BULLETIN OF THE KALMYK SCIENTIFIC CENTER OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

2

Authors: E. Bembeev

Пюрбеев Григорий Церенович, главный научный сотрудник Института языкознания Российской академии наук, доктор фило- логических наук, профессор, заслуженный деятель науки Республики Калмыкия, По- четный гражданин Республики Калмыкия – признанный в нашей стране и за рубежом ученый, исследователь в области монголь- ского языкознания и монгольской филоло- гии.

3

Authors: V. Tepkeev

The article is devoted to the history of the Oirat migration process from Central Asia to the South- Western Siberia. Due to the lack of sources this subject has not been suffi ciently studied on many aspects in the historiography. The author identifi es four main reasons for migration: environmental, internal political situation, foreign policy, and economic. The main assumption is that revealing the reasons of the Oirat migration from Central Asia to Siberia will allow to resolve all the issues of political history of the Oirats in the 17th century. The mass migration of the nomads from Central Asia to the west has long been seen in history. Nomads being pastoralists, hunters, and warriors due to the dominant mode of production were forced to search for vast areas. Population growth, increase in the livestock, unsuccessful wars, decrease of pasture areas and others forced them to embark on long wanderings. One of which was made by the Oirats in the 17th century. Kalmyk uluses, which had migrated from Western Mongolia, located in the upper reaches of the rivers Irtysh, Ishim, near Kamyshlov town, Omi and Salt lakes. Kalmyks became nearest neighbors of Siberian uyezds (districts) of Muscovy.

4

Authors: N. Naranjargal

In the middle of the 1920s on the basis of the written request on behalf of the Mongolian people and Bogd Khan the fi rst seven representatives of the Mongolian People’s Party composed of three groups were sent to the USSR for military and fi nancial assistance in the struggle for independence from Chinese oppression. The fi rst group of delegates held a series of important meetings with the leadership of the Far Eastern Soviet Republic and Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the C.P.S.U.(b.), where they presented their goals and objectives in the struggle for independence, as well as requests for assistance in training party workers, establishing the printing-house, providing international support, supply of arms and fi nancial assistance. The Mongolian delegation was aimed to achieve the independence of Mongolia under Bogd Khan. The leadership of the USSR advocated the establishment of Soviet infl uence in Mongolia and the transfer of power from the hands of the aristocracy and the clergy to the common people. Despite these contradictions, for the sake of retaining the independence, the Mongolian delegates had to agree with the idea of the people’s revolution the Soviet leadership was interested in. For political purposes the Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) was renamed the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party (MPRP). The Mongolian delegation composed a new letter in which it was stated that the revolution was in the interests of the common people and the power of the Bogd gegeen was limited to the relogious matters. In this case, Mongolia could count on the assistance in the delivery of weapons to 10,000 soldiers, machine guns, artillery guns, cars and 7–8 million dollars credit. Thus, the “fi rst seven”, who went to the Soviet Union for negotiations, successfully completed their tasks and returned home.

5

Authors: E. Aiyzhy, A.- K. Bazyrchap

The article is based on the materials of fi eld investigations conducted by the authors in Kobdo and Bayan-Ulgii aimags of Mongolia and devoted to the traditions of nature management of ethnic Tuvans from North-western Mongolia. The peculiarities of the traditional economy, the territory of nomadism, the customs associated with the ethnic traditions of nature management are considered in the article. The authors come to the conclusion that rational use of natural resources is necessary for the preservation of modern ecosystems which is impossible without studying their characteristics. Since breeding has been the main occupation of the Tuvans from North-western Mongolia, each tribal group knew their place in the overall scheme of nature conservation. Rituals, traditions and experience of farming were passed down from generation to generation. These places were marked by the so called 'ovaa' signs as they were primordially considered native and sacred. The Tuvans living in North-western Mongolia, over many decades have adapted to living in the area, maintaining the tradition of land use without disturbing the natural balance in accordance with the environmental capabilities of the developed environment.

5

Authors: K. Orlova, B. Davaadorj

The study of the written heritage of Mongolian peoples has a long tradition. The largest collections of manuscripts and xylographs in Russia are concentrated in St. Petersburg, Ulan-Ude, and some of them are in Elista and Kyzyl. In Mongolia the richest manuscript collections are held at the State Public Library and the Institute of Language and Literature of Mongolia in Ulan Bator. Recently researchers from different institutions: the Institute of Language and Literature of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of History of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Center for the Study of Oirat History and Culture «Tod nomyn gerel», Mongolian State Pedagogical University, and others have been actively involved in the fi eld research within the complex ethnological, linguistic, historical, ethnographic, folklore and other expeditions. The article is based on fi eld research which was conducted during the scientifi c expedition held in Khovd (in Russian ― Khovdosky) aimag of Mongolia. Materials on the written heritage of the Western Mongols were gathered by scientists of Khovd State University and stored electronically. The collection of manuscripts consists primarily of the Oirat sources. The manuscripts were translated by an outstanding Oirat educator, politician, and founder of the Oirat writing «Clear Script» (1648), Zaya Pandita Namkhai Gyamtso (1599–1662). Thus, the manuscripts are mainly presented by religious, ritual, ethical and edifying writings also related to household activities of Khovd aimag. Further the research will be connected with the description of the written heritage of the Western Mongols.

5

Authors: Ts. Seleeva

The article deals with the semantics of the hero’s image and his functions in a Kalmyk heroic tale and the epos Dzhangar. The author reveals specifi c and universal features of the hero’s image by reconstructing the transformation process of the heroic tale into the heroic epos. The author comes to the conclusion that the universal in the image of the hero is associated with the syncretic nature and interpenetration of genres of both the heroic tale and the epos. The most important source of the formation of both the heroic epos and the heroic tale is a myth through which one can trace the transformation of the heroic tale into the heroic epos which is caused by the development of peoples themselves, their transition from the patriarchal and tribal system to the feudal society. The myth had infl uenced the formation of the heroic tales and heroic epos primarily through the image of a cultural hero. In this connection, the author makes an assumption that this image served as source material contributed to the creation of fabulous and epic heroes’ models. Specifi c features of the image are caused by socio-historical factors of the patriarchal-patrimonial and feudal systems that infl uenced the creation of the image of the hero both in the tale and the epos.

6

Authors: А. Diuldenko

The article considers the scientifi c work of the XVIII century Orientalist – Johannes Jährig. Taking into account the fact that there were no fundamental studies regarding this topic, long time was considered that Jährig was a scientist of the Russian origin. However, on the basis of German historical sources, it became possible to know that he was born in the family of Moravians or Herrnhut Church on 17th March 1747 in Herngaag, Germany. In 1769 he moved to Herrnhut’s settlement in Sarepta, Russia. Analyses of historical sources and periodicals of the Russian Academy of Sciences helped to specify the line of his research. In 1773 Jährig left the settlement and take service at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences due to the assistance of Peter Simon Pallas. Academy charged him to study Kalmyk’s language, culture and religion. As a result he sent to Academy numerous reports, translations, manuscripts, natural samples and many other materials from Kalmykia. In 1780 on behalf of the Academy of Science Jährig moved to the modern Buryatia district in order to study Mongolians of Russia and increase knowledge about this region. At the same time Jährig systematized received knowledge, which formed the basis for Mongolian and Tibet studies of Russia. He developed one of the fi rst Mongolian dictionaries, Mongolian and Tibetan language grammars as well as other numerous essential materials. The article also considers the directions of his cooperation with the European scientifi c community. This fi eld is completely unstudied by Russian historical science. The study found that despite the localized nature of Jährig’s work within the Russian Empire, his works were published in a number of German and English scientifi c publications. Most likely his close contacts with such European scientists as P. S. Pallas and G.Th. von Ash helped him. Moreover, thanks to Jährig the fi rst samples of Mongolian manuscripts appeared in Germany. In conclusion it is necessary to note that Jährig’s almost unstudied scientifi c work had impact on many areas of Russian and German Oriental Studies. His works in linguistics made an inappreciable contribution to science development. As a result their currency continues to increase due to the growing demand of the recovery of almost lost Mongolian native languages of Russia.

6

Authors: B. Idzhaeva, N. Badmaeva

The article examines the main indicators of the standard of living of Kalmykia. On the basis of statistical indicators of the size of subsistence minimum, the average income per capita, the average monthly wage and the structure of money income the author has analyzed the dynamics of changes in the standard of living and income differentiation of the population. It is noted that since 2005 the size of subsistence minimum in Kalmykia has increased by nearly 59% and accounted 7750 rubles in the fourth quarter of 2014. In 2010, 48.5% of the population had an income of less than 6,000 rubles per month. Compared to 2010, in 2013 the proportion of people whose income was less than 6,000 rubles per month decreased by 10% and amounted 28.3%. The statistics show that the average wage of the region in the given period amounted 24,920 rubles. The population of the republic basically spends the money on goods and services (consumer spending). The analysis showed that the level of unequal access to income and other resources still remains high, as shown by the indicators of income inequality.

6

Authors: D. Muzraeva, A. Burykin

The article considers the issues of Oirat and Kalmyk lexical specifi city in relation to the lexicon of ancient and modern Mongolian languages.While considering phonetic, lexical and derivational dialectisms of the Kalmyk language (Derbet, Torgut, Buzava dialects) referring to the contemporary “Kalmyk-Russian dictionary,” the authors came to the conclusion that the differentiated lexicon of these dialects appeared much later, partly, because of the early Russian borrowings. Lexical study of the Oirat dialects of Mongolia revealed a signifi cant number of non-trivial and irregular phonetic correspondences of the Oirat words and the words of other Mongolian languages. It also revealed a number of archaisms preserved both in Oirat dialects and in the Kalmyk language. The specifi city of the Oirat and Kalmyk lexicon in relation to that of the other Mongolian languages, presented in the article for the fi rst time, creates the basis for future comparative and historical research in Oirat Studies.

6

Authors: T. Sharaeva

The article considers Kalmyk tamghas in terms of studying ethnic markers and clan structure of Kalmyks as well as transformation processes in management forms. The topicality of the research is relevant in connection with the processes of ethnocultural revival and the fact that Kalmyk tamghas and the issue of studying ethnic markers have little been studied. The purpose of this article is to examine the Kalmyk tamghas as a clan marker and a sign of ethnogenic relations in the past. In this connection, we have studied forms of tamghas and their marks, their application methods, types and values, and carried out their comparative analysis with those of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples. The analysis of the Kalmyk tamghas allows to conclude that they continue to perform a unifying function for all of the clan representatives and a defi nitive, distinctive function for the representatives of other clan. Though socio-historical processes in the last hundred years have contributed to a signifi cant loss of knowledge about tamghas, however, interest in them has increased due to the revival of ethnic culture in modern Kalmyk society. There is also a trend to change the status of tamghas as a sign of ownership (brand) to the multifunctional symbol associated with heraldry, and the sacred sphere (symbol containing amulet functions). Besides, there is a decline in the status of tamghas: those which were common for the whole clan became common only for one family which is connected primarily with the change process within the forms of management. On the basis of comparative analysis of tamghas it is possible to trace the ethnogenetic ties of the Turkic-Mongolian peoples in the past. Materials on Kalmyk tamghas can be used in compiling a catalogue of Kalmyk clans.

7

Authors: G. Korneev

The article is devoted to the study of the tradition of home prayers of Kalmyk Buddhist laymen. On the basis of the data on the traditions of Theravada and Mahayana, the author comes to the conclusion that the laity’s tradition of prayer on special days three times each lunar month dates back to the ancient period of the history of Buddhism. Though the tradition is still preserved in Kalmyk Buddhism it has some specifi c features. Of particular importance are the texts, read by Kalmyk believers in Kalmyk and Tibetan languages during the days of fasting which are called Matsg. The author identifi es 4 groups of texts and gives their examples. Further research will probably be connected with the identifi cation process of all the texts included in the collections of the prayers of fasting days.

7

Authors: E. Bembeev

The article describes chronological characteristics of the written monuments in «Сlear Script». The development process of the peculiar Oirat (Kalmyk) literature, written in «Clear Script» can be divided into two periods. The 1st period is from 1648 to 1771. The second period is divided into two parts which is connected with the fact that the major part of the Kalmyk people left for Dzhungaria in 1771 and the unifi ed Oirat-Kalmyk written language continued to evolve in different geographical and ethno-political conditions. On the territory of the Lower Volga region the old Kalmyk written language began to develop, the graphic system of which was replaced in 1924 by the Cyrillic alphabet. A conventionally «Oirat» written language has been further developed in Xinjiang which continues to be used at the present time. While studying the chronological characteristics of written heritage in «Clear Script» original works of the authors of the XVII–XIX centuries, primarily historical essays, formal written documentation, as well as works created on the basis of works of folklore will be selected as text sources for the subcorpus of «early texts». These works convey a vivid world of the Oirat and the Kalmyk people’s way of life in the XVII–XIX centuries. Handwritten historical essays, business letters, namtaru and other works of original genres, despite their brevity, are of special cultural value, as they refl ect, albeit in a limited way, the state of the Oirat-Kalmyk language of the time and carry information about the grammatical system of the Kalmyk language.

7

Authors: K. Maksimov

Owing to patriotism, solidarity of the people, scientifi c and economic potential, the Soviet Union not only withstood the attack of Nazi Germany but crushed the Nazis seventy years ago. In order to protect the freedom and independence of the country, the multinational Kalmyk ASSR (Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) along with the entire country and the population, rose to the defense of Russia from the earliest days of World War II. In the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War, almost 34.5 million people (including 21.2 million of Russians) put soldiers’ overcoats to fi ght the enemy. Among them there were 43,210 citizens of Kalmykia. The peoples of the Kalmyk ASSR participated not only in the fi ghting on the front lines of the war and partisan detachments but also worked selfl essly in the rearward, assisting the Red Army. As a result, at the cost of thousands of lives the Soviet people defended their territory and state sovereignty. In July 1942 in conjunction with other compounds of the 51st Army, the 110th Kalmyk Detached Cavalry Division successfully completed its mission on the Don, repulsing an attack of superior enemy forces. According to the manual of the General Staff of the Red Army, Marshal A.I. Yeremenko, the fi ghting on the Don prepared the ground for a fundamental turning point in the Second World War at Stalingrad.

7

Authors: E. Bakaeva

The article considers the existence in the traditional culture of Oirats of Mongolia and Kalmyks of Russia a specifi c type of shoes — felted boots, now called “tohoku”. On the basis of new data it is concluded that this type of footwear had been spread among the Altai Uriankhai, the Torghuts, the Zakhchins and also Kalmyks. This type of footwear was perceived as one of the ethnic markers of the Oirats and Torghuts of Mongolia and China. The features of the piston type pattern of the leather part of the boots — tsarag — and customs of using such boots suggests an ancient origin of this type of footwear and its connection with the culture of hunters. The common name of these peoples, characterized by a specifi ed type of shoes was actually the name of felt boots (or stockings) oims that appeared, probably with the spread of pastoralism.

8

Authors: G. Khishigjargal

The article focuses on studying the Mongol-Manchu’s struggle which resulted in loss of independence of Mongols. There are some main factors in the process of the conquest of Mongolia. The fi rst one is political and feudal disruption of Mongols. Since the 14th century they had been divided into several rival groups and khanates. The most powerful among them were the Chahar khanate in Southern Mongolia, the Dzungar khanate in Western Mongolia and three Khalkh khanates in Northern Mongolia. All of them claimed the great khan’s throne and their constant rivalry eventually led to the mutual weakening. Meanwhile on the territories to the east of Mongolia the neighboring Jurchen tribes were united by Nurkhaci, a charismatic chieftain, under the name of Manchu. The consolidated Manchu state successively conquered the Mongols by means of military force, matrimonial relations and bribes. The fi rst Mongols to ally the Manchus were the Khorchin, next the Chahars were subdued, then the Khalkh nobility pledged allegiance to the Manchu Emperor Kangxi in 1691. Finally in the middle of the 18th century the Dzungars were broken down by the Manchu and became a part of the Qing Empire.

10

Authors: V. Kukanova

The article describes the grammar of order of infl ectional affi xes of nominal parts of speech in the Kalmyk language on the example of the noun word forms. Under the model of infl ectional affi xes we understand an abstract scheme under which a real infl ectional chain with respect to the laws of morpho-phonological compatibility and semantic rules is formed. The research is based on the data of the National Corpus of the Kalmyk language (kalmcorpora.ru), the volume of which is nearly 9 million tokens which allows to obtain objective information on modeling infl ectional chain. The importance of the research lies in the necessity of the classifi cation and the systematic descriptive analysis of associative properties of morphemic units (in this case — stems and affi xes, affi xes and affi xes) in the synthesis of lexical units (in the broadest sense of the word forms) of the Kalmyk language. During the analysis of the material of the National Corpus of the Kalmyk language we identifi ed 33 models of infl ectional affi xes within the nominal parts of speech of the Kalmyk language. A number of these models is dialectal in nature, as, for example, the plural form is based on two plural affi xes: Base + Pl + Pl; Base + Pl + Pl + Case; Base + Pl + Pl + Per; Base + Pl + Pl + Pos; Base + Pl + Pl + Case + Pos; Base + Pl + Pl + Refl . The list of models includes both well-known and frequent schemes, as well as those which haven’t been described in the scientifi c literature (for instance, a model Base + (Inter) + Pl + Equ; Base + (Inter) + Pl + Gen | Ass + Case; Base + (Inter) + Pl + Gen | Ass + Case + Pos; etc.).

13

Authors: B. Goryaeva,A. Bayanova, A. Butaeva, V. Kukanova

The article deals with the analysis of the characters in the frame story of the Kalmyk fairy tale in terms of computer technologies. On the basis of the folklore material recorded by G.I. Ramstedt, the authors consider nominations and characters’ names from the point of view of the frequency of their occurrence in fairy tales. As a result of the authors’s attempted analysis to construct the fi rst stage of the frame story of the folklore text characters, one can establish cultural signifi cance not only of this or that character but of the Mongolian folklore tradition as a whole. Thus, the most frequent character that appears in almost every story (in 14 out of 15 texts), is ‘a man (kyn)’, then ‘a boy’ (kovuyn) and ‘an old woman’ (emgn), with the frequency of occurrence 13 out of 15 tales. Then follow such characters as: ’a girl’ (kuyykn — 12), ‘a horse’ (morn — 11), ‘khan’ (11), ‘an old man’ (ovgn — 10). Whereas the frequency of occurrence of other characters is not so high.

4

Authors: Z. Sirazitdinov, R. Karimova

The article contains a brief biography of F. Khisamitdinova, the prominent Bashkir scientist, who made a great contribution to the development of Bashkir linguistics, particularly, to such scientific courses as historical phonetics, lexicology, lexicography, ethnolinguistics and turkology as a whole.

5

Authors: I. Lamozhapova

A proper noun, particularly a personal name, is a part of an individualizing function, and generates such features as “distinctness and concreteness” in speech because it indicates a certain denotation that is closely related to the onym. It means that the extra linguistic factors play an important role in the formation of the proper nouns. These factors are of historical and cultural events, and they highlight components in society’s vital activities that are indicative of any fundamental aspects of either a social or cultural appurtenance. Complex researches of a language, in particular, researches of proper nouns’ system, are reasonable. This necessity probably gave birth to the direction some have taken in the fields of cognitive linguistics. The main components that help form the extralinguistic conditions, the essential sources of formation that are used to create personal name systems like Buryats, Kalmyks, derived from a Mongol cultural aspect are examined in the article. The information is analyzed from the history of Mongolian clans’ contacts with other ethnic groups. Also, some features from the main cultural component extracted from their religious practices were characterized, peculiarly, to reflect the eclecticism during the period of the Middle Ages. Mongols are one of the most ancient people of the world, and their system of thinking can be viewed from their unique history, distinctive culture, peculiar traditions, and customs. Mongols’ military campaigns under the leadership of Chingis-Khan in large areas caused remaining of their proper nouns to stay intact. The proof of it is in such marks as geographical names of Mongolian language origin. In addition, there was foreign vocabulary in Mongolian anthroponymicon. Turkisms and sinologisms became later manchurism attributes. Religious eclecticism: the original religion- Shamanism, Christianity, Islam are reflected on personal names’ system, as well. Later Buddhism’s distribution is also reflected on this system of personal names. So, some original personal names in “The Secret History of the Mongols” have shamanic roots. Scientists have found Christian origin in the name of the fifth son of Jochi-Syban. The main medieval Mongolian tradition of giving names to people still exists in the culture of the modern Mongolian people.

5

Authors: V. Mushaev

Studying phraseological units of the Kalmyk language is a topical objective of contemporary Kalmyk linguistics. The difficulty of studying set-expressions stems from the fact that their meaning is not defined by the meanings of their individual components. Besides, their grammatical meaning, which appear as grammatical archaisms, does not comply with the norms of the modern language. On the other side, they add emphasis to speech, and highlight ethnical features and the uniqueness of a language. Employing the data of the Kalmyk language, the article studies the generalized system of special linguistic aspects of phraseological units in relation to their structure, semantics, and speech function. The author reviews the linguo-stylistic aspects of usage and functioning of the basic phraseological lexicon in the works by Kalmyk authors. From the artistic point of view phraseological units impart strong emotional tone and define the individual features of Kalmyk writers, as well as convey the universals of the Kalmyk people worldview.

5

Authors: B. Kichikova

The article contains historical and literary commentary on the line “You don`t prattle in French…” from A. Pushkin’s Address “To a Kalmyk Maiden” (May 15–22, 1829). To comment it a number of draft quatrains are involved, which contrast Kalmyk Maiden portrait description with an epigrammatic generalized portrait of Russian noblewoman with her cardinal trait – halfeuropean halfenlightenment. Addressing to some fragments of the poem “Earl Nulin”, the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin”, to Pushkinian literary criticism, to historical and literary as well as to historical and everyday materials of the era, is necessary to cover a subject matter of the Russian language and national culture, mentioned in the commented line of the address “To a Kalmyk Maiden”.

5

Authors: K. Maksimova

Public-private partnership is one of the most promising tools for financing projects, which includes benefits for both the state (improved fiscal, economic and social benefits of infrastructure projects) and the private sector (the guaranteed cash flow for a long time). The choice of financing mechanisms is a key issue of joint investment projects between state and private sector. Another important issue is a financial security in the implementation of public-private partnership projects that pre-determines the level of its investment potential and cost-effectiveness. Since capital investment requires rational, economically profitable placement, it is necessary to find such solutions which would provide proper business profitability of the investment at a reasonable risk allocation and resolve issues within the competence of the state. The equity investment and credit resources of private banks are considered to be the main financing sources of the public-private partnership projects. The state support provides guarantee and direct budget investments in order to encourage investors and develop the market. Combining different funding sources of the project allows the state and municipal authorities to improve fiscal, economic and social effectiveness of the project and attract a large number of potential investors and lenders. The state can vary the proposed financing model for each project, which makes it possible to supervise its attractiveness for both the society and investors. The types and forms of the state and private sector participation in financing the projects on the base of mutual interests for both parties are considered in the article.

6

Authors: A. Tetuev

This article gives a complex analysis of the special characteristics and main tendencies of ethnopolitical processes in Kabardino-Balkaria in the early 21st century. Current situation in the region is characterized by a longterm ethnopolitical crisis which has switched to latency state. Among the key factors that form the ethnopolitical tension in Kabardino-Balkaria are low level of socio-economic development and the lack of public confidence in state and municipal authorities. During the post-Soviet period the state authorities failed to overcome a range of problems, which include the crisis of economy, subsidized character of the region, mass unemployment, low standard of living, terrorism. The issues of municipal units delimitation have not yet been resolved and the land reform in accordance with the requirements of the Land Code of the Russian Federation has not been implemented. Ethnopolitical processes are substantially influenced by demographic and migration factors. High natural increase rate coupled with insufficient economic growth rates induce excess workforce and migration. A matter of great concern is outmigration of the Russian population, which acts a consolidate basis for interethnic concord. In this context it seems rational to monitor political and socio-economic state of the society. Along with this, current ethnopolitical situation in Kabardino-Balkaria necessitates to concentrate the efforts of the executive authorities and municipal governments on implementing complex and consistent measures aimed at enhancing the economic, social and cultural development of the republic. For this purpose it is necessary to secure the development of the regional labor market, create workplaces as a result of deployment of new production facilities, increase business recruitment needs, raise the pay, and intensify residential development.

6

Authors: N. Balinova, I. Khomyakova

The article assesses the data collected by the anthropologists and the geneticists of the N.N. Miklukho- Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, and Moscow State University Museum and Research Institute of Anthropology, who performed a complex anthropometric research of a Sart-Kalmak ethnic group during the 2013 expedition. Body measurements of 84 female and 119 male Sart-Kalmak adults, 830 photographic portraits, fill-out recording forms related to racial traits, and 197 blood samples for genetic analyses were obtained for the study. The average anthropometric measurement values do not vary much among the groups studied. This could be due to either the insufficient number of the collected samples, or the fact that there are in fact no significant differences between the Sart-Kalmaks, the Kyrgyz and the mixed-race as to their somatic features and the size of their head and face. Some peculiarities still need to be noted. Male Sart-Kalmak adults are the tallest of all, whereas the Kyrgyz tend to be more corpulent and their body mass index (BMI) is in the overweight range. Females of the mixed origin tend to be the tallest, however having the least weight and the lowest BMI as compared with the other groups. Kyrgyz male adults show more subcutaneous fat deposition, which is not typical for the women. As for the cephalic index it is the highest in both Sart-Kalmak male and female adults. Sart-Kalmaks and mixed-race men tend to have larger zygomatic diameter and a longer face than the Kyrgyz, whereas females have no such features in their face structure. Both the Sart-Kalmak and the mixed-race males show distinctive difference from the Kyrgyz only by the height of the upper lip and the thickness of the lips. Age-related changes of some morphological parameters in Sart-Kalmak men and women show standard dynamics common for many other ethnic groups. The increase in subcutaneous fat deposition with ageing is the main reason for waistline growth, particularly around the abdomen of both men and women. Most women experience an increase in hip circumference, associated with the manifestation of sexual dimorphism. The fact, that women over 50 tend to grow more abdominal fat, is mentioned by many researchers as menopause-related and accompanied by the accumulation of adipose tissue, mainly, in visceral fat depots. The current research presents the preliminary results of the morphological status analysis of the surveyed groups of the Sart-Kalmaks, the Kyrgyz and those of mixed origin. Based on the data obtained in 2014 from the anthropological survey of sub-ethnic groups of the Kalmyks, we will conduct a comparative analysis of their anthropometric indices with those of the Sart-Kalmaks of Kyrgyzstan. The present research highlights the major trends in the current development of this ethnic group.

6

Authors: Z. Chedzhieva

The article is devoted to the issue of the ethnic and cultural specifics of the Kalmyk and English proverbs and phraseological units containing ‘an animal component’. The main assumption is that each nation and each linguistic community perceives and reflects the world under the influence of its cultural and national customs, traditions and history, and creates its own worldview. The ethno-cultural character of any community’s worldview is clearly fixed in the language. Moreover, the language preserves the culture of the people and transfers it further to the next generations. The aim of the article is to give a structural description of the Kalmyk and English paremiological units. For this purpose, the ethnic peculiarity of each nation is examined and compared with that of the other one. Paremiological units with the structure of complex sentences present compound, complex and conjunctionless sentences. According to the comparative analysis, the most common type for both languages are paremiological units with the structure of complex sentences. The complex sentence structure with subordinate clauses of condition, time, place, as well as attributive and concessive subordinate clauses are mainly found in the Kalmyk proverbs. Whereas, complex, compound and conjunctionless sentences are often found in the structure of English proverbs. However, most Kalmyk proverbs have the structure of conjunctionless sentence and compound sentences are rarely used.

6

Authors: А. Tomaska

When studying social adaptation, it is vital to review the factors affecting the process and the strategies of social adaptation. Scientific literature encompasses a large number of approaches to adaptation factor analysis. This article deals with the demographic factors affecting the formation of the directions of social adaptation for the youth of indigenous ethnic minorities of the North who study in urban environment. The article presents analysis of the primary sociological data collected among the youth of indigenous ethnic minorities of the North who study in urban environment in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic in the cities of Yakutsk, Neryungri and Aldan. The empirical data was gathered through the questionnaire survey method by multistage quote (proportional) sampling. The related quote sample selection attributes include gender, age, educational institution type, ethnicity, and year of studies. The following demographic factors are reviewed for the analysis of social adaptation: migrants’ gender, marital and reproductive attitudes of the young respondents. The factors for their demographic adaption (i.e. age, marital and reproductive attitudes) are inherently controversial. On the one side, the youth has undoubtedly high adaptation potential owing to their age. On the other side, the reviewed socio-demographic group lacks any experience of adaptation and interaction with urban environment. The analysis of migrant students revealed gender imbalance, i.e. high migration activity of young women, although the proportion of young male migrants has increased over recent years. The results of the questionnaire survey demonstrated the differences in marital and reproductive attitudes between school students, college (secondary vocational educational institutions) students, and university students.

7

Authors: D. Vinokurova

The article discusses the difference between such notions as non-local / local community (migrant/nonmigrant) in terms of N. Luhmann’s communicative systems theory and ‘geophilosophy’ developed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. The analysis has been performed with the assistance of the empirical data collected in three cities of Yakutia. It has shown that labor and educational migration rate is higher in Mirny and in Yakutsk, rather than in Lensk. Respondents have been conventionally divided into several groups according to the number of times they changed their place of residence. Thus, there are four groups found: 1) the «traditionally changing their place of residence» migrants (1 move), 2) «active» migrants (2 to 3 times), 3) «intermediate» migrants (4 to 5 times) and 4) «hyperactive» migrants (6 or more times). Besides, they have been asked to express their attitude towards «settling (in a new place)» when completing the questionnaire column titled «native/non-native.»

8

Authors: D. Kukeev

The Corpus of Eastern Sources on the Oirats’ history and the study of Qing multilingual texts is the primary focus of the present article. Focusing on Chinese “Fanglue” and Manchu version of “Bodogon-i bithe”, the author presents to Russian scholars the earlier unknown results of overseas research in Orats studies, comparing multilingual texts of the same source. It is stated that the Manchu text proves to be more complete, whereas the Chinese one contains errors, omissions and deliberate corrections. The Manchu “Zòuzhé” texts are valuable for their being the primary source in multilingual collections, and, since many of them were not included in the “Fanglue” and even forbidden from being translated into Chinese, the valuable information was preserved only in Manchu. “Zòuzhé” is a collection of confidential reports from the local Qing trustees to the Emperor about the facts on the ground. The reports were sent to the Emperor directly, bypassing any intermediate instances. Every day the Emperor received 50–60 “Zòuzhé”. Twice a day reports, reviewed personally by the Emperor, would go to the Great Council (Junjuchu 軍機處) to be copied (wai ji 外纪) twice and sent to the archive and a person in charge. The original of the document with the resolution of the Emperor (Zhupi Zòuzhé 硃批奏摺) was sent to the reporter to review and returned them back; the violation of this rule was punishable by death. Written in the Manchu language “Zòuzhé” of that period often listed intelligence reports to the Emperor marked in Chinese “not for translation”. They contained confidential information on the situation along the Qing army’s proposed route, reports about Galdan and Tsewang-Rabdan, etc. “Zòuzhé” texts are now available for studies by Oirats researchers without a need to visit the archives of China or Taiwan for searching and selecting relevant documents. Multi-volume collection of “Zòuzhé” was published in the Chinese language by the National Palace Museum in Taiwan and then by the First Historic Archive in Beijing. Russian researchers are taking their first steps introducing valuable sources in Manchu on the history of Oirats in the scholarly practice of Mongolian studies.

9

Authors: N. Mulaeva

The aim of the article is to lay down punctuation rules on participles and misrelated participles in a Kalmyk sentence when preparing texts of epic songs for compiling “Explanatory dictionary of the Kalmyk heroic epos Dzhangar”. Punctuation of particles and misrelated participles in Kalmyk language like in many other languages is strongly dependent on syntax. However, the meaning in the speech is a crucial moment to be taken into account, when building a sentence and choosing punctuation marks. It should be noted that the rules, laid down by the authors, are relevant only for the language materials of the epos Dzhangar. The main assumption is that it refers to the early historical period of the Oirat literary language, to its origin. For it bears the marks of the literary language due to its literary processing (arranged set of formulas – poetic, oratory, legal, everyday), its supradialectal form, as well as functional and stylistic diversity.

11

Authors: E. Muchiryaeva

At the end of the XIX century there were different ways of collecting data on the Kalmyk Steppe. Along with annual reports of the Astrakhan Committee of Statistics, there were survey expedition of the Steppe, military-horse census and population census. Military-horse census had been carried out twice a year since 1902. On the whole, there were nine censuses organized from 1875–1912 in pre-revolutionary Russia. In organizational terms, the census was carried out by the warden of the ulus and ulus rulers. Census data included the following information: the name of the uyezd (district), the number of military horse section, the name of the volost (small rural district) and the name of horses roundup. All-Russian Rural Administrative Division was mentioned in the heading of each census table. After 1892 the Administration of the Kalmyk people had undergone the process of reorganization. The analysis of annual reports of the Chief Administration shows that the officials were charged with the collection of a huge amount of information on statistics and accounting. The given summary table, based on the reports of the Chief Administration for 1893–1917 years, demonstrates not only the specifics of its staff, but the scope of its activities in the field of statistical data collection. On the 15th of September 1918 it was decreed to establish local statistica l offices.