriformes, Gruiformes and Columbiformes, whereas Psittaciformes, Piciformes, Bucerotiformes, Ciconiformes, Suliformes and Podicipediformes consisted of one species each. The Passeriformes was dominant with 10 families, whereas Charadriiformes, Coraciiformes and Pelecaniformes contributed to five, three and two families each, respectively. The richness in avian diversity in these lakes might be due to availability of food and favorable ecological conditions that support breeding and nesting behaviors.

27-31

Authors: Hyo Jin Lee and Jung Wan Kim

As for degraded cognitive ability observed in the elderly population, early detection and efficient care are feasible through language-communication assessment protocol in the use of tablet device. Language-communication assessment in the use of tablet device has made objectivity and consistency of the suggestion of test items, convenience of preservation and record of the performance ability, and suggestion of norm on the language ability possible. This study has identified elements, to be considered to suggest the language-communication assessment protocol development platform in the use of service-oriented architecture (SOA) through the group interview with speech pathologists and engineering specialists. The necessity of language-communication assessment protocol development for tablet device has been identified in three domains including the assessment method, mobility, and efficiency & accuracy. However, it was revealed that uniqueness of sub-category of language-communication assessment and environment and expenses of using devices shall be considered at the same time to realize them. Since SOA provides the custom applied programs by considering the role of user, circumstances of wireless communication and remaining electricity of tablet device in connection with previous services, it is expected to make efficient language communication assessment feasible on the elderly for a long time.

37-41

Authors: Jong-Bae Choi, Sung-Ryoung Ma and Bo-Kyoung Song

Stroke patients often decreased upper extremity function that occurred pain and edema. We researched the effects of resting hand splints on hand pain and on edema in patients with stroke in the acute stage. Participants were randomly allocated to the experiment group (n = 15) or the control group (n = 15). All participants were treated with general rehabilitation treatment for 30 mins/daily, five days/week, for 12 weeks. In addition, participants in the experiment group wore resting hand splints. The data collected for the study were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0. The statistical significance level was set at α = .05. According to the intervention, the changes in the experimental group proved significant differences. By contrast, significant differences were not seen in the control group. In comparing the changes between the groups, significant differences were found in the experiment group in Visual Analogue Scale and in volume of hand, but not in Modified Ashworth Scale. This study researched the effects of resting hand splints on pain and edema in hands of patients in the acute stage of stroke. Significant decreases were found in hand pain and edema in experiment group. Therefore, resting hand splint will in turn contribute to improved upper limb function in stroke patients.

52-58

Authors: Doo Hee Han

Background/Objectives: Since food waste was prohibited from being buried in the ground, each municipal government has installed food waste treatment facilities, and has treated the food waste by a method of making compost or feeds. Methods/Statistical analysis: However, in case of compost, salt could not be removed, accordingly the compost acted as a factor in withering the crops or hampering their growth. In case of making feeds, a problem of killing livestock was caused because it was not possible to remove toxicity that might be contained in the food. Therefore, a vicious circle was created, where food waste that could not be used as compost or feeds became waste again even after being treated. Findings: As a result, we got 4431 kcal/kg as a heating low value from the dried food waste, so after heating around 400 °C, the exhausting gas can be used as a fuel. Also we got the useful components ratio of 0.42%(N), 0.02%(P) and 0.4%(K) from condensate water, so this condensate can be used to liquid compost. Improvements/Applications: Therefore, this paper suggests measures for recycling the dried food waste into feeds or compost, reducing fuel costs by recycling the dry remainder into fuel, recycling the carbonized residues into cover soil, and utilizing condensate generated in this process as deodorant, external carbon source and liquid fertilizer.

73-79

Authors: Shubha Govil and Vitthal T. Mohite

Mumbai coast is facing adverse impact of sewage discharge up to 5km from the shore. Microbiological quality of Mumbai coastal water was estimated by determination of faecal coliforms [FC], which is the standard used for assessment of level of fecal pollution of marine water. Determination of levels of faecal pollution of the coastal ecosystem can also be carried out by assessment of microbial metabolic activities in terms of alkaline phosphatase [APase] activity. High organic matter - allochthonous or autochthonous, or contaminants i.e. hydrocarbons support viability of bacterial and stimulates synthesis of enzymes to degrade new organic compounds. However AP activity is not only affected by various variables like pH, buffer ions, metal ion content, incubation time etc., but is also negatively correlated with availability of phosphates. Correlation between FC count and AP activity was studied to check use of AP activity as marker of ecological quality.

89-93

Authors: Satyendra Singh and A. K. Srivastava

The effect of sub lethal concentration 1.31 ppm and 1.84 ppm for Arsenic and Copper on the Hepatosomatic and Gonadosomatic indices of the fish Heteropneustes fossilis was studied. In mature female catfish Heteropneustes fossilis on exposure to both test metals at both higher sub lethal concentration registered marked toxicological alterations and reduction in Hepatosomatic index (HSI) and Gonadosomatic index (GSI) throughout the year in exposed fish group. However in the control group fish the values of HSI and GSI in the increasing order in relation to seasonal variation to their maximum range during pre-spawning phase. The reduced values of above parameter found directly proportional to the metal concentration and duration of the exposure. The results of the present study will be useful for selective breeding programme, conservation and sustainable fishery management of H. fossilis in its natural habitat.

105-114

Authors: Satyendra Singh and A. K. Srivastava

Study was undertaken to evaluate biochemical and hematological alterations resulting from the exposure of Heteropneustes fossilis to both sub-lethal concentration of copper (1.84 ppm and 1.10ppm) and arsenic (1.10 ppm and 0.78ppm) on various tissues for 15 days, 30 days and 60 days. Three groups of 14 fish were taken as control group, arsenic exposed group and copper exposed group. At the end of experiment periodically blood sample were taken from the control and experimental group of fish. Blood was assayed for selected biochemical and hematological parameters (hematocrit, haemoglobin per cent red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, MCV, MCH, MCHC, clotting time, plasma protein, plasma glucose, blood plasma GOT, GPT, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, triglycerides). The hematological indices of both sub-lethal concentration of both test metal indicated a dose-dependent decrease in hemoglobin values, hematocrit values, red blood counts, MCH, MCHC, which are indication of anemia of the normal chronic type. Clotting time significantly increased in copper exposed fish. A dose-duration dependent increase was observed in MCV and WBC count. Biochemical analysis demonstrated the blood plasma level of protein and glucose was lowered in the exposed fish as compared to the control group, but a significant dose dependent elevation was recorded in all other bio chemical parameters. During exposure time a relative decrease in blood glucose level and an increase in blood serum cholesterol level and SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase, triglycerides level was increased. The result of present study demonstrates the toxic effect of both test metal in test fish Heteropneustes fossilis and recorded hematological and biochemical parameters can be used as an indicator of copper and arsenic related toxicological stress in fish on been exposed to sub-lethal concentration of both metal.

121-127

Authors: Rasna Gupta, Ram Lakhan Singh and Neeraja Dwivedi

The antioxidant activity of methanolic (MTBL) and aqueous (ATBL) extracts of Terminalia bellerica leaves (TBL) was evaluated by various in vitro techniques. IC50 values of MTBL and ATBL were found to be 93 and 301 μg mL-1 for FRSA, 42 and 252 μg mL-1 for SARSA, 91 and 376 μg mL-1 for LPO, 53 and 540 μg mL-1 for HRSA, 142 and 544 μg mL-1 for FTC, respectively. RP was detected to be 2.72 and 10.49 ASE mL-1 for MTBL and ATBL. The MTBL showed better antioxidant activity than ATBL when compared with standard quercetin. TPC for MTBL and ATBL were 209.28 and 173.9 g kg−1 of GAE, respectively. In conclusion, methanolic extract of TB leaf has higher antioxidant activity than the aqueous extract and it could be a good source of natural antioxidant.

133-140

Authors: Suyash Tripathi and Krishna Gopal

Critics showed objections on the genetic engineering process on the some points whish were both ethical and ecological. This happened because it was sure that these genetic engineering processes must have been causing the gene flow and raise alarm against intellectual property rights. Problems also evolved on using GMOs in the form of food because fishes are being used as a nutritive food worldwide. So it raised a question in the mind of critics that it can cause many forms of lethal allergies to the consumers as the GM fishes were labelled. These issues caused a check over the trade of these GM fishes internationally. Thus due to all these prominent issues FDA has a power to restrict these GM fishes as 1) food 2) conditions in which they are used 3) a check after the approval. Public is confident if the above written three points have positive outcome. So these three points are the backbone for the approval of GM as food for public. So the potential research benefits of genetically modified fish will be fruitful only if these transgenic fish are kept separate from genetic pool of the wild species. There is possibility of transmission of the transgenes to the wild fishes which can make these transgenes a permanent resident of an environmental ecosystem.