Journal of Anthropology of Sport and Physical Education

9-13

Authors: Werlayne Leite, Richard Pollard

Professional sports teams derive an advantage from playing at home; this phenomenon is known as home advantage. The aim of this study was to compare the magnitude of home advantage between levels 1 and 2 of women’s football leagues. A total of 10 countries were included, each for the most recent 9 seasons, resulting in 31,186 matches analysed. A preliminary analysis of the results was carried out in order to assess the difference in home advantage between level 1 and level 2 for each country separately. A two-sided paired t-test was used and the effect size was reported using Cohen’s d statistic. A general linear model was fitted and after adjusting for differences between seasons and between countries, the main finding was that there existed a small, yet significant difference between the home advantage of the two levels, with level 2 (mean of 55.5%) higher than at level1 (mean of 54.6%). The results therefore suggest that in women’s football there occurs the same phenomenon that has been shown to exist in women’s water polo and handball, and in men’s football. Some of the main factors that have been found to explain home advantage in men’s football appear to operate in a slightly different way when applied to women’s football. These are crowd support, familiarity, referees bias, travel effects and psychological factors.

21-26

Authors: Amel Mekic, Erol Vrevic, Pavle Malovic, Safet Kapo, Husnija Kajmovic

Judo and karate are polystructural acyclic sports, which require development of a great number of human abilities and characteristics. Although both are martial arts, they differ greatly in the requirements and quality of performance of individual movements. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the quality of performing movements between karatekas, judokas and non-athletes. The respondents were 60 young people (14.1 - 14.6 years), 20 of which belonged to the group of "judokas", 20 to the group of "karatekas" and 20 to the group of "non-athletes". All individuals were physically and mentally healthy, and were fit to undergo testing. The sample of variables consisted of 7 tests, which belong to the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) method of testing the movement functionality. By using the ANOVA test, in 4 variables showed up statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Group of non-athletes has the lowest values in all tests, especially in deep squat, active straight-leg raise, and rotary stability. Judokas performed the lowest values in the shoulder mobility test. The main conclusions of this paper are that training content should be specific to sports, and sports (in this case martial arts) have a positive effect on the development of the locomotor system, which could be useful for properly perform basic movements which humans use in everyday life.

33-36

Authors: Izet Bajramovic, Srdjan Redzepagic, Dusko Bjelica, Dragan Krivokapic, Eldin Jeleskovic, Slavenko Likic

Closure of all educational institutions as well as various facilities for sports and recreation, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the adoption of social movement restrictions, impaired the possibility of maintaining healthy living habits of the student population. The aim of this research was to identify changes in healthy living habits and exercise approach of sports-active female students, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to prevent possible harmful consequences on their physical fitness level. The sample of respondents were female students (n=110; 22.1±1.69 years of age), who stated that they were active members of various sports clubs during the period before the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey questionnaire was used in the study to assess a healthy lifestyle. The analysis of the obtained answers within the survey questionnaire was evaluated in relation to the percentage values of the frequencies of these answers. The results indicate that the level of regular and planned physical exercise of sports-active female students decreased by 41.7% during the COVID-19 pandemic, and that the level of their physical condition decreased by 38.2%. Changes in eating habits were recorded in 50% of female sportsactive female students, while 36.3% of them reported changes in weight gain. The largest number of sportsactive female students practiced basic exercises for body shaping, relaxation and stretching (89.2%) and strength exercises with own body weight as load intensity (82.4%). Accordingly, it is also necessary to find possible ways, in order to raise awareness of the importance of maintaining their sports and healthy living habits. This primarily refers to maintaining their healthy physical condition, which is also related to their eating habits, as well as preventing the possible occurrence of undesirable health conditions. Such different approaches may apply to all future pandemic conditions, or similar life-threatening conditions.

45-55

Authors: Miljan Hadzovic, Ana Lilic, Nikola Prvulovic, Predrag Ilic, Mima Stankovic

Numerous authors recommend participation in various types of aerobic exercise, pointing out their positive effects both in terms of the prevention of various illnesses, and in the improvement of one’s health status. The increasingly popular group fitness programs, as preprogrammed forms of physical exercise to music, have positive effects on body composition among women, such as a decrease in body mass and fat, and thus lead to an improvement in overall physical appearance. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of aerobic exercise to music on body composition and subcutaneous fat among young women. In order to compile data from existing research on the effects of aerobic exercise on young women, the following electronic databases were searched: PubMed, SCIndeks, PEDro, J-GATE, DOAJ and Google Scholar. The systematic review was undertaken in accordance with the statement of Preferred Reports for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Papers dating from 2006 to 2019 were analyzed. The research results confirm the positive influence of aerobic exercise to music on the parameters of body composition and subcutaneous fat among young women, irrespective of the overall duration of the exercise programs, with the conclusion that programs lasting up to 12 weeks are more effective when it comes to the decrease and maintenance of body weight, fat reduction, increase in muscle tissue, and lead to an improvement in aerobic abilities. The best effects of this type of exercise at an intensity level of 50 to 80% of maximum heart rate are primarily achieved among obese and overweight individuals.

63-66

Authors: Zainal Ilmi, Dio Caisar Darma, Musdalifah Azis

COVID-19 is the biggest pandemic of the 20th century and has hurt humans. Apart from death, this virus also has an impact on the social, economic, and educational fields. Like it or not, COVID-19 causes most schools and campuses to change their learning patterns. This paper tries to discuss freedom of learning, educational management, and challenges in industry 4.0 for Indonesia during this outbreak. With these 3 objectives, we use a literature review approach. The first conclusion is that the independence of learning in Indonesia has not been optimal so far, because in general many teachers and lecturers still use the old pattern (they are the centers of learning). The second affirmation is that education management in Indonesia is still traditionally based, meaning that the use of learning media (for example online) is not fully used. Third, in terms of Industry 4.0, education in schools and campuses, there is an obligation to take advantage of IoT with the aim that students and students can think critically, develop creativity, hone soft skills to communicate, and train to collaborate with various parties. The biggest job is under the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia, to evaluate the education curriculum and make extra policies to accelerate the civilization of education during COVID-19.

9-14

Authors: Pavle Malovic, Dragan Bacovic

This study aimed to determine the differences in anthropometric characteristics and body composition among rugby players of the national team of Montenegro and Bulgaria, according to positions they play. A sample of 30 examinees is divided into four sub-samples and according to positions they are classified as forwards and backs. Anthropometric characteristics and body composition were evaluated by a battery of 11 variables: body height, body weight, six skinfolds, body mass index, body fat, and muscle mass. It was found that forwards were statistically significant taller and heavier than backs in the national team of Montenegro. Also, that forwards of the national team of Bulgaria statistically significant differed than backs in all skinfold variables and body fat percentage, but backs statistically significant differed than forwards in muscle mass. Comparing players of two national teams regarding to positions they play was found that backs of the national team of Montenegro statistically differed than backs of the national team of Bulgaria in biceps, subscapular, and lower leg skinfolds and body fat, but Bulgarians statistically differed than Montenegrins in muscle mass. Comparing forwards, it was found that Bulgarians statistically differed in abdominal, lower leg, and thigh skinfolds. The nominative data of this study may help coaches to detect weak links in rugby specific athletic performance and set a plan and program to improve them.

19-21

Authors: Marko Perovic

The purpose of this essay is to point out positive and negative sides of sports and society in the period of corona virus as well as in general. I wanted to introduce this specific situation that happened in the world through my personal example as well as through the example of other athletes. I have accentuated the importance of physical and mental health. Also, I have described the most interesting examples of human efforts. I have also analyzed the influence of economic crisis on sports in Montenegro as well as in the whole world. My goal was to motivate other readers to understand the importance of healthy lifestyles and send a strong and optimistic message. Through methods of analysis, synthesis, concretization and generalization I have come to various conclusions which I have presented in my essay. I hope that this text will encourage other people to write and explore, so we can give our contribution to the development of sports together.

27-28

Authors: Nikola Mijuskovic

The basic goal was presenting of sport in the time of the Covid 19 as a predominantly psychological struggle in which a competitor or recreational athlete is forced to beat himself. In addition, the goal is to put focus on the positive sides of the overall situation because the pandemic is a time when we can learn significant lessons that could be successfully applied at regular times. According to this, purpose of work was to spread awareness that each problem has its developmental aspects that we are obliged to notice and use. The method that lies behind the work is the observation of the behavior of the general population through their daily contacts with the challenges from the domain of isolation.

33-39

Authors: Pavle Malovic

When it comes to sports science, it is inevitable to mention the Sport Mont Journal, which has an 18 years long respectable tradition, and which is progressing every year. Sport Mont was founded in 2003 as the official journal of the Montenegrin Sports Academy (MSA), by all merit to the great vision of a full professor at the Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, Dusko Bjelica. The Sport Mont, which is published in three editions annually (February, June, and October), records over 1.400 papers from almost all fields of sports science and sports medicine, signed by renowned scientists from all around the world. During a period of 18 years in Sport Mont is published 120 scientific papers on the topic of combat sports. It can be said that the biggest number of published articles about the mentioned topic was published in 2005 (17), and the activity of scientists from the field of combat sports was quite low in the last couple of years of existence Sport Mont. In 2020 is published 5 scientific papers in a topic of combat sports and it is the bigger number in comparison to the last couple of years, so it seems that authors from the field of combat sports are again active as in the period when Sport Mont established and there is hope that they will give a contribution to developing Sport Mont journal in the next period. This research can be useful for further theoretical research, as well as for theoreticians.

47-49

Authors: Fitim Arifi

The article is providing highlights of the Report of the 17th Annual International Scientific Conference of the Montenegrin Sports Academy "Sport, Physical Activity and Health: Contemporary Perspectives", hosted by the Montenegrin Sports Academy. The event was held on April 2-5, 2019 in Montenegro. The conference was held online, as a Video Conference, from the Montenegro, organized by the Montenegrin Sports Academy, and with the technical support of the Center of Information System (CIS). The participants of the conference were welcomed by Associate Professor Stevo Popovic, dean of the Faculty for Sport and Physical Education, University of Montenegro via Zoom application. This prestigious event gathered about 200 scientists from 46 countries.

9-13

Authors: Ivan Vasiljevic, Dusko Bjelica, Jovan Gardasevic, Marija Bubanja, Marin Corluka, Fitim Arifi, Sami Sermaxha

The goal of this research was to determine the differences in the morphological characteristics and body composition among the top football players of the two clubs, Bosnia and Herzegovinian football club Zrinjski Mostar and Kosovian football club Besa Peje. A sample of 46 subjects was divided into two sub-samples. The first sub-sample of the subjects consisted of 28 players of CSC Zrinjski Mostar of the average age 24.36±4.14, the champion of the Bosnia and Herzegovina in the season 2016/17, while the other sub-sample consisted of 18 players of FC Besa Peje of the average age of 21.83±3.17, the winner of Kosovo Cup in the season 2016/17. Football players were tested immediately after the end of the competition season 2016/17. Morphological characteristics in the body composition were evaluated by a battery of 11 variables: body height, body weight, waist circumference, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, back skinfold, abdominal skinfold, body mass index, fat percentage and muscle mass. The differences between the players of the top two football clubs in the morphological characteristics and variables for assessing body composition was determined by a t-test for independent samples. It was found that the football players of CSC Zrinjski and FC Besa Peje have statistically significant differences by the three variables that estimate the body weight, waist circumference and muscle mass.

19-21

Authors: Nenad Djoric, Veljko Vukicevic

This research was primarily focused on examining the nutritional status of boys and girls of the young school age. The research was conducted in the rural environment in Srem district and it was based on the Body Mass Index (BMI). This was a transversal research, and the sample included 71 students (34 boys and 37 girls) from the first to the fourth grade of the two primary schools in villages Budjanovci and Nikinci. Measurements included height and weight, and based on them, Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. The results of the study showed that the number of underweight children was 1 (1.4%), with normal weight 52 (73.2%), preobese 11 (15.5%) and there were 7 obese students (9.9%). There are no statistically significant differences in the frequency of obesity in all four grades. Considering that obesity at a young school age has a significant effect on obesity and the development of many illnesses in an adult life, it is important to understand this problem in order to do prevention more effectively.

29-33

Authors: Katarina Dragutinovic, Milena Mitrovic

Physical education is a very important teaching subject that affects the growth and proper development of children. The main goal of this research is to determine the teachers attitudes to the teaching on Physical Education. The sample of respondents is consisted of 31 teachers from Podgorica and Niksic. Respondents are divided into 2 subsamples according to the criterion of residence: Podgorica and Niksic. It was used a standardized “Secondary PE Teacher Survey Questionnaire” adapted for this research. The results are shown numerically and in percentages, and statistically significant differences are calculated by the Hi square test at the significance level of p = 0.01. The results of the research showed a positive attitude of the teachers towards the teaching of Physical Education, as well as the fact that the teachers are aware of the importance of teaching and conducting the teaching in a wellorganized way.

41-45

Authors: Ivan Vasiljevic

Sport Mont is an electronic and printed scientific journal that has been created in 2003 and it has been developed by Montenegrin Sport Academy. Main purpose of this journal is to represent people, the new scientific researches from sport science and medicine. This journal has been publishing 3 times per year, in February, June and October from the 2003 until nowadays. It has been published more than 1400 papers. Right now, Sport Mont is indexed in 23 scientific bases, in which the most popular are Scopus and Web of Science. In this paper, it has been made a systematic review of papers published by the lectures from Faculty from sport and physical education from Niksic in a period from 2010 to 2012. It has been founded 60 papers that were researching an amount of different areas of sport science. The results have showed that the lectures from the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education had the most interest in the area of sport training and from that area it has been founded 28 papers. When we talk about lectures that were publishing in that period, professor Dusko Bjelica has published 18 papers meaning that he has been the one who has published the most. At the end we can tell that the lectures from this faculty became very beneficent for this journal, which it shows their professionality and effort. Also, by putting this journal on the top of the area of sport science and promoting science in general in Montenegro.

51-53

Authors: Yang Zhang, Douglas J. Casa, Phillip A. Bishop

This short report discusses two deaths that occurred on October 20th 2019 during half-marathons in People’s Republic of China. The two fatal events were reported to be the consequence of sudden cardiac death. In September 2019, the State Council of China called for nationwide mass sports participation, which raised urgent operational challenges for event organizers and the sports medicine community in China. This report examined emergency preparedness experiences of road races from the United States, in the hope that the Chinese medicine community could continue to improve their ability to respond, and ultimately, to uphold safe sports participation in China.

9-14

Authors: Bojan Masanovic, Velisa Vukasevic

The purpose of this study was to describe anthropometric characteristics of junior handball and volleyball players from the Serbian National League as well as to make a comparison between them. 61 male athletes were enrolled in this study, divided into three groups: 15 handball players, 14 volleyball players and 32 healthy sedentary subjects. The variables sample included 20 anthropometric measures that defined longitudinal and transversal dimensionality of skeleton, volume and mass of the body, and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The descriptive statistics were expressed as a mean (SD) for each variable, while the ANOVA and the LSD Post Hoc tests were carried out to detect differences between group. The results showed that a significant difference was found in variables body height, body weight, elbow diameter, thigh skinfold, calf skinfold, but no significant difference was found in the remaining 15 variables. Therefore, these findings may give coaches from the region better working knowledge and suggest to them to follow recent selection process methods and to be more careful during the process of talent identification.

25-32

Authors: Boris Banjevic

The results of kineziology research in the armed forces of the region and world indicate the existence of differences in morphological and functional space of soldiers compared to ethnographical area, age, military speciality and formation arrangement. The aim of this research is to determine the status and possible differences in morphological and functional characteristics with recruits and professional soldiers of Montenegro Armed Forces. The sample of examinees was made of 50 soldiers being 18-25 years old, divided into two groups: 25 recruits from the Training Center in Danilovgrad and 25 professional soldiers of the Navy and Infantry Battalion of Montenegro Armed Forces. The sample of measures was made of the following morphological and functional indicators: body height, body mass, waist size, hips size, chest size, thigh size, forearm size, abdomen skinfold, chest skinfold, thigh skinfold, body mass index, body fluid percentage, waist-hip ratio, forced volume vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow. The central and dispersion parameters of variables have been calculated, and for determining the differences in morphological and functional characteristics, the t-test has been applied for small independent samples. Statistically significant differences between the sub-samples of examinees have been determined in the morphological variables of waist size and forearm size, therefore it has been concluded that there’s a high coincidence with the majority of morphological and functional parameters. The stated results confirm the need to conduct the research in Montenegro Armed Forces, in order to examine the status and possible existence of morphological and functional differences of soldiers with reference to their age, branch of armed services and military specialty.

39-42

Authors: Ahmed Abdellatif, Badriya Al-Hadabi

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships between some morphological characteristics and the body mass index and the distance achieved in shot put. The sample of this study consisted of twenty-one students from Department of Physical Education at Sultan Qaboos University. Morphological characteristics namely body height, legs length, arms length, trunk length, and body weight. Body mass index was calculated as body weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Distance achieved in shot put also was measured. The collected data were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS and the descriptive statistics were expressed as mean (SD) for each variable, while the simple correlation was carried out to detect the relationships between the morphological characteristics, the body mass index and the distance achieved in shot put. The analysis of the data indicates that the distance achieved in shot put was significantly correlated with body height, legs length, arms length and trunk length, while the distance achieved in shot put was not significantly correlated with body weight and body mass index.

47-50

Authors: Dragan Bacovic

The aim of this research was to deteremine obesity and differences in nutritional status of school children in Central and Southern region in Montenegro. The research involved 189 children divided into two sub-samples: 84 children (7-8 years) from Central region and 105 children (7-8) years from Southern region of Montenegro. Anthropometrics characteristics were evaluated by a battery of 3 variables: body height, body weight, waist circumference. Mentioned variables were used to calculate following anthropometric indexes which gave as informations about obesity: body mass index (BMI), waist to height ratio (WHtR). The difference between the children are tested by a t-test for small indenpendent samples. It’s determined that there are no significant differences between children in Central and Southern region of Montenegro in any monitored variables. Also, it was found that 16.4 % of children were obese and those results can help us to aprehend problem of excessive body weight at specified age and find adequate solutions for this problem.

57-60

Authors: Juel Jarani

The article is providing highlights of the Report of the International Conference in Sport Science “ICSS 2019”, hosted by the Sports University of Tirana. The event was held on December 6-7, 2019 in Tirana, Albania. The Conference provided space for presentation research papers and related discussion, as well as for poster sessions. The Conference was officially opened in the large conference hall of the Sports University of Tirana by prof. Agron Cuka, PhD, Rector of the Sports University of Tirana and chairman of the Conference scientific committee. This prestigious event gathered 264 authors and 84 participants, coming from 7 countries.

7-10

Authors: Marin Corluka, Dragan Krivokapic, Zoran Milosevic, Bojan Masanovic, Dusko Bjelica

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the level of social inclusion between respondents who are not at all engaged in sports activities and respondents who engage in sports and recreational activities once or twice a week. The sample included 60 subjects 55 to 70 years old divided into two subsamples, 43 respondents who are not at all involved in sports activities and 17 respondents who practice sports and recreational activities once or twice a week. Data were collected using the standardized Social Inclusion Scale questionnaire which respondents are voluntarily applied. To determine the significance of differences in the degree of social involvement between groups, was used t-test at the level of significance of p <0.05. It was concluded, based on these results, that significant difference is not found neither for one pairs in the system of comparable parameters.

15-19

Authors: Jovan Gardasevic, Dusko Bjelica, Ivan Vasiljevic, Marin Corluka

The aim of this research was to determine the differences among the football players of the football club in Bosnia and Herzegovina, CSC Zrinjski Mostar and the football players of the football club in Montenegro FC Sutjeska Niksic, in the anthropometric characteristics and body composition. A sample of 51 subjects was divided into two sub-samples. The first sub-sample of the subjects consisted of 28 football players of CSC Zrinjski Mostar of the average age 24.36±4.14, the champions of the Bosnia and Herzegovina in the season 2016/17, while the other sub-sample consisted of 23 players of FC Sutjeska Niksic of the average age of 21.69±4.30, the winner of the Cup of Montenegro in the season 2016/17. Football players were tested immediately after the end of the competition season 2016/17. Anthropometric characteristics in the body composition were evaluated by a battery of 10 variables: body height, body weight, waist circumference, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, skinfold of the back, abdominal skinfold, body mass index, fat percentage and muscle mass. The significance of the differences between the football players of the top two football clubs in the Anthropometric characteristics and variables for assessing body composition was determined by a t-test for independent samples. It was found that the football players of the two mentioned clubs have statistically significant differences by the three variables that estimate the waist circumference, triceps skinfold and skinfold of the back, in a favor of FC Sutjeska Niksic.

27-32

Authors: Milena Mitrovic, Katarina Dragutinovic

Physical Education as an school subject has a great influence on the development of psycho-physical abilities of children. In view of this, it is important to know what the attitude of students towards the teaching of Physical Education is. The aim of our research was to determine exactly what the attitudes of the junior schoolchildrens toward the teaching of Physical Education are in the function of improving or changing the teaching process. We tried to answer the question using anonymous standardized questionnaires adapted to this research. The research involved 327 students of the 4th and 5th grade primary schools from Podgorica and Niksic. The results showed that almost all students are eager to attend classes of Physical Education, which they are very pleased to consider contributing to their health and physical development, as well as the development of friendship, strength, care, value and endurance. Most students believe that Physical Education is as important as other subjects, and that Physical Education is best performed in a schoolroom. A large number of pupils would also not change anything compared to the previous lessons. As far as favorite sports are concerned boys traditionally prefer to play football, while girls are more oriented towards volleyball, handball, rhythmic and gymnastics.

41-45

Authors: Marina Vukotic, Georgi Georgiev

The main goal of this research is to determine whether there are statistically significant differences in the level of anthropometric indicators among athletes of different sports directions (handball and volleyball players), that is, to determine the differences in the changes in the anthropometric indicators of athletes. The study was conducted on a sample of 50 subjects, a male gender divided into two subsample, 25 handball players and 25 volleyball players aged 13-15. In this study, 12 anthropometric variables were tested: body height, arm length, leg length, knee diameter, bicrystalline range, bichromium range, body mass, median volume of the thorax, circumference, upper abdomen, skin abdomen and skin set of lower legs. For all applied variables, the central and dispersion parameters as well as measures of asymmetry and flattening were calculated, and the distribution normality was verified by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. T-test was applied to verify that the system of applied variables has statistically quantitative differences between groups. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that there are statistically significant differences in anthropometric indicators in athletes of different sports orientations. This research can be used by trainers who realize training programs with these and other athletes in order to achieve better results.

53-60

Authors: Yang Zhang, Stevo Popovic, Dusko Bjelica

Damage to the spinal cord results in malfunction of sympathetic pathways, which consequently influences thermoregulation during exercise. A consensus view is that athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI) are at a heightened thermal strain than the able-bodied athletes. However, a number of studies have reported similar increases in core body temperature in both populations. This study presented an up-to-date review of core body temperature response to exercise, from a meta-analytic point of view. Inclusion criteria were persons with SCI and control population (either healthy persons or wheelchair athletes without SCI) completed an exercise trial and their core body temperature responses were recorded under the same environmental conditions. Effect of SCI on thermoregulatory capabilities was quantified as raw mean core body temperature difference. Twelve studies examining 100 persons with SCI (Cervical (C2) to Lumbar (L5)) and 97 persons without SCI were meta-analyzed. The exercise interventions were submaximal exercise and the unweighted means ± standard deviations heat index and exercise duration were 31.5±11.9°C and 57±20 min, respectively. Regardless of injury, core body temperature was not different: raw mean difference, 0.048°C; 95% confidence interval, -0.12°C to 0.22°C. In conclusion, under SCI sport-specific exercise and environmental conditions, SCI does not produce outsized thermoregulatory impact, though the influence could be variable as a result of different lesion levels.