Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction

Pages 169-175

Authors: Lee Mee, Tar Choon Aw, Siew Chen Hum, Shaw Ni Lee, Stephanie Fook-Chong Man Chung, Su Ling Yu

Objective To determine the basal ovarian reserve markers for prediction of poor and high responses and clinical pregnancy outcome in subfertile Asian women requiring controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) treatment in Singapore. Methods Subfertile Asian women, aged ≤40 with basal serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level of ≤12 IU/L, were enrolled prospectively during routine preliminary endocrine ovarian reserve assessment prior to COS regime for intracytoplasmic sperm insemination (ICSI) cycles. Basal serum levels of the endocrine ovarian reserve markers (anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), estradiol, FSH, luteinizing hormone), antral follicle count (AFC) and ovarian response parameters were compared between the Poor (retrieved oocytes ≤4), Normal (retrieved oocytes, 5 to 19) and High Responder (retrieved oocytes ≥20) groups of women. Results Basal serum AMH and AFC were significantly correlated to age (r =−0.213 and −0.243, respectively) and to the number of retrieved oocytes (r=0.570 and 0.523, respectively) (P<0.05). Both basal serum AMH and AFC were significant discriminators of poor response (cut-off levels of ≤2.0 µg/L and ≤12, respectively) and for high response (AMH ≥3.2 µg/L and AFC of ≥20, respectively) to COS. Basal AMH was the only significant predictor for clinical pregnancy outcome, ROCAUC =0.71, cut-off level of ≥3.0 µg/L and odds ratio of 1.42. Conclusion Both basal serum AMH and AFC were reliable ovarian reserve markers for predicting poor and high ovarian response to COS in Asian women. Basal AMH was the only significant predictor for clinical pregnancy outcome.

Pages 180-183

Authors: Dewi Ratna Sulistina, Retty Ratnawati, I Wayan Arsana Wiyasa

Objective To investigate whether orally exposure to rhodamine B could be changes the expression of Bax, Bcl-2 of the hypothalamic, and also levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in female rats. Methods Twenty eight virgin female Wistar rats were divided into four groups, including control group, group exposed to dose of 4.5, 9 and 18 milligram/200 gram body weight (mg/200 g BW) of rhodamine B daily for 36 days. The hypothalamic expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 were examined immunohistochemically. The levels of serum FSH and LH were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Results The level of Bax was significantly higher in the rhodamine B treatment group compred to control group (P<0.05). Out of the 4.5, 9, and 18 mg/200 g BW doses of rhodamine B treatment, only the two highest doses significantly decreased the Bcl-2 levels compared to the control group (P<0.05). The serum FSH and LH levels were significantly lower in all dose's rhodamine B treatment groups compared with the control (P<0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, rhodamine B increases hypothalamic cell apoptosis and disrupts hormonal balance in rats.

Pages 192-199

Authors: J.S. Rajoriya, J.K. Prasad, S.K. Ghosh, P. Perumal, Anuj Kumar, Shobhana Kaushal, S.S. Ramteke

Objective To assess the effect of different seasons on expression of HSP70 and HSP90 genes of spermatozoa in Indian breed, Tharparkar bull. Methods Total numbers of 60 ejaculates from 3 bulls were collected through artificial vagina method twice a week during summer and winter season (30 ejaculates from each season). The semen samples were pooled and diluted with the standard TEYC extender and these semen samples were allowed to study the expression of HSP 70 and HSP 90 genes of spermatozoa with commercially available kit. Results No significant difference was observed in spermatozoal mRNA expression of HSP 70 and HSP 90 during winter and summer season in this bull semen. But the mRNA expression of both HSP 70 and HSP 90 during summer season was found non-significantly higher in comparison to winter season. Conclusion It was concluded from the present study that there was no significant difference in the mRNA expression of HSP 70 and HSP 90 between the winter and summer season, presence of similar type of stress resistant spermatozoa in Tharparkar bull semen and the semen can be cryopreserved throughout the year in this prestigious Indian breed.

Pages 204-209

Authors: Parathattil Rathan Sreedevi, Venkatachalam Uthayakumar, Rajarajeswaran Jayakumar, Venkatachalam Ramasubramanian

Objective To standardize the technique of induced breeding and spawning of green mussel Perna viridis (P. viridis), in captivity. Methods In Experiment-A, the temperature was increased at a rate of 2 °C/5 days interval. In Experiment-B, a rise of 3 °C/5 days was practiced, whereas in Experiment C and D, respectively 4 and 5 °C was increased in 5 days interval. The temperature was maintained constant at 20 °C in the Control. Results The increase in temperature showed a progressive effect on the gonadal development of mussels. The gonads ripped at 30 to 32 °C in all the experimental tanks, irrespective of the difference in temperature hike. Complete spawning in P. viridis was achieved by gradually raising the temperature from 20 to 35 °C at a rate of 3 or 4 °C/5 days. Conclusion According to the present study temperature induced spawning method is very simple and cost effective and can accelerate the production of mussel seeds in hatchery units and further stock improvement through genetic manipulation.

Pages 218-223

Authors: Afaf M. Weli, Jamila R.K. AL-Hinai, Jawaher M.A. Al-Mjrafi, Jawaher R.S. Alnaaimi, Mohammad A. Hossain, Sadri Saeed, Md. S. Aktar

Objective To prepare different polarities leave crude extracts of Juniperus excels (J. excels) and to determine their phytochemical screening, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Methods The phytochemical screening of different crude extracts was determined by well-established methods. The antioxidant activity was determined by free radical scavenging (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) method. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar disc diffusion method and cytotoxic activity was determined through brine shrimp lethality assay. Results The phytochemical tests showed that alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroide, triterpenoids and tannins are present in all leave crude extracts except chloroform crude extract do not contain tannins. The antioxidant results of crude extracts were found to be in the order of hydro alcoholic > chloroform> ethyl acetate >hexane. All leave crude extracts showed moderate antibacterial against gram positive and gram negative food borne pathogen bacteria. The cytotoxicity results revealed that hexane and chloroform extracts have killed all the shrimp larvae at the concentration of 500 μg/mL. Conclusion More in-vivo and in-vitro studies along with detailed phytochemical investigations are needed in order to potentially use this plant in the prevention and therapies of some oxidative damage related diseases.

Pages 231-237

Authors: Sushant Kumar Verma, Abdul Alim

Objective To determine the differences in the activity of pituitary prolactin cells between male and female fresh water teleost Mastacembelus armatus (M. armatus) during their reproductive cycle. Methods Fishes were sampled every month throughout the year. They were dissected, gonads weighed for the determination of GSI. Blood samples were collected for estimation of plasma calcium, 17 β-estradiol of females and testosterone of males and prolactin. Nuclear diameter of PRL cells, diameter of oocyte and testicular lobule was measured by image analyzer microscope. An experiment was also conducted in which female and male fishes were injected with 17 β-estradiol and 17 alpha-methyltestosterone respectively and the blood samples were analyzed for plasma calcium, prolactin and sex steroids levels. Results Negligible change in plasma calcium and prolactin level and little variation in nuclear diameter of PRL cells were recorded throughout the year in relation to testicular cycle as well as after 17 alpha-methyltestosterone administration in male. Variations in level of plasma calcium and prolactin and a large range of difference in nuclear diameter of PRL cells were noted during ovarian cycle as well as after 17 β-estradiol administration in female. Conclusion Difference in the activity of PRL cells was noted between male and female M. armatus. It act as hypercalcemic factor in females whose level increase along with maturation of ovary with the influence of increasing level of 17 β-estradiol from ovarian follicles to fulfill the increased demand of calcium for vitellogenesis and thus directly effecting reproduction. No such role of prolactin was observed for male fishes. Citing articles (0) Open Access Open Access Article The pattern of non-obstetric fistula: A Cameroonian experienceOriginal Research Article

Pages 249-252

Authors: Manisha Sahu, Prakash K. Sahoo, Mahesh C. Sahu, Rabindra N. Padhy

60 years old postmenopausal woman was presented with complaints of intermittent watery discharge from vagina, and of cramping pain at the lower abdomen. On pelvic examination, blood tinged watery discharge was seen coming out of os. But, ultrasonography revealed bilateral adenexal masses and pyometra. The serum CA-125 level in blood was raised. Cervical smear showed inflammatory changes, but endometrial histopathology was negative for malignant cells. Suspecting ovarian malignancy, laparotomy was done that revealed the bilateral tubal growth with normal ovaries; the right adenexal mass was of the size (6.8×4.8) cm while, the left adenexal mass was the size of (4.2×2.6) cm. Histopathology study revealed bilateral serous cyst adenocarcinoma of fallopian tubes. The case of bilateral primary fallopian tube carcinoma was presented here for its rarity.

Pages 85-89

Authors: Vy Phan, Eva Littman, Dee Harris, Antoine La

Objective To analyze the correlation between embryo morphology and the chromosomal status using the array comparative genomic hybridization [array comparative genomic hybridization (a-CGH)] technique for screening 23 chromosome pairs in a single blastomere biopsy from Day 3 embryos. Methods One thousand five hundred and fifty seven embryos were included from 203 cycle ICSI patients undergoing preimplantation genetic screening. The 23 chromosome pairs were analyzed by blastomere biopsy from day 3 embryos using a-CGH array method. Embryo development rate, fragmentation rate and chromosome status of the analyzed blastomeres were recorded and correlated with the aCGH results. Results The incidence of chromosomal abnormalities was significantly higher in slow-and fast cleaving embryos at day 3 after insemination. The incidence of fragmentation and the type of fragmentation was associated with an increased incidence of chromosomal abnormalities. The symmetry of the blastomeres also correlated with the aneuploidy rates. Conclusions Embryo development rate and morphological parameter such as degree, type of fragmentation and the symmetry of the blastomeres to a large extent reflect the cytogenetic status of the embryo and thus are important in the selection of embryos with the highest implantation potential.

Pages 97-105

Authors: Karuppusamy Arunachalam, Thangaraj Parimelazhagan Abstract PDF (1116 K)

Objective To explore scientifically, the type–I anti-diabetic potential of Ficus talboti bark (FTB). Methods The HPLC analysis was carried out to identify the phenolic compounds. Effect of two doses of methanol extract of FTB (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body wt.) was orally administered to STZ (Streptozotocin) induced diabetic rats for 21 days. The various parameters were studied including body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, plasma insulin, lipid profile, glycogen content, total protein, serum enzymes levels, and antioxidant activities in normal, treated and diabetic rats. Histochemical analysis of liver and pancreas were also carried out in normal, treated and diabetic rats. Results The HPLC analysis showed the presence of antidiabetic responsible compounds of Rutin, Quercetin and Kaemfeorl. The treatment group with the extract at two dose levels showed a significant increase in the liver, muscle glycogen and serum insulin level and a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose and serum marker enzyme levels. The total cholesterol and serum triglycerides levels were also significantly reduced and the high density lipoprotein and plasma enzymes level was significantly increased upon treatment with the FTB methanol extract. Histochemical study of pancreas also confirmed the biochemical findings. Acute toxicity studies revealed the non-toxic nature of the FTB methanol extract. Conclusion The results of the experiments presented here suggest that methanol extract of FTB exerts significant antidiabetic and antioxidant effect in STZ induced diabetic rats.

Pages 110-115

Authors: G Asuntha, Raju Y Prasanna, Chowdary V Harini, KR Vandana, Rasheed Arun, KVSRG Prasad

Objective To study the aphrodisiac potentials of ethanol extract of Argemone mexicana L. (A. mexicana) of Papaveraceae family in sexually sluggish male Wistar rats. Methods The sexually inactive male rats were divided into two groups of 8 rats each. The test group animals were treated with ethanol extract of A. mexicana (EEAM) at 1 g/kg daily oral dose for 28 days. Other group animals were treated with sildenafil citrate at an oral dose of 5 mg/kg. The latencies of mount, intromission, ejaculation; post ejaculatory pause and frequencies of mount, intromission, and ejaculation were measured on 0, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days. Serum testosterone levels were estimated using ELISA. Results The EEAM was nonlethal even at dose of 4.0 g/kg. The oral dosing of EEAM has significantly enhanced the orientation of males towards female by increase in ano-genital investigatory behavior, frequencies of mount, intromission, and ejaculation (P< 0.01). The latencies of mount, intromission and ejaculation were significantly decreased (P<0.05). The EEAM has produced marked variation in sexual behavior characteristics and was able to elevate the serum testosterone levels (P<0.01) on par to that of sildenafil citrate. Conclusion The EEAM has elevated sexual dysfunctions in male rats. These potentials may be related to protopine alkaloids and flavanols by means of physiological stimulus for penile vasculature. Thus, results support the use of EEAM in enhancing sexual behavior in sluggish male rats.

Pages 121-127

Authors: Mst. Hajera Khatun, Mst. Luthfun Nesa, Rafikul Islam, Farhana Alam Ripa, Al mamum, Shahin Kadir

Objective To assess the anti-diabetic and antidiarrheal activity of methanolic extract of Phyllanthus reticulates (P. reticulates) leaves in an animal model. Methods Phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of P. reticulatus leaves has been performed. Antidiabetic activity have been done by OGTT, normoglycemic hyperglycemia and alloxan induced diabetic mice. Plant extracts (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, b.w.) were administered orally in fasting glucose loaded mice with regard to normal control and in alloxan induced (110 mg/kg body weight i.p.) diabetic mice in comparison with reference drug Metformin hydrochloride (100 mg/kg) during 7 day test period. Antidiarrheal test was conducted by castor oil and magnesium sulfate. Results Findings confirmed that the continuous post-treatment for 7 days with both extracts showed significant (P < 0.05) hypoglycemic activity in OGTT, normoglycemic and alloxan induced mouse models. Castor oil and Magnesium sulfate induced diarrheal test of the extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) has given significant effect in compairing to control diarrheal group. Conclusion Methanolic extract of P. reticulatus leaves have shown significant antidiabetic and antidiarrheal properties.

Pages 134-141

Authors: Priyadarsini Sunanda, Babita Panda, Chidananda Dash, Rabindra N. Padhy, Padmanav Routray

Objective To elucidate the effect of age and sexual abstinence on semen quality (semen volume, total count, progressive motility, vitality and morphology). Methods A total of 730 semen samples were analyzed. Subjects were grouped according to the age (20-29, 30–34, 35–39 and 40–50) and abstinence (2–3, 4–5 and 6–7). Semen parameters were evaluated following WHO standard criteria. Results Analysis of 730 semen samples showed negative correlation of progressive motility (r=-0.131, P< 0.01), vitality (r=-0.173, P< 0.01), morphology (r=-0.324, P< 0.01) with age. With increase in age percentage of progressive motility, vitality and normal morphology in mean values declined after the age group of 35–39 to 40–50 years, but no change in volume and count were observed. Increase in abstinence with individual days significantly affected semen volume (H= 20.65, P< 0.001), count (H= 36.67, P<0.01), progressive motility (H= 13.53, P<0.05) and vitality (H= 15.33, P< 0.01). But, no effect was found on sperm morphology. Mann Whitney U test confirmed the changes in semen volume, total count and vitality in paired grouping from 2–7 days (P<0.05), but changes in sperm motility were observed after 5 days of abstinence in each paired group upto 7 days (P<0.05). Mean values of semen parameters among three abstinence groups (2–3, 4–5 and 6–7 days) also showed similar result. Conclusions In the present study, age negatively affected progressive motility, vitality and morphology of human sperm. Semen samples showed intra varied results within WHO amended abstinence period.

Pages 150-155

Authors: N. Vijayanand, S. Sivasangari Ramya, S. Rathinavel

Objective To explore biofertilizing efficiency of seaweed liquid extracts of brown alga Sargassum wightii (S. wightii) on growth, biochemical and yield parameters of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (C. tetragonoloba). Methods Seaweeds were made to coarse powder and stock solution was prepared. Different concentrations such as 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 5.0% were prepared and given as foliar spray. Results Seaweed Liquid Extract (SLE) at low concentration (1.5%) exhibited promoting effect on growth and yield parameters. Differential responses in the content of photosynthetic pigments, protein, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid and in the activity of nitrate reductase were also observed in the leaves of SLE treated seedlings when compared to untreated seedlings. Higher concentrations (above 1.5%) of SLE were found to show inhibitory effect. Conclusion The presence of micro and macro nutrients, vitamins, growth hormones and other constituents in the seaweed extract might be very much useful to the crops but their level should be appropriate to enhance growth and productivity. It may be concluded that liquid seaweed extracts could serve as cost effective eco-friendly product for sustainable agriculture.

Pages 253-257

Authors: Maruthai Mohan Kumar, Ragupathi Gopi, Rajaram Panneerselvam

Objective To screen the antioxidant potential of leaf and stem of the various ecotypes of Brahmi. Methods The medicinally important plant, Bacopa monnieri L (B. monnieri). to analyze the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and peroxidases (E.C. 1.11.1.7), and some non-enzymatic antioxidants. Results The present study revealed that antioxidant enzyme activities higher in leaves and non-enzymatic antioxidants higher in leaves in all ecotypes except reduced glutathione. Among all the ecotypes, the Aliyar dam sample had more enzyme activities and quantity of non-enzymatic antioxidant contents. Conclusion Both enzymztic and nonenzymatic antioxidants are rich in leaves when compared stem in the fresh plant of B. monnieri.

Pages 263-271

Authors: Rajendran Revathy, Kulanthaivel Langeswaran, Subbaraj Gowtham kumar, Shanmugam Vijayaprakash, Peranandam Tamilselvan, Maruthaiveeran Periyaswamy Balasubramanian

Objective To investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity of Ipomoea batatas (I. batatas) and anti-infertility efficacy of aqueous extract of I. batatas against Bisphenol A (BPA) induced testicular toxicity in experimental animals. Methods The experimental rats were divided into four groups and each group consisted of six animals. Group II – Bisphenol A diluted in propylene glycol at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight was administered orally for 30 days. Reproductive toxicity encouraged animals illustrate notable alterations in the activites of hormones like FSH and LH and also in the levels of adenosine triphosphatase. Results The hypo-osmotic swelling test display damaged sperm membrane integrity and histopathological examination of BPA intoxicated animals display a stuctural and functional alterations of reproductive organs that would interfere with its function and contribute to infertility. Conclusion Aqueous extract of I. batatas at the concentration of 400 mg/kg body weight/day administered orally for 45 days prevent biochemical changes and structural alterations of testis and epididymis due to bisphenol A administration.

Pages 277-279

Authors: Khan, Shiv Prasad, HP Gupta

Objective To test whether heat stress during one or both of the critical periods (pre-insemination and post-insemination) causes reduction in pregnancy rates of crossbred dairy cattle in Terai region of Uttarakhand. Methods Data on metereological (ambient temperature and humidity) and reproductive (date of artificial insemination and day 60 reproductive status) variables were collected for a total of 1199 inseminations and allocated, on the basis of temperature humidity indices during 30 days before and after insemination, to one of the four groups: Thermoneutral-thermoneutral (TN-TN), Thermoneutral-heat stress (TN-HS), Heat stress-thermoneutral (HS-TN), and heat stress-heat stress (HS-HS). Results Chi-square analysis of the day 60 pregnancy data revealed lower (P<0.05) pregnancy rate in HS-HS (20.5%) compared to TN-TN (32.6%), TN-HS (30.2%) and HS-TN (31.8%) groups. However, differences among the latter three groups were not significant. Conclusions These results indicate that reduction in pregnancy rates of crossbred dairy cattle due to heat stress in the Terai region was evident only when both growth of the ovulatory follicle and fertilization and early embryonic development occurred in the heat stress period. In addition, the study showed that use of temperature humidity indices rather than the traditional seasonal classification could provide more accurate insights into the effects of heat stress on pregnancy rates of crossbred dairy cattle in the Terai region.

Pages 289-296

Authors: PS Sreeja, VRK Reddy

Objective To study the individual characteristic features of chromosomes in the three varieties of diploid rye and the 54 hexaploid triticale strains and also to identify the replaced rye chromosome pair or pairs in triticale and the relation of rye chromosomal substitutions with kernel characters. Methods The present study was conducted using Giemsa C-banding technique. Results The results showed rye chromosome 2R was replaced in large number of cases followed by 4R/7R, 5R and 2R+5R. Triticale strains with 4R/7R substitution exhibited low degree of shriveling in grains with higher values for test weight, 100-grain weight and volume of water displaced by 100-grains whereas 4R/7R substitution along with another substitution for 2R or 5R or 6R showed medium shriveling and strains with substitutions either for 2R or 3R or 5R or 7R/4R exhibited high degree of shriveling and a cumulative effect was observed when two of these substitutions were presented together in one triticale. Triticale strains with 2R/2D substitution had higher seed set and it was medium in case of 4R/4D. But when both 2R/2D and 4R/4D substitution occur together the seed set was considerably high and was low when 3R and 5R substituted alone or in combination. Conclusions It has shown evidence in the present study about the role of individual R/D substitutions on the quality of seeds it is necessary to introduce those substitutions which are of agronomic importance to the breeders.

Pages 301-303

Authors: V Divya, V Girish Kumar, S Nandi, SG Ramchandra, William Rasican Surin

Objective To estimate scrotal circumference, testicular (along with epididymis) weight, sperm concentration, live and dead sperm percentage in different age groups of rams. Methods In view of assessing the most reliable technique that could be used for the evaluation of spermatogenesis and the applicability of the same in rams the present study was conducted, 24 normal rams were divided into four groups, i.e., group I (< 6 months of age), group II (6 months to 1 year), group III (1 to 2 year) and group-IV (2-3 year) and wethers were grouped as group V. Results the mean sperm concentration in group II was found to be significantly lower when compared with group III and group IV. The comparison of the mean scrotal circumference between the groups revealed significant difference between group I, group II, group III and group IV. The comparison of live and dead sperms within the groups revealed no significant difference in group I, group III, group IV and group V. Conclusion The analysis of various physiological attributes like, sperm concentration, scrotal circumference, testis weight and live and dead sperms percentage in all the groups shows higher levels in group III and group IV rams.

Pages 309-311

Authors: Hikmet Hassa, Yunus Aydin, Tufan Oge, Vehbi Yavuz Tokgoz

Objective To investigate the effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on FSH and estradiol levels, as markers of ovarian reserve. Methods A total of 32 DOR and/or POF patients received DHEA. We measured hormone profiles of FSH, LH, estradiol, before and after the DHEA treatment. Patients with pre-treatment FSH levels between 15-29 mIU/mL were classified as group 1, patients with FSH levels between 30-49 mIU/mL were defined as group 2, and patients with FSH levels above 50 mIU/mL were categorized as group 3. Results The mean FSH values decreased when the pooled patients’ results were analyzed (58.5±6.3 vs. 31.5±4.9, P<0.01), but this reduction was most impressive in group 3 patients, who exhibited pre-treatment FSH values above 50 μIU/mL (93.4±10.7 vs. 38.9±7.7, P<0.01). Conclusions In all patients who used DHEA, FSH levels decreased; however, the decrease was more impressive when patients' FSH levels were initially >50 μIU/mL. Further studies are necessary to provide possible explanations of optimized treatment responses when patients have higher FSH levels.

Pages 316-320

Authors: Rafiqul Islam, Harendra Kumar, Sukdeb Nandi, Sanjeev Mehrotra

Objective To determine the concentration of interleukin-1, a pro-inflammatory cytokine in periparturient cows and their association with the clinical outcome of postpartum reproductive diseases (PRD). Methods Blood sampling was done from advanced pregnant cows on 15 days prepartum (−15 d), calving day (0 d), 15 days (15 d) and 30 days (30 d) post partum and thorough gynaecological examination was performed on 0 d, 15 d, 30 d and 45 d for diagnosis of PRD like retained placenta (ROP), clinical metritis (CM), clinical endometritis (CE), cervicitis (CT) and delayed involution of uterus (DIU). The blood serum was used for estimation of pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin 1 (IL-1) in different groups of cows using an enzyme immunoassay technique. Results The IL-1 concentration was significantly higher for normal cows than ROP, CM, CE and DIU cows at 15 d prepartum (−15 d) and on the day of calving (0 d). However, IL-1 level was significantly (P<0.01) lower for normal (574.86±71.52) than ROP (869.10±66.29), CM (859.58±110.49) and CE (902.33±54.02) cows at 30 d (postpartum). The concentration of IL-1 increased significantly from −15 d through 30 d for cows suffering from reproductive diseases. However, the normal cows showed a decreasing trend from the day of calving till 30 d. Conclusions Decreased level of IL-1 at 15 d prior or at calving may be used to identify the cows susceptible for development of PRD. Further, increased serum level of IL-1 may be considered as a diagnostic tool for screening of endometritic cows around 4 wk postpartum in a large herd, where individual monitoring is difficult.

Pages 326-329

Authors: Dhafer M. Aziz

Objective To apply a rapid and practical procedure of transabdominal utlrasonography for determination of pregnancy and fetal viability in cows. Methods The study was carried out on 104 clinical cases of cows. The cows were examined by rectal palpation and transabdominal ultrasonography in a standing position. Results Results showed that determination of pregnancy and fetal viability were obtained significantly faster using transabdominal ultrasonography than rectal palpation. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of rectal palpation were 67.4%, 84.8% and 48.8% for detection of pregnancy, and 33.3%, 90.4% and 1.9% for determination of fetal viability, respectively. While these three parameters for transabdominal ultrasonography were 100% for both pregnancy and fetal viability determination. The pregnancy diagnosis was very fast at five months of gestation, and a significant negative but rather good correlation (r= −0.707) was observed between the gestation period and the required time for pregnancy diagnosis. The fetal viability was determined easily and fast at four months of gestation, and there was a significant positive correlation (r=0.32) between the gestation period and the required time for finding the fetal viability. Conclusion Transabdominal ultrasonography is a reliable procedure for determination of pregnancy and fetal viability especially for cows between fourth and sixth months of gestation.

Pages 333-334

Authors: Elcin Telli, Tufan Oge, Sabit Sinan Ozalp, Omer Tarik Yalcin

Benign cystic peritoneal mesothelioma also known as peritoneal inclusion cyst is a rare lesion that usually occurs in women of reproductive age. Giant peritoneal inclusion cysts are extremely rare and to the best of our knowledge only has been reported in man to date. Hereby, a case of a 45-year-old multiparous patient with a giant peritoneal inclusion cyst that mimicks an ovarian cyst is presented. The patient with a complaint of abdominal distention sought out to our outpatient clinic. In her medical history she has had neither prior surgery nor pelvic infection. Physical examination revealed a giant smooth surfaced pelvic mass originating from the left adnexal space. Ultrasonography and computed tomography images supported the pelvic examination. The patient underwent diagnostic laparatomy and frozen section analysis. Histopathological diagnosis revealed a peritoneal inclusion cyst with endometriotic focus. After one year from surgery, the patient has had no recurrences. Although giant masses of pre-menopausal women are usually malignant, clinicians may encounter with rare benign tumors such as peritoneal inclusion cysts and should be aware of them in the differential diagnosis.

Pages 169-173

Authors: OR Asuquo, OOK Oko, ES Brownson, GB Umoetuk, IS Utin

Objective To determine the effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Spondias mombin (S. mombin) on the histology of the anterior pituitary, ovary and uterus; and on the serum sex hormones of adult female Wistar rats. Methods Twenty–four female Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups of six rats per group. The animals in the treatment groups were administered orally ethanolic extract of S. mombin leaves at the doses of 250, 350 and 500 mg/kg body weight daily for fourteen days. Rats in the control group received distilled water. The body weights of the rats were determined at the beginning and end of the experiment. Histological analysis of pituitary, ovary and uterus was carried out. Hormonal assay for estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH were done using Enzyme–Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA). Results There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in relative organ weights of extract-treated rats compared to the control. Pituitary showed accumulation and aggregation of cells in experimental animals. Uteri of treated groups showed thickening of endometrial lining and presence of cysts, ovarian tissues were damaged. Furthermore, the extract caused reduction in serum concentration of sex hormones of the treated animals relative to the control. Conclusion This study suggests that ethanolic extract of S. mombin leaf may have antifertility property, confirming its use as a local contraceptive.

Pages 178-184

Authors: P Perumal, K Khate, C Rajkhowa

Objective To assess the effect of foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccination on seminal and biochemical profiles of semen of mithun at pre and post vaccinated stage. Methods The breeding bulls were maintained at Semen Collection Centre, National Research Centre on Mithun, Jharnapani, Nagaland. A total of 160 ejaculates were collected from eight mithun bulls twice a week at about 4 weeks in pre vaccinated stage and 12 weeks post vaccinated stage to know the effect of vaccine stress on seminal and biochemical profiles of mithun semen. The vaccine was given at the end of 4th week of experimental period and semen was collected and evaluated upto the 16th weeks of experimental period. Results It revealed that FMD vaccination affected the sperm functional and biochemical parameters significantly (P<0.05) upto 10th weeks of vaccination. But the animal recovered slowly in both physical health and spermiogram. Conclusions The adverse effect of vaccination on seminal parameters suggest that the semen collection and preservation should be suspended till 10th weeks of vaccination to get normal fertility of sperm to avoid the failure of conception from artificial insemination using such semen in this precious species.

Pages 189-195

Authors: Venkatachalam Uthayakumar, Parathattil Rathan Sreedevi, Dhanapalan Senthilkumar, Subramanian Munirasu, Aathi Kiruba, Venkatachalam Ramasubramanian

Objective To analyze the effect of seasonal variation and nutritional factors over the fecundity, gonado somatic index (GSI) and sperm motility of fresh water spiny eel Mastacembelus armatus (M. armatus) under artificial cave fitted tanks in laboratory condition. Methods Forty pairs of M. armatus were collected from River Cauvery and are acclimated under lab condition. The fishes were fed with three different feeds like Fresh water prawns, earthworms and fish larvae for 60 days. Fecundity, sperm motility, Length weight relationship and GSI were analysed using standard procedures. Results The fecundity rate was increased when body weight and gonad weight increased. The lograthemic relationship of the fecundity–total length and fecundity–body weight were found to be more correlated than the fecundity–gonad weight relationship. Maximum GSI was recorded in both male and female fishes during the breeding season (June–October). The condition factor (K) was maximum at the non breeding seasons and reduced in peak breeding season of M. armatus. In male fishes the sperm motility was recorded maximum (70%–85%) in the breeding season and regressed gradually to 0–15%. Among the feeding groups earthworm fed group showed higher body weight and fecundity rate than the control group which was statistically significant at P <0.05 level. Conclusion The outcome of the present study shows the seasonal variation and feeding increase the reproductive performance. It can be effectively used for the healthy brooder selection, captive breeding and conservation of M. armatus.

Pages 201-208

Authors: Kaveri Purandhar, Sriram Seshadri

Objective To determine the functional and biochemical variations in sperm and the neutrophil with the progression of age. Methods Ninety healthy male subjects were selected in the age group 26–40 for the collection of semen and blood samples were collected. Basic semen analysis, hematogram, differential count serum analysis, seminal plasma and serum biochemistry was performed. Mitochondrial isolation from sperm and neutrophil was done to ascertain mitochondrial markers. Results Our data shows a significant age–dependent reduction in the levels of mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) in sperm and the neutrophil. The functional attributes of sperm and neutrophil did not show any specific trend. Conclusion The decreasing trend of the mitochondrial antioxidants enzymes in the sperm and the neutrophil is an indicative of the reduction in the functioning of sperm and the neutrophil. The antioxidants enzymes of sperm and neutrophil shows similar declining trend with the progression of age suggesting its possible role as a prognostic marker for age related deformities and even in male fertility.

Pages 215-217

Authors: Zahid Naseer, Ejaz Ahmad, Nemat Ullah, Muhammad Yaqoob, Zeeshan Akbar

Objective To determine the effect of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) on estrus response, ovulation and pregnancy rate in Nili–Ravi buffaloes under field condition. Methods Twenty anestrous buffaloes with more than 150 days postpartum were used in this study. To confirm anestrous condition, ovarian status and serum progesterone concentration were determined before the start of study. Buffaloes were randomly divided into eCG (n=10) and CIDR (n=10) groups. eCG group were treated with eCG (Chronogest 1000 I.U. i.m.), while CIDR group received CIDR devices for 7 days. All buffaloes in CIDR group were injected PGF2 α (0.25 ug/mL; 2 mL; i.m.) one day before CIDR removal. Buffaloes were observed for estrus visually and were inseminated with frozen-thawed semen at detected estrus. Ovulation was confirmed by presence of CL 12 day post AI. Pregnancy diagnosis was done 50 days post AI. Results Estrus response, ovulation rate and pregnancy rate were similar (P>0.05) among eCG and CIDR groups (90% vs. 80%; 78% vs. 75% and 50% vs. 60% respectively). Conclusion It is concluded that both CIDR and eCG protocols are effective and promising remedies for the anestrous buffaloes under commercial as well as under field conditions.

Pages 220-224

Authors: I. Paul Ajithkumar, R. Panneerselvam

Objective To investigate morphological and biochemical mechanism between plant and drought stress by the way of plant survival under drought stress. Methods Drought stress was imposed by irrigation daily (Control), 4, 7, 10 and 13 days interval (4 DID, 7 DID, 10 DID and 13 DID). Later they were irrigated at regular intervals for different maturity stage of Setaria italica (S. italica) (30 DAS, 50 DAS and 70 DAS). Results The results showed the root length and compatible solutes were increased in all treatments when compared to control at the different age of plant maturity. The shoot length and chlorophyll pigment reduced in all treatments when compared to control at increasing plant maturity. Conclusions This study suggestes the reduced shoot length, photosynthetic pigments of chlorophyll and increased root length, compatible solute accumulations made to drought tolerant adaptative mechanism.

Pages 229-237

Authors: GN Purohit, Mitesh Gaur, Amit Kumar, Chandra Shekher, Swati Ruhil

Abstract Cesarean section in buffaloes is an emergency operative procedure being performed prinicipally for uncorrectable uterine torsions and for delivery of fetal monsters. Left paramedian (lateral and parallel to the milk vein) and oblique ventrolateral (above arcus cruralis) are the two common operative sites used for buffalo caesarean section. Although many anesthetic combinations including intravenous and inhalation anesthetic procedures have been experimented in the buffalo species yet most caesarean sections in buffaloes are satisfactorily performed in right lateral recumbency under mild sedation and local infiltration analgesia or paravertebral nerve blocks. The history, indications, anesthesia, operative procedures, post operative complications and future fertility following caesarean section in buffalo are described.

Pages 244-247

Authors: Burcu Gundogdu, Isin Ureyen, Gunsu Kimyon, Hakan Turan, Nurettin Boran, Gokhan Tulunay, Dilek Bulbul, Taner Turan, M Faruk Kose

A 49 year–old patient with the complaint of a mass located in the caesarean scar was admitted. There was a fixed mass 30×30 mm in diameter with regular contour located at the right corner of the pfannenstiel incision. Computed tomography revealed a (40×50×50) mm solid mass lesion with margins that cannot be distinguished from the uterus, bladder and small intestines and a heterogeneous mass lesion (50×45×55) mm in diameter, located in the right side of the anterior abdominal wall. Cytoreductive surgery including total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo–oophorectomy was performed. Final pathology was clear cell carcinoma. Clear cell carcinoma arising from an extraovarian endometriotic focus was diagnosed and the patient received 6 cycles paclitaxel–carboplatin chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment. The patient who was lost to follow–up applied to our clinic 2 years after surgery with a recurrent mass in the left inguinal region. After 3 cycles of chemotherapy, the patient's tumoral mass in the left inguinal region was excised. The result of the pathology was carcinoma metastasis. It is decided that the following treatment of the patient should be palliative radiation therapy. The patient who underwent palliative radiation therapy died of disease after 4 months of the second operation.

Pages 251-252

Authors: Isin Ureyen, Alper Karalok, Nurettin Boran, Taner Turan, Gokhan Tulunay

Chylous fistula is a rare condition that results from injury to the thoracic duct. Management is challanging, since it's a rare condition and there is no consensus on its treatment. Scalene lymphadenectomy is performed rarely in gynecological oncology and so chylous fistula is a much less frequent phenomenon. We present a case of chylous fistula folowing scalene lymphadenectomy in a patient with advanced cervical carcinoma that was resolved after administration of chylous diet.

Pages 85-89

Authors: Lilaram, R Nazeer Ahmed

Objective In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of ethanolic seed extract of Caesalpinia bonducella(C. bonducella) on fertility in female Wistar albino rats. Methods Pregnant rats were randomized into two groups containing eight animals in each group. Control group rats were orally administered with 1 mL/100g b.wt of distilled water while rats in second group received 300mg/kg of the seed extract from gestation day 1-7, once daily. The animals were sacrificed twenty four hours after the last dose on gestation day 12. Results A significant reduction in implantation index and a contrasting significant increase in resorption index, pre-implantation and post-implantation loss was recorded in the seed extract treated rats. Progesterone level declined significantly in rats treated with seed extract. O vary revealed degenerated corpora lutea in treated rats. The embryos were noticed with craniofacial deformities in extract treated group. Conclusions The results obtained in this study suggest that the seeds of C. bonducella possess antifertility activity probably due to its antiprogesterogenic hormonal properties that can modulate the reproductive function of the experimental rats.

Pages 93-98

Authors: Stanimir A Yotov, Anatoli S Atanasov, Yordanka Y Ilieva

Objective To determine the possibilities for induction of ovarian activity in Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes by hormonal treatment in the early postpartum period. Methods Twenty six clinically healthy animals, weighing 480-520 kg, 3-5 years of age, with normal parturition, without clinical signs of endometritis during the entire experimental period were divided into 2 groups: control (n=10) and experimental (n=16). Primiparous and multiparous buffaloes were proportionally allotted into both groups. By 5, 21, and 28 postpartum days, control animals were intramuscularly treated with 2 mL physiological saline, whereas experimental buffaloes received 500 mg PGF2 α by the 5th postpartum day, 100 μ g GnRH by the 21st postpartum day and a second prostaglandin dose 7 days later. All buffaloes were submitted to transrectal ultrasound examination on days 5, 21 and 28 after calving. Evaluation of ovarian activity was made on the basis of follicle type and detection of a newly formed corpus luteum. The percentage of animals with small, medium or dominant follicle and corpus luteum after either spontaneous or induced ovulation was determined. Insemination management included introduction of two proven fertile bulls into the herd at the start of the treatment. Pregnancy ultrasound checks were performed on postpartum days 58, 68, 120 and 150. The proportion of buffaloes with clinical signs of spontaneous or induced oestrus until the 35th postpartum day, pregnancy rates by the 35th and 90th postpartum days and service periods <60 days, 60-90 days and >90 days were registered. Results On the 5th day after calving, small follicles were predominating in the ovaries of buffaloes from both groups. Similar findings were established on the 21st day in the control group, whereas the share of experimental buffaloes with small follicles was significantly (P<0.01) lower. By the 21st day, there were no medium follicles in untreated animals, while in hormonally treated ones they were found out in 25% of cases. The proportion of experimental buffaloes with dominant follicle (56.3%) by the 21st day was statistically significantly higher (P<0.01) compared to that of controls (10%). Cumulative percentage of animals with detected corpus luteum (66.8%) until the 28th postpartum day differed considerably (P<0.01) from that in controls (10.0%). There was a substantial between-group difference (P<0.05) between the total percentage of buffaloes with clinical signs of oestrus and pregnancy rates until the 35th day after calving. The share of buffaloes with service period <60 days was higher (P<0.05) compared to the untreated group. The analysis of results demonstrated that the PGF2 α -GnRH-PGF2 α treatment on 5, 21 and 28 postpartum days, was able to induce ovarian activity and oestrus in Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes. The total proportion of animals with signs of oestrus (both spontaneous and induced) and pregnancy rates by the 35th postpartum day were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the treated group compared to controls. Conclusions The tested hormonal treatment protocol, combined with the presence of fertile bulls in the herd, could be successfully used for reduction of service period and calving interval in clinically healthy buffaloes.

Pages 105-109

Authors: Ma Regina R Abesamis, Miguel A Buluran, Gliceria B Ramos

Objective To investigate the effects of pregestational and gestational exposure to an isoflavone of sexually mature female mice on their reproductive health and on the postnatal development of their offspring. Methods Sexually-mature ICR female mice were randomly segregated into Control group 1 that was given the normal diet consisting of food pellets, Control group 2 that was given food pellets with additional corn oil of 2 mL/kg bodyweight. The three (3) isoflavone treatment groups were given 50 mg/kg body weight, 100 mg/kg body weight and 150 mg/kg body weight for low dose (LD), medium dose (MD) and high dose (HD) respectively. Treatments were administered 2 weeks prior to mating and gestation and thereafter until parturition. The delivered pups were weaned up until 21 days. On the 21st day, postnatal development were determined, excluding the birth weight of pups which was measured one day post-parturition. The dams were sacrificed as well and the markers of maternal health were determined. Results There were no significant differences found between the control groups and the treatment groups in terms of the markers of maternal reproductive health. For postnatal development, only HD group displayed a significantly higher mean AGD from the other groups. Conclusions The data implies that exposure to the isoflavone genestein, with the given dosages, does not impact the maternal reproductive health while the high dose brings about masculinization of the pups which implies that isoflavone exerts its action as an endocrine disruptor affecting postnatal development. This could be attributed to the decrease in estrogen due to the inhibition of aromatase, an enzyme involved in estrogen synthesis.

Pages 114-118

Authors: Kullaiyan Sathiyadash, Thangavelu Muthukumar, Shanmugaraj Bala Murugan, Ramalingam Sathishkumar, Eswaranpillai Uma, Sarah Jaison, Perumalsamy Priyadharsini

Objective To develope a conservation strategies for orchid species. Methods Seeds of Acampae praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. Mc Cann (A. praemorsa) were obtained from mature pods collected from Velliangiri hills and germinated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentration of Benzylaminopurine (BAP). Results Maximum seed germination (85%) was observed on MS media supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP. Seed germination percentage increased with increasing concentrations of BAP (0.5 mg/L to 2 mg/L), but 3 mg/L of BAP inhibited seed germination. Variations observed were significantly (P<0.01) different for concentrations of growth regulators, days and their interactions. The embryos in the seeds swelled prior to germination. Fifty days after inoculation, well developed greenish porotocorm like bodies (PLBs) were formed and by 80th day, 85% (maximum) of the PLBs were observed in MS supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP. Eighty days after seed sowing, the germination rate decreased and the PLBs were transformed into first and second leaf stages in media supplemented with Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Maximum seedling numbers (84%) were observed in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L NAA at 110th day. After 110 days, the seedlings were transferred to 0.6 g/L MS medium containing activated charcoal and similar concentration of growth regulators for root induction. After rooting, the seedlings were transferred to ex vitro conditions. Conclusions In present study all the mycorrhizal seedlings survived, because orchid mycorrhizal fungi enhance growth of orchid plantlets and present study gives an effective protocol for seed germination and plantlet regeneration from immature seeds which can be used for establishing A. praemorsa populations in Velliangiri Hills and elsewhere.

Pages 126-131

Authors: N Srivastava, SK Srivastava, SK Ghosh, Amit Kumar, P Perumal, A Jerome

Objective To evaluate the cryoinjury prediction of spermatozoa in relation to its cholesterol content at fresh and frozen-thaw stages. Methods Ejaculates (n=12) were processed for cryopreservation, acrosome integrity (fluorescent and giemsa stains), cryoinjury (distribution of non capacitated, capacitated and acrosome reacted, pattern F, B and AR, respectively of Chlortetracycline, CTC assay), in vitro fertiltiy (IVF) and cholesterol content of spermatozoa at fresh, pre-freeze and frozen-thaw stages were evaluated. Values were fitted in prediction equation to predict acrosome integrity (AI) and cryoinjury. Results Study indicated that cholesterol content of fresh spermatozoa can be used to predict cholesterol content of spermatozoa at pre-freeze and frozen-thaw stages of cryopreservation protocol with medium to high level of accuracy (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Cholesterol content of fresh spermatozoa can be used to predict AI, pattern B and AR and Penetration Index (PI) of IVF with medium level of accuracy (P<0.05) at frozen-thaw but not at pre-freeze stage. Similarly cholesterol content of frozen-thaw spermatozoa can be used to predict AI and pattern AR of frozen-thaw spermatozoa with medium level of accuracy (P<0.05). Conclusion This study revealed strong evidence that cholesterol content of fresh as well as frozen-thaw bull spermatozoa can be a good predictor of level of cryoinjury following preservation at ultra low temperature.

Pages 142-145

Authors: Wachyu Hadisaputra

Objective To evaluate clinical signs and symptoms and serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as non-invasive methods to diagnose endometriosis. Methods Eighty women scheduled to laparoscopy underwent blood sampling for measurement of IL-6, TNF- α, MMP-2, and VEGF. The diagnosis of endometriosis was established by laparoscopy using The American Fertility Society visual diagnosis. The presence or absence of endometriosis was correlated with clinical signs and symptoms and with serum levels of those substances. Results The sensitivity and specificity to detect endometriosis of infertility (OR 134.3) were 78 % and 98 %, dysmenorrhoea (OR 11.7) were 63 % and 88 %, and chronic pelvic pain (OR 13.0) were 28 % and 100 %. The presence of rectovaginal nodules had a sensitivity 25 % and specificity 100 %. (OR 11.3, 95 %). The sensitivity and specificity of biologic markers IL-6 (OR 2.5) were 68 % and 53 %, and TNF- α (OR 28.1) were 68% and 60 %. Conclusions History of infertility, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia, cervical tenderness and rectovaginal nodule are clinical signs and symptoms suggesting endometriosis. IL-6 and TNF- α appears to be best serum markers for endometriosis.

Pages 151-158

Authors: Eric Blyth

Objective This paper considers the potential contribution that assisted reproductive technology (ART) may make to population replenishment in countries that have experienced extended periods of below-population-replacement Total Fertility Rates (TFR), by focusing on the specific situation of Singapore, which has recorded ‘ultra-low’ TFRs for many years. Methods The factors contributing to ultra-low TFRs in Singapore, the economic and social consequences of endemic below-population-replacement fertility rates and remedial measures initiated by the government are critically analysed, focussing specifically on the government's subsided ART provisions of the ‘Marriage and Parenthood’ package. In addition the paper provides a close analysis of available contemporary data regarding ART and ART outcomes both in Singapore and internationally. Results Despite limited public accessibility to data concerning ART outcomes in Singapore, it is possible to make some assessment of the potential contribution of publicly-funded ART provision and the possible extension of access to elective oocyte preservation to population replenishment. Conclusions Subsidised ART can-at best-make a marginal contribution to government population policy.

Pages 163-165

Authors: Shiv Prasad, Beerendra Singh, Sumit Singhal, FA Khan, JK Prasad, HP Gupta

This report puts on record production of the first viable calf following ovum pick-up in vitro embryo production (OPU-IVEP) technique in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in India. A total of 313 transvaginal OPU sessions were performed in six elite Murrah buffaloes and 1 171 follicles were aspirated. From these follicles, a total of 729 immature oocytes were recovered. The recovered oocytes were graded as A (59, 8.1%), B (111, 15.2%), C (293, 40.2%) and D (262, 35.9%) following standard procedures. Maturable grade oocytes (A, B, and C; 473, 68.9%) were subjected to in vitro maturation in Medium 199 supplemented with 10% FBS, 0.5 μg/mL FSH, 10 IU/mL LH, 1 μ g/mL estradiol-17 β, 20 ng/mL EGF and 50 μM cysteamine in CO2 incubator at 39 °C temperature, 5% CO2 and high humidity. The matured oocytes (427 out of 473; 90.3%) were co-incubated with 1×106 /mL buffalo sperms in modified synthetic oviductal fluid (mSOF) containing 10 ng/mL heparin for 22 hrs for in vitro fertilization. After fertilization the presumptive zygotes were stripped off of remaining cumulus cells and cultured in mSOF for 7 days to study embryonic development. A total of 278 (65.1%) oocytes cleaved after 24-36 hrs of fertilization. Out of the cleaved oocytes, 249 (89.6%), 216 (77.7%), 167 (60.1%), 139 (50.0%) and 73 (26.3%) developed up to 4-cell, 8-cell, 16-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages, respectively. A total of 29 embryos were transferred into 27 synchronized recipient buffaloes. Two of these buffaloes were found pregnant at 90 days. One of them aborted at 4.5 months of gestation (male fetus) and the other gave birth to a live male calf weighing 25 kg. Currently, the calf is normal and has attained the age of 4.5 years.

136-141

Authors: Ibrahim A Abdelazim, Mohannad Lutfi Abu faza, Mohammed Al-Kadi

Abstract Objective To evaluate the relation between matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression and the clinical and/or pathological parameters of the epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs). Methods Forty-two (42) patients with EOCs diagnosed after histopathological examination of the specimens were included in this study. The pathological specimens were additionally stained by immunoperoxidase technique for MMP-2 using a monoclonal antibody against activated MMP 2. The staining intensity of MMP-2 was correlated with the clinical and pathological parameters of the studied cases, including patient's age, surgical stage, histological grade, omental, and lymph node metastasis. Results The studied cases of EOCs were classified according to the intensity or the degree of MMP-2 expression, as; seven cases (16.7%) negative, eighteen cases (42.8%) weak, seven cases (16.7%) moderate and ten cases (23.8%) intense for MMP-2 staining. There was a significant positive correlation between MMP-2 expression and the histological grades and the surgical stages of the studied EOC (r <1, P<0.05), while, there was no significant relation between MMP-2 expression and the histopathological types of the studied EOCs. MMP-2 expression was significantly high in EOCs with ascites, omental, distant and uterine metastasis, while, there was no significant relation between MMP-2 expressions and lymph node metastasis or bilaterality of the EOCs. Conclusions MMP-2 expression was associated with advanced, aggressive EOCs and there was direct relation between expression of MMP-2 and degree of invasiveness and metastasis of EOCs.