International Journal of Oral Health Dentistry

206-209

Authors: Emad A. AlHazzani, Majed D. Al-Dakheel, Mohammed S. Aldossary.

Smile design and makeover for contemporary esthetic dentistry are increasing among dental practitioners. Porcelain laminate veneers are the most used restorations for esthetics. This article provides the essential clinical aspects and considerations that every involved dental professional has to be aware of them. These are very important for a minimally invasive and highly esthetic treatment, with adequate function and a perfect integration that is in harmony with the patient's face, for the best outcomes.

214-216

Authors: Rukmani Rajesvari E, Sam Prasad.

Aim: Primary health care providers are often approached by patients with dental pain and are expected to provide simple management to alleviate the pain and prevent further discomfort until a dentist can be consulted by the patient. The objective of this study is to evaluate the approach towards management of dental pain by general practitioners. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire was used to evaluate the approach and experience of primary health care providers in managing dental pain. Results: Oral Paracetamol and Amoxicillin were found to be the preferred analgesic and antibiotic of choice respectively for management of dental pain. Conclusion: The results of this study point out that the primary health care providers follow a safe approach when it comes to managing dental pain.

220-222

Authors: Shabina Aysha Begum, Sunanda Paul, Smitha Sharon, Jeevitha Murugesh, Faiz Imran.

Smile is the curve that straightens everything. Having a beautiful smile involves many factors such as size, shape & position of teeth, as well as thedir exposure during smiling. The gingiva also plays a role in smile aesthetics, as excess exposure during smiling (gummy smile) can be a problem. In today’s world soft tissue dental laser has become very popular in the treatment of this excessive gingiva to correct Gummy Smile.

225-228

Authors: Geeta Arya, Narendra Kumar, Himanshu Aeran, Jyotsna Seth.

Artificial replacement of the lost eye is done with an ocular prosthesis. Loss of eye or any other facial structures affect the physical, emotional and psychological well-being of a person. Aim of the maxillofacial prosthesis that will restore and replace stoma to gnathic and associated facial structures with artificial substitutes which improve patient’s esthetics, restore and maintain health of these structures. The rehabilitation of a patient who has suffered the psychological trauma of an ocular loss requires a prosthesis that will provide the optimum cosmetic and functional result. A case of a custom-made ocular acrylic prosthesis is presented here, which had acceptable fit, retention and esthetics.

234-237

Authors: Anil Dhingra, Mayuri Kumari, Bharatendu Kawatra.

Periapical lesion is a local response of bone around the apex of tooth that develops after the necrosis of the pulp tissue or extensive periodontal disease. The successful treatment of periapical inflammatory lesion depends on the reduction and elimination of the offending organism. Root canal therapy, periapical surgery, or extraction of the tooth might be the treatment alternatives

240-243

Authors: Himanshu Aeran, Shivangi Chandra, Megha Rautela.

Aim and Background: Treatment of the damaged or carious molars often presents a set of challenges unique to the posterior dentition. Traditional dental treatments continue to be refined to improve the prognosis when treating the posterior dentition. Root canal treatment using calcium hydroxide as an antibacterial dressing has been reported to be successful in healing large abscess-like periapical lesions. The suggested treatment of periapical abscess with metapex followed by conventional root canal treatment of the involved tooth could result in complete healing of teeth which are initially considered hopeless or recommended for extraction. Case Description: The article is to present a case report on the management of periapical abscess associated with mandibular right first molar utilizing metapex followed by conventional root canal treatment. The patient was evaluated after filling of canals with metapex every three months for one year. Radiographic examination on follow up showed healing of the defect as well as resolution of periapical radiolucency. Clinical evaluation also revealed reduction of tooth mobility. Conclusion: Non-surgical healing with metapex is a non-traumatic and cost effective option that can be employed in cases of periapical lesions. It is a good alternative treatment option in cases where peri-apical surgery is indicated.

133-141

Authors: Prerna Raje Batham, Ashish Batham, Ulrika D.P. Kalia.

Oral health is important for all children but is especially important for children with syndromes. Syndrome has a complex array of special features and functional challenges. Good oral health and proper dental follow up is an important element in the overall care pathway for these children. Diagnosis of the syndrome in childhood is basically through oral abnormalities and Orthodontists may be the first to detect these cases by playing important role in early diagnosis. Oral symptoms are the main basis for diagnosis in childhood and adolescence, which is the time most patients receive orthodontic treatment and some of the most frequent clinical features of the syndrome are discovered through radiographs normally used in routine orthodontic procedure. Orthodontic management for syndromic patients require correction of interarch and intra arch tooth relationships to restore near to normal masticatory as well as esthetic functions. Literature regarding oral conditions in patients with various syndromes often covers the periodontal and carious aspects, but less literature was found describing orthodontic aspect. This review is compilation of various features requiring orthodontic corrections and a special emphasis is given on their orthodontic management.

149-153

Authors: Yamuna Priya K, Muthu Prathibha K.

In the recent days, saliva has gained importance as a diagnostic fluid. Human saliva is an easily accessible biochemical fluid, similar to blood in various biological aspects. When compared to other body fluids, saliva is readily available, can be non-invasively collected, with no risk of cross infection. Moreover, salivary analysis can detect changes that are reflective of both oral and systemic conditions. Despite its advantages as a diagnostic fluid, lack of adequate and ac-curate information regarding the methods of collection and storage of samples, prior to the analysis hampers the frequent use of saliva. Successful measurement of salivary parameters requires optimal collection procedures, which is one of the most important pre analytical steps. The present paper is a brief review of the most common and recent methods for collection of saliva. The authors have focussed on the techniques, requisites, advantages, disadvantages and possible variations that can affect the collection of saliva.

158-162

Authors: Thangjam Somorendro Singh, Thangsailova Colney, Khaidem Deba Singh, Nadeem Yunus.

Introduction: The present study was carried out to evaluate the presence of defects on the external surface termed ‘Pores’ and defects on the fracture surface termed ‘Vacuoles’ in the structure of various endodontic sealers when set. Materials and Method: Four Endodontic Sealers namely Endoflux, Endomethasone, AH Plus and Apexit Plus as Experimental Group and Zinc Oxide Eugenol cement as control group were included in this study. The study involved the assessment of surface defects by Scanning Electron Microscope. Results: The frequency of Pores was maximum in Endomethasone sealer, and minimum in AH Plus sealer followed by Zinc oxide eugenol cement (control), Endoflux sealer, then by Apexit Plus sealer. The frequency of vacuoles in different sealers was also found maximum in Endomethasone sealer while it was minimum in AH Plus sealer followed by Apexit Plus and Zinc oxide eugenol cement (control) then by Endoflux sealer. The diameter of pores was found largest in Endomethasone sealer while the diameter of pores could not be measured in AH plus as the pores were too small to measure. The largest vacuoles was found in Endomathesone sealer whereas the smallest was found in Apexit Plus sealer. Conclusion: Based on this study, resin based sealer-AH Plus showed best structural features while zinc oxide eugenol based-Endomethasone sealer had the poorest structural features in respect to the presence of pores and vacuoles.

169-174

Authors: Mansi Tiwari, Abhijeet Deoghare, Anshul Sharma, Shruti Saha, Rajesh Poptani.

Aims: To measure the submucosal thickness in Oral Submucous Fibrosis patients and in normal healthy individuals and to evaluate the changes in the vascularity by using color Doppler in different stages of Oral submucous fibrosis and in normal healthy individuals. Materials and Method: The study group included a total of 50 male subjects out of these 40 OSMF were clinically diagnosed as having OSMF and they are further subdivided into 4 subgroups on the basis of clinical grading (according to Khanna and Andrade)each having 10 patients. While 10 apparently healthy subjects were included as controls. Submucosal thickness of labial and buccal mucosa was measured ultrasonographically for both the groups. Statistical analysis was done using mean ±SD, one way ANOVA test to compare the variable data. Results: When the cases were compared with the controls there was significant increase seen in all the measured sites in cases. The increase in the thickness was found to be increase with the severity of the disease. Conclusion: Significant positive relation was observed in interincisal opening with the duration of habit. However no correlation was observed with respect to frequency of habit and interincisal opening. There was increase in submucosal thickness as the severity of disease increased. There was decrease in vascularity in OSMF as compare to controls. Partial or complete absence of vascularity was seen in Grade III and Grade IV OSMF. A slight thickening of submucosa and decrease in vascularity may be considered as early changes seen in OSMF.

181-187

Authors: Rana Pratap Maurya, Malti Kumari Maurya, Rashmi Kushwaha, Sneh Lata Verma, Reema Kumari.

Introduction: Dental students are at risk to various blood borne diseases transmitted by needle stick/sharp injuries (NSIs) during the course of their clinical training which have been. To reduce the risk from NSIs there should be an essential need to improve and update the knowledge of NSIs and its management by continued education programmes as seminars, lectures and workshops. Aim: To assess the knowledge, awareness and practices regarding sharp injuries amongst the dental students. Materials and Method: This cross-sectional survey based study was conducted among the 150 voluntarily participated dental students who were receiving their undergraduate clinical training in various dental colleges. Data was recorded on a structured questionnaire to elicit the level of knowledge, awareness and practice towards sharp injuries. All data was tabulated in terms of number and percentage. Results: 64% dental students experience NSI in last six month. The main cause of NSIs was orthodontic wires (18.75%) followed by explorer (15.63%), endodontic file and scalpel blade (14.58%), scaler (11.46%), hollow needle and bur (9.38%). Highest number of NSIs was found during orthodontic wire bending and treatment (18.75%) followed by the endodontic treatment (15.63%), diagnosis (12.50%), scaling (10.41%), needle recapping and restoration (8.33%). Adequate number of students had good knowledge and awareness regarding Needle stick/sharp injury. In practice, maximum number of dental students washed hands, used glove and recapped needle after uses but only few students dispose sharps in puncture proof container and used needle destroyer before discarding the syringe during clinical procedure. Conclusion: Dental students required training and teaching regarding management of sharp injuries and should be encouraged to report it to concerned authority.

192-194

Authors: Amina Sultan, Akanksha Juneja, Sudhanshu Bhatnagar.

Fusion and gemination are two separate clinical entities describing two different morphological and developmental anomalies involving a characteristic large crown that may appear clinically similar. Fusion arises when two normally separated tooth germs fuse or join together during the initiation or the morphodifferentiation stage of tooth development resulting in a single enlarged tooth structure with confluence of dentin, instead of two normal teeth. Although a variety of appearances are noted in both of the anomalies but Kelly suggested that in gemination the two halves of joined crowns are mirror images while fusion manifests with a distinct differences in two halves of the crowns. The prevalence of fusion in primary teeth is 0.4%-0.9% and in permanent dentition it has been reported to be 0.2% only and bilateral fusion in permanent is even more rare and reported to be 0.05%.According to reviewed literature for bilateral fusion in the permanent dentition, only one case of complete fusion of incisors has been reported so far.

199-202

Authors: Indu M. Varkey, Pooja Kurup, Kiran Ghule, Uma Dixit.

Mandibular fractures are amongst one of the most common facial fractures in children. Growth centers in the mandible along with the smaller size of jaws and numerous tooth buds present in them can complicate treatment in pediatric patients. Thus a conservative management protocol of closed reduction with functional therapies is the treatment of choice for most undisplaced pediatric mandibular fractures. This article discusses the management of symphysis fracture along with right condylar head and left subcondylar fracture in a 5 year old child. The reduction of fracture, construction and fixation of MacLennan splint with circum mandibular wiring was done under general anesthesia. This splint limited the discomfort and morbidity and served the purpose of reduction of fracture.

74-76

Authors: Soundanya Singh, Puneet Kalra.

Nutrigenomics is an emerging field of science and technology revealing inter-relationships between nutrients and human genome using modern tools such as transcriptomics, metabolomics, epigenomics and proteomics. It implies that nutrition and genetics both play a significant role in the maintenance of human health as well as the development of lethal diseases. Nutrition may be important in redressing the balance between microbial challenge and the host response because it has been implicated in a number of inflammatory diseases and conditions, including type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, all of which have also been associated with periodontal diseases. Based on the pathology of periodontal disease, the assumption is that specific nutrients which can modulate immune and inflammatory responses could in turn modulate periodontal health. Antioxidant vitamins and trace elements which are known to be depleted during periods of inflammation can counteract reactive oxygen species damage to cellular tissues and modulate immune-cell function through the regulation of redox-regulated transcription factors and ultimately affect the production of cytokines and prostaglandins, thus leading to periodontal changes. Thus we now have the opportunity to study nutrient-gene interactions and how diet affects the inflammatory mechanisms underlying severe periodontitis.

81-84

Authors: Shishir Shah, Shilpi S. Shah, Tejal Sheth, Prachi Thakkar.

The eminence of dental unit water is of significant consequence as patients and dental staff are frequently exposed to water and aerosols produced from the dental unit. Dental unit water lines are a source of infectivity from aspirations and from biofilms that form in which ever watery atmosphere. The centers of small-diameter tubing in dental unit waterlines are extra susceptible to biofilm development since they are prepared from a mixture of plastic materials which promote bacterial growth on it. Various method are used for prevention of bio-film formation-Anti-retraction valves, Chloridation of water, Use of ozone and ultraviolet light system and biocides or disinfectants like chlorhexidine gluconate, quaternary ammonium compound, povidine iodine, ethanol, hypochlorite, peroxide and glutaraldehyde. Hence, the purpose of the research was to assess bacterial infectivity of Dental Unit Water Lines before and after the use of OROTOL PLUS amongst the various DUWL.

94-96

Authors: Naveen Srinivas, Ketki Sali, Praveenkumar Ramdurg, Surekha Puranik, Pramod Ingaleshwar.

Introduction and Objective: India is a diverse country with different ethnic origin. Mental foramen is a significantly important anatomical landmark whose position determines the treatment outcome of many dental procedures. The purpose of the present paper was to evaluate the location of mental foramen between the populations of Karnataka and Kerala. Materials and Method: A total of 100 Digital Panoramic radiographs suitable for our study were selected from the records of PMNM dental College and Hospital department of Oral Medicine and Radiology of which 50 radiographs belonged to the Kerala population and 50 radiographs belonged to the local inhabitants of Bagalkot Karnataka. The location of mental foramen was differentiated into 6 types with reference to the mandibular posterior teeth. Results: The mental foramen was situated between the two premolars in both the population. Conclusion: The study concluded that there was no significant difference in the location of mental foramen among two south Indian inhabitants.

105-109

Authors: Shishir Singh, Shilpi S. Shah, Tejal Sheth, Sandip Ladani.

It is a misfortune of the past that tobacco became a legal invention. It would be a myth to presume that a product which destroys semi its customers was given a legal status by way of judgment. Addictive nature of nicotine leads to tobacco dependence, which can be cured through Tobacco-use Cessation (TUC). Dentists can play a significant role in TUC as dental treatment often necessitates multiple visits, providing a platform for initiation, reinforcement, and support of tobacco cessation activities. Despite this proven potential, not many dental students routinely offer tobacco-use cessation counseling to their patients although the majority of them have positive attitude towards the idea. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, behavior, constraints & practices of clinical dental students of four dental colleges of Gujarat, towards tobacco-use deterrence & termination encouragement in oral healthcare settings.

114-119

Authors: Chihargo, Ricca Chairunnisa.

Introduction: Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is part of temporo-mandibular disorders (TMDs), which involve the masticatory muscles and cervical muscles around neck can also be affected. There are a lot of etiologies of MPS. Therefore, diagnostic procedures are very critical to make a proper treatment in treating TMDs. This paper aims to describe diagnostic and treatment procedures with special attention given to clinical importance of TMDs and the fabrication of Michigan splint. Case Report: A clinical case with a 68-years-old female patient undergo a pain on right cheek area, especially while mouth opening for too long, there will be more pain and stiffness, also ever up to headache. On clinical examinations, there is no clicking, nor crepitus, and no pain on temporo-mandibular joint. However, there is pain by palpating multiple muscles around face and neck and limited jaw opening. Discussion: Etiology factor of MPS on this patient was extrusion of lower right third molar leads to traumatic occlusion. Patient was treated with analgesics, muscle relaxants, fabrication of Michigan splint also occlusal adjustment. Michigan splint is also known as stabilization splint with cuspid rise and increasing the occlusal vertical dimension by the amount thickness of occlusal part of the splint, which is mostly indicated for patient with TMDs of arthrogenic/myogenic origin and nocturnal bruxism. Conclusion: There are several ways which participate in management of TMDs. The occlusal splint may provide behavioral effects about the position, function and parafunction of the mandible as well as placebo effect.

125-126

Authors: Amit A. Sangle, Aruna A. Tambuwala, Kavina Mansukhani, Ashvini K. Vadane, Ashvini S. Anikhindi.

Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory condition of the bone.(1) The word “osteomyelitis” is derived from two greek words “osteon” means ‘bone” and “myelions” means “marrow”.(6) The meaning of “osteomyelitis” is the infection of medulla of bone. “Tuberculous osteomyelitis” is the osteomyelitis occurring in patients who are immunocompromised as they suffer from tuberculosis.(9) Here, in this article, we are highlighting a case report of a 9 years old female patient suffering from tuberculous osteomyelitis of mandible. This case is a rare case and was successfully managed.

6-9

Authors: Karthik R, Mohan N.

In the modern era of medicine, Dermal fillers are used for aesthetic reasons, the choice of the Dermal filler depends on several factors such as the defect to be corrected, desired longevity and material used. The adjunct use of Dermal fillers with other procedures such as the use of laser, chemical peels, Botulinium toxin, radiofrequency and aesthetic plastic surgery helped in improving the fine corrections of facial defects.

15-18

Authors: Amit Kumar Singh, Wagisha Barbi, Rashi Chauhan, Karishma.

Gastro esophageal reflux is described as movement of the contents present in stomach into gastric the esophagus, and GERD is defined as symptoms or complications of GER. Lifestyle, drugs, diet plays an important role in the causation of GERD. Two major oral manifestation of GERD includes altered taste and dental erosion. Dental erosion can be treated with minimal intervention such treatment should include control of microflora, remineralizatin and adhesive restorations.

26-28

Authors: Ketki Sali, Naveen S, Praveen S. Ramdurg, Vijaylaxmi Mendegeri.

Background and Objectives: Dental caries and chronic generalized periodontitis are the two most common oral diseases of the adult population. Etiology of these two diseases is entirely different along with the other salivary factors like salivary Ph, calcium, phosphorous levels etc. Depending on these variations an inverse relationship exists between these diseases. Hence the aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries in chronic generalized periodontitis patients. Materials and Method: Sample consisted of 60 patients diagnosed with chronic generalized periodontitis using DMFT and CPI index. Results: The mean DMFT scores of our test group were 3.13 ± 1.53 and mean number of decayed teeth was 2.23±1.12. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental caries was lower in chronic generalized periodontitis patients. Hence we would like to conclude that preventive measures have to be considered in such patients to lower the risk of caries.

34-37

Authors: Saritha Maloth, Archana Mukunda, Padmashree S.

Background: Exfoliative cytology is a simple, non-invasive clinical technique which can be used to determine the morphology and cytomorphometric changes in exfoliated cells. Studies on oral mucosal cells of type II diabetes have shown qualitative and quantitative cellular changes compared to that of normal healthy individuals. Aims: To evaluate alterations in the morphology and cytomorphometry of oral cells in type 2 diabetics and healthy individuals using exfoliative cytology technique. Materials and Methods: Smears from scrapings of clinically healthy oral mucosa (buccal mucosa and tongue) of 25 type 2 diabetics and 25 healthy controls were stained by Papanicolaou staining method and were observed under microscope for cytomorphological assessments. In each slide, the cytoplasmic area (CA), nuclear area (NA) and cytoplasmic area to nuclear area ratio (CA:NA) of 50 cells were measured. The data was statistically analysed. The p value was calculated using student ‘t’ test. Results: Out of 25 diabetics patients 9 (36%) were males and 16% were females and were found to be in the age range of 30-80yrs. The cytoplasmic area of the cells from diabetic patients was reduced in comparison to the normal patients and was statistically significant with a p value of less than 0.001. Exfoliated cells from diabetic patients showed an increase in the nuclear area in comparison to the normal with a p value of 0.001 which is statistically significant. The nuclear cytoplasmic ratio of cells of diabetic patients was increased in comparison to the normal cells and was found to be statistically significant with p value of 0.001. In 25 cases of diabetic smears obtained 14 cases were from buccal mucosa and 11 cases from tongue. However, we found no statistical significant difference in the cytoplamsic area, nuclear area and nuclear cytoplasmic ratio between the two sites. Conclusion: Exfoliated cells reveal definitive morphological changes which can be assessed morphometrically. Exfoliative cytology can be a reliable tool to aid in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

43-49

Authors: Kedar M. Wani, Ravindra Manerikar, Sandeep Jethe, Sonali Deshmukh, Jayesh Rahalkar.

Objective: Different ethnic groups present variations in the various cephalometric analyses that are performed to determine the sagittal relation. This study is aimed at establishing the norms for Beta angle and Yen angle in Maratha population and to evaluate their reliability in sagittal malocclusions from amongst select local population. Materials and Method: A total of 120 samples were divided into three categories. 60 samples of Class I normal occlusion (30 males and 30 females) were used to establish the norms. 60 samples with skeletal Class II and Class III relation were used for checking the reliability of the established norms. Lateral cephalogram of all the samples was procured and tracings were done to calculate ANB Angle, Wits appraisal, McNamara differential, Beta angle and Yen angle. Oneway ANOVA was done to determine the means of Beta and YEN angle in Maratha population. Results: The Maratha population norms for Beta angle is 31.50 +/- 2.70 and for YEN angle is 122.20 +/- 2.90. The values less than this indicate Class II relation and more than this indicate Class III relation. Conclusion: The established norms are reliable and comparable with the local population with no significant difference between the genders.

54-58

Authors: Bindu Meera John, Aamir Purra, Arindam Dutta, Abdul Wahid Zargar.

Background: Aim of the study to evaluate the topographical effects of more than 5 min immersion of gutta-percha in different concentration of sodium hypochlorite with the help of Atomic Force Microscope. Materials and Methods: This investigation was carried out on four standardized gutta percha (GP) cones (ISO size 60). The gutta-percha cones were cut 3mm from their tip and then immersed in 0.5%, 2.5%, 5.25% NaOCL and de-ionized water for 2mins, 5mins and 10 mins immersion time interval. De-ionized water served as a control. The topographical analysis in atomic force microscope (AFM) were performed for each cone on twelve different points (n=12) located between 1 and 2 mm from the cone tip after every immersion time period. After the immersion, the samples were thoroughly rinsed with 5 ml of distilled water to remove sodium /chloride crystals, and the region around the cone was dried with filter paper. Results: The surface roughness of the gutta percha was evaluated by using AFM. The mean values of root mean square (RMS) for different groups were calculated and subjected to statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was done by one way Anova test & multiple comparison with Post–hoc Tukeys test. There was a statistically significant difference in the RMS values between 0.5%, 2.5% and 5.25% NaOCL groups (p<0.05) but there was no statistically significant difference between 0.5%NaOCL and control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: Sodium hypochlorite immersion significantly decreased the RMS values of gutta-percha as the concentration of sodium hypochlorite was increased from 0.5% to 5.25%. 5.25% NaOCl immersion till 5 minutes decreased surface roughness but roughness increased significantly at 10 min with 5.25% NaOCl.

63-66

Authors: Ashwini Nerkar, Rajeev Gadgil, Ajay Bhoosreddy, Chetan Bhadge, Gaurav Verma.

Juvenile ossifying fibroma is an uncommon clinical entity. It’s aggressive local behaviour and high recurrence rate (30-58%) means, that it is important to make an early diagnosis, execute the appropriate treatment and follow up the patient over a long period of time. In the current article, we report a case of juvenile ossifying fibroma-WHO type in a 11yr old girl, which was asymptomatic in nature. It was at an unusual location, involving premolar and molar region of left mandible and as a result was clinically and histo pathologically challenging. An incisional biopsy was performed giving diagnosis as central ossifying fibroma. Surgically, a more conservative procedure of enucleation was perfomed as the treatment of this tumour and the diagnosis was reconfirmed. Postoperatively, follow up of 6months have shown no evidence of recurrence till now.

70-73

Authors: Sandeep Kaur, Kirandeep Kaur, Neha Mahajan, Abhiroop Singh, Romesh Singh.

Amelogenesis Imperfecta(AI) represents structural developmental defect of tooth enamel having complex inheritance pattern. It represents a group of heterogenous conditions. AI has several names such as hereditary enamel dysplasia, hereditary brown enamel, hereditary brown opalescent teeth. In this disorder, the enamel is hypoplastic, hypomineralized or both. It may show autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked or sporadic pattern. Here, we report three cases among six children of the same family with Amologenesis imperfecta, analyse the clinical presentation, diagnostic features and clinical complications of Amelogenesis imperfecta.

Page No. 213-216

Authors: Shreshta Sathish

Understanding the biocomplexity of cell behavior in relation to the topographical characteristics of implants is essential for successful osseointegration with good longevity and minimum failure. The aim of a brighter, better and long-lasting dental implant has lead to the entry of nanotubes that can battle infection, improve healing, and help dental implants last a lifetime. Nanotubes have been in use in orthopedic implants but have not found its way yet into dental implants. This article reviews the advantages and application of nanotubes in dental implants.

Page No. 220-223

Authors: Abhilasha Dass, Ajay Saxena, Manoj Chandak, Chandani Bhatia, Shilpa Shrivastava

Sterilization of the root canal is the ultimate goal for successful endodontics. The extrusion of apical debris has a harmful effect on the prognosis of root canal treatment. New innovative file designs and cutting rake angles have in abed in less extrusion of debris. Materials and Methods: 40 straight rooted single rooted human mandibular premolar teeth were divided in 2 groups of 20 teeth each. Each group were instrumented with rotary Mtwo systems and Protaper next system. The apically extruded debris was collected on the pre-weighed Millipore plastic filter disk and weighed using microbalance. Intracanal debris was analyzed using binocular research microscope. The mean weight of extruded debris for each group in the root canal was statistically analyzed by a Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The results show that all instrumentation techniques produce some amount of extruded debris and irrigant. The amount of extrusion was least in Protaper next group as compared to M two file group. Conclusions: Considering the study, Rotary instruments with their innovative designs & less screwing in effect has drastically decreased the apical extrusion of debris & intracanal debris but extrusion of debris was seen in all the groups.

Page No. 228-231

Authors: Richa Aggarwal, Rubina Gupta

Aim: Hydrogen peroxide mouth-rinse (1.5%) had been studied as an agent in this study to evaluate the reduction in discoloration of esthetic ligation methods after intra-oral exposure and also to observe their effect on periodontium. Material and Method: In 30 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, split-mouth design was employed for clear elastomeric modules and Teflon coated ligature wire, wherein AO was placed in the first quadrant, 3M in second quadrant, Teflon in the third quadrant and TP in the fourth quadrant. They were tested at three different time period: As received state, after 3 weeks of intra oral exposure and after 3 weeks of intra oral exposure with hydrogen peroxide mouthwash twice daily. Their change in color dimensions were observed through digital SLR camera. Result: After intra oral exposure of 21 days, ∆E (change in color) for first quadrant is 51.30±0.43, for second quadrant is 47.24±0.82, for third quadrant is 3.77±0.32, for fourth quadrant is 43.24±0.57. After intraoral exposure of 21 days with Hydrogen peroxide mouthwash, ∆E observed for First Quadrant is -14.48±0.43, for Second Quadrant is -11.64±0.23, for Third Quadrant is ∆E= -2.30±0.40 and for Fourth Quadrant is -16.89±0.82. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that hydrogen peroxide revealed statistically significant potential in reducing discoloration as well as gingival inflammation. Also, Teflon coated ligature wire had shown most superior properties in terms of resistance to discoloration. So, it can be the preferred choice for aesthetic ligation.

Page No. 236-242

Authors: Mahak Kapoor, Maninder S. Sidhu, Mona Prabhakar, Ashish Dabas, Puneet Yadav

Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the shear bond strength of self-etch primer and self-adhesive resin cement and to study the effect of adhesion booster on self-adhesive resin cement, under dry and moist condition. Materials and Methods: The 120 teeth were randomly divided into two groups, of 60 each, according to the dry and moist condition (D and M). The two groups of 60 teeth were further subdivided into 4 groups of 15 each, according to the adhesives being used. These were, conventional etch and resin system, (Transbond XT), group D1 & M1; self-etch primer (SEP, 3M) plus Transbond XT adhesive, group D2 & M2; self-adhesive resin cement (Rely-X U200, 3M Unitec), group D3 & M3; and self-adhesive resin cement (Rely-X U200, 3M Unitec) with adhesion booster (Enhance L.C, Reliance), group D4 & M4. The shear bond strength was detected using universal testing machine (INSTRON). Statistical analysis used: T test, one way ANOVA, followed by Post-Hoc test (Post Hoc Analysis, Bonferroni) was used. Results: Under dry and moist condition highest mean shear bond strength, 8.80±4.96 MPa and 7.18±6.15 MPa, was of samples bonded under Group D2. The shear bond strength of Group D4 demonstrates the mean value, which is below clinical significance. Under moist the mean shear bond strength of all the other groups was below clinical significance. Conclusion: Self-adhesive resin cement under moist condition showed the shear bond strength below clinical acceptance. The self-adhesive resin cement when used with adhesion booster also did not improve the shear bond strength, under dry or moist condition. Self-etch primer was least affected by salivary contamination.

Page No. 260-264

Authors: Luv Agarwal, Ankit Gupta

Extraction versus non-extraction debate has been a major controversy in orthodontics and it is still continuing since Angle era. Extraction of premolar teeth is the conventional treatment of choice for the management of class I malocclusion cases but in border line cases, orthodontists find difficulty in making a decision particularly in cases with good facial esthetics. However class I malocclusion with arch length tooth tissue discrepancy can be managed with the extraction of a lower incisor tooth. This would produce a more acceptable aesthetic outcome. Lower incisor extraction becomes a therapeutic alternative to premolar extractions in cases of lower anterior crowding and cases with well occluded posterior teeth.

Page No. 268-270

Authors: Sumana Devadiga, Joel D’Silva, Mahabaleshwara Chalatadka, Rakesh Nair

Calcifications found in the salivary ducts or glands are called sialolithiasis or salivary gland stones. Submandibular gland is most commonly affected followed by parotid. The treatment options include its surgical removal via dissection into the duct or the gland. We present a case of an 81 years male patient having large submandibular duct sialolithiasis which was treated by an intraoral surgical approach with a little overlook on to the literature.