Budownictwo i Architektura

5-16

Authors: Damian Nykiel

This work includes a comparison of the methods of monitoring the deformations of a structure on the example of a flat plate slab test. Classic ESG (electrofusion strain gauges) and modern DFOS (distributed fiber optic sensors) were compared. During the research, both types of sensors were used on some of the reinforcing bars. The study aims to indicate the differences between the compared monitoring methods, both in terms of the obtained results and their utility values.

37-46

Authors: Amanda Akram

Various strength characteristics of concrete are considered as fracture parameters. The compressive strength of concrete is of paramount importance when designing concrete structures, whereas tensile strength of concrete is the basic property when estimating cracking resistance of a structure and analysing fracture processes in concrete. When testing the compressive strength of concrete, the results are dependent on the shape and dimensions of used specimens. Some findings reported in the literature suggest that size effect exists also when testing such fracture properties of concrete as tensile strength. Unfortunately this problem is much less recognized and described compared to size effect in compressive test results. In this paper, the experimental investigation is presented on how the length of cylindrical specimens influences the tensile splitting strength of concrete obtained by means of the Brazilian method. Additional variable parameters were: type of aggregate (natural gravel and crushed granite) and cement-water ratio (C/W = 1.8 and C/W = 2.6). In conducted laboratory experiments a higher splitting tensile strength of concrete was noted for all specimens with nominal dimensions of 150×150 mm, compared to specimens 150×300 mm in size, regardless of type of aggregate or cement-water ratio.

63-92

Authors: Elżbieta Komarzyńska-Świeściak, Piotr Kozlowski

Due to the current shortage of traditional public space because of its privatization, commercialization, and securitization, there is an urgent need to reclaim areas affected by motorized traffic in the urbanized areas. On the other hand, the process of adapting them for new purposes should be carefully carried out, addressing several issues, among them environmental acoustics. This study is meant to contribute to our understanding of acoustic conditions of a general model of the bridge underspace. Therefore, the aim of the research was to examine the existing acoustic climate by measuring noise levels and comparing them with equivalent acceptable noise levels for the expected type of space development and Noise Rating curves. In this research, a pilot case study approach was used, as measurements were taken for a chosen space located under an elevated road that represents certain criteria set by the researchers. The results allowed us to: (1) verify the relationship between the geometry of the bridge underspace and the noise levels, (2) assess the initial acoustic conditions in terms of possibilities of acoustic adaptation of the examined space for outdoor public events, and (3) formulate hypotheses and preliminary assumptions for the planned further and broader studies of the issues raised in this article. The presented results and their analysis show that it is possible to bring the acoustic conditions in the studied space to the state required for public or cultural meeting spaces. In comparison with earlier findings, the research undertaken appears to be pioneering and the results can be used as valuable input for further research on this topic.

5-24

Authors: Oskar Kotlarz, Adam Wosatko

The paper ­describes the verification of the quality of the data transfer between selected software dedicated to generation of building models and for their analysis using the finite element method. For comparison, models of two typical structures are constructed: a steel truss hall and a multi-storey reinforced concrete building. Both models are created simultaneously in two programs: Autodesk Revit and Tekla Structures. Next, these models are exported to computational packages: Autodesk Robot, Dlubal RFEM and SCIA Engineer. Different options of data transfer are considered, in particular: a direct link between programs as well as via open formats. The scope and limitations of the data exchange are determined in each case. Juxtaposition of the effectiveness of different transfer methods for such typical building models are helpful at the stage of cooperation between the architect and the structural designer. In addition, pilot results of a finite element static analysis for the steel hall model are also compared.

43-56

Authors: Janusz Marchwiński

The article deals with the issue of solar facades as the main external walls of a building, adapted to make use of solar energy. The aim of the article is to define the role of the facades and the factors that influence shaping thereof. The goal is of cognitive nature, whereas its implementation may contribute to strengthening the relationship between presumptions related to energy and architecture in the design of buildings. The need for the article results from the necessity to search for a possible balance between technical and humanistic spheres while shaping contemporary pro-ecological architecture, especially one aimed at receiving solar energy as a renewable energy source. In the article, both analytical and comparative methods are applied. The research was conducted on the example of four designs with solar facades of different characteristics, including two buildings planned by the author. The research results are observations that define relationship between the energy-related role of solar facades and urban, functional and aesthetic issues. These observations lead to the conclusion that the energy aspect, is not the only one to be considered while shaping solar facades in contemporary architecture. The solar facade combines both functional and artistic features.

83-97

Authors: Wojciech Kocot

The basis for recognising claims for mining damage to a structure should be a mining and construction analysis, carried out following a detailed visual inspection of the damage and the results of surface deformation measurements. It allows to establish a cause and effect relation between the activity of the mining company and the damage. Unfortunately, there are cases when such an analysis is omitted and the following scheme is used: "since there is damage and the object is located in a mining area, it is mining damage". The problem is illustrated by two court cases where the author acted as an expert witness. Both cases are examples of the so-called pseudo-mining damage and confirm the thesis that the mere image of damage without professional analysis of construction and mining factors may lead to wrong conclusions regarding the causes of the damage.

119-133

Authors: Jacek Suchodolski

The article addresses the problem of the decline in the number of tourist facilities with outstanding features of regional architecture, built before 1945 in Kłodzko Land. Their destruction is an irreparable loss for the cultural heritage of the described region. Usually designed in the spirit of the local building tradition – born out of centuries of experience of the people living here – hostels, inns and taverns were a characteristic, regional distinguishing feature of the landscape of Kłodzko Land. Meanwhile, the new architecture of objects related to tourism, built after the end of the Second World War, most often does not refer to the characteristic forms and structures of local buildings. The article stresses the need to put an end to the often deliberate practice of destroying old pre-war buildings and to draw the attention of architects working today to the importance of continuing local, regional forms in the emerging tourist facilities.

5-14

Authors: Dorota Michałowska-Maziejuk, Barbara Goszczyńska

This paper analyses the results of concrete compressive strength tests on cubic samples with different w/c ratios during the early stage of hardening (at 7, 14, and 28 days). Statistical and strength parameters were assessed and the quality of the concrete was estimated. The expected concrete grade, C25/30, was confirmed against the formulation provided by the prefabrication plant. Then, the amount of individual constituents was adjusted to obtain the target grade of concrete, i.e., C20/25. The concrete grade was estimated based on concrete strength parameters measured at three time points and compared with the expected 28-day strength values determined as per Eurocode 2 and with the concrete grade defined by these values. The paper also provides an overview of the most widely used methods of testing concrete compressive strength.

29-40

Authors: Aneta Biała

The first part of the article presents the upcoming changes in the regulations regarding energy consumption by single-family housing. Current and forthcoming requirements in 2021 for building insulation and maximum EP primary energy demand factor were indicated. The second part of the paper presents the results of research aimed at determining what type of heat source for heating purposes and the type of ventilation will be able to meet the latest requirements. The analysis was based on the determination and comparison of the EP factor in the considered single-family building for selected heating variants assuming two different types of ventilation: gravitational and mechanical supply-exhaust with heat recovery system. Based on the results obtained, an attempt was made to determine the tendency of changes in the design of single-family buildings in terms of choosing the type of heating and ventilation.

57-68

Authors: Sylwia Borowska, Marta Kosior-Kazberuk

Knowledge of fracture mechanics parameters can help for a more accurate assessment of frost degradation of high-strength concrete. High strength concretes, despite the tight structure, are characterized by increased brittleness. Cracks in the concrete structure are places of accumulation of significant stresses. Additional stresses resulting from cyclic freeze/thaw stimulate the material destruction processes. The basic strength parameters of concrete do not take into account structural defects of the material and do not give a complete description of susceptibility to damage caused by, e.g., frost degradation. This study aimed to determine the relationship between frost degradation of high-strength concretes and changes in the value of their fracture energy associated with the initiation of cracking after 150, 250, 350 and 450 freeze/thaw cycles. The research was carried out using 100 × 100 × 400 mm samples, with a pre-initiated 30 mm deep notch. The I load model under a three-point bending test was used, based on the procedure recommended by RILEM. Concrete with a compressive strength of 90 MPa with steel fibres and a mixture of steel and basalt fibers was tested. The obtained results allow for the evaluation of frost degradation using fracture energy GF and critical crack tip opening displacement CTODc.

83-94

Authors: Anna Prokop, Piotr Nazarko, Leonard Ziemiański

The aim of the paper is to present some experiences of using modern technologies to historical buildings digitalization. The emphasis is placed on the possibilities of spatial data collecting, as well as on subsequent 3D modelling. The paper describes the proposed survey techniques which are based on the Terrestrial Laser Scanning and photogrammetry. The authors obtained the point cloud by using the laser scanner Faro Focus 3D and dedicated software to combine scans (target based and cloud to cloud methods). The paper also provides an introduction to issues related to a method of building structure modelling based on a point cloud. The authors proposed some computer software tools that could improve work with a point cloud and the modelling process. The resulting 3D model could be both a source of information about historical building and a sufficient base to create computational model with spatial finite elements. The subject of the case study is the St. Hubert Chapel located in Rzeszów (Poland) and built in the middle of the 18th century under the patronage of the Lubomirski family. This rococo chapel is one of the most valuable architectural monuments in the region. Historical Building Information Model (HBIM) could be helpful in analysis, visualisations and conservation practice of this precious monument. Diagnosing the current object state and assessing its technical condition could be the purpose of creating a computational FEM model.

5-24

Authors: Adrian Krezlik

The article maps multiple planet-oriented movements in the history of modern (predominantly western) architecture. It looks for architectural pronunciation of social movements, political actions and historical moments. In writings of acclaimed architects and authors, it searches for origins of organic, vernacular and tropical architecture and their offspring in the contemporary approaches, views and design. The article documents changes of perception of relation between man, nature and architecture. It commences with the very first attempts to understand this relationship: idealization and romanticisation of nature, it finishes with the most contemporary analyses based on the holistic approach and computer simulation. The article draws an extensive panorama of authors and publications that researched planted-oriented architecture.

35-46

Authors: Camille Cosson

This paper presents the post-disaster reconstruction of the Tōhoku region. Although Japan has always been one of the most prepared countries because of its long history with natural disasters, the 2011 Great East Japanese Earthquake and tsunami might be one of the most significant disasters recorded in the country’s modern history. This unprecedented disaster that has shaken Japan is a decisive turning point for the entire society as well as for architects and urban planners. Almost ten years later, reconstruction work is still ongoing. This paper introduces specifically Japanese architects’ involvement during the three phases of recovery: emergency shelter, temporary accommodation and permanent housing. After the first stage of perplexity and doubt, architects gradually stepped up and started initiatives to resolve the disaster victims’ precarious situation. This article outlines some of the architects’ actions through the three phases of recovery since the 3.11 disaster. Each of these temporalities has its issues and challenges which the urban planners, architects and designers tried to solve using their know-how to help rebuild devastated communities.

59-76

Authors: Agnieszka Chęć-Małyszek

The public space of a city plays a special role in the life of every human being, as it meets basic and at the same time most important needs related to safety and comfort of life. It is a combination of an idea and a technique, which for centuries has reflected the changes taking place in people's social and cultural life. While the city is a multi-layered structure with a clearly separated private and public zone, creating mutual relations between the buildings. Camillo Sitte saw the city urban spaces as a work of art, które should be designed in such a way that the inhabitants feel safe and happy, as it is not just a show-off of technical skill, but an artistic undertaking. [1] The art of designing architecture does not exist for itself, but is created for the target audience. It provides a harmony that satisfies human needs and guarantees survival. It is an important factor influencing the development of an individual through the organization of a social living space. Urban spaces are primarily people and their needs that change over time. The first part of the article is devoted to the role of public spaces and the idea of the city as a work of art. The second part, in turn, is an attempt to define architecture as a kind of fine arts, taking into account the role it plays in the social life of Lublin's residents. The article is an attempts to emphasize the importance of architecture in designing a human-friendly environment as an art design that meets social expectations with the use of selected examples urban space of the city of Lublin.

83-116

Authors: Jerzy Szołomicki, Hanna Golasz-Szołomicka

The purpose of this paper is to present a new skyscraper typology which has developed over the recent years – super-tall and slender, needle-like residential towers. This trend appeared on the construction market along with the progress of advanced structural solutions and the high demand for luxury apartments with spectacular views. Two types of constructions can be distinguished within this typology: ultra-luxury super-slim towers with the exclusivity of one or two apartments per floor (e.g. located in Manhattan, New York) and other slender high-rise towers, built in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Hong Kong, Bangkok, and Melbourne, among others, which have multiple apartments on each floor. This paper presents a survey of selected slender high-rise buildings, where structural improvements in tall buildings developed over the recent decade are considered from the architectural and structural view.

Adam Piekarczyk

Authors: 5-18

The paper presents the results of tests of masonry specimens subjected to vertical displacement, with limited deformations in a direction parallel to the masonry bed joints (horizontally) and additionally compressed in the direction perpendicular to the bed joints (vertically). Specimens in the form of fragments of masonry walls were made of solid ceramic brick and AAC blocks. Studies have shown that the nature of the relationship between wall deformation angles and shear stresses caused by vertical displacements depends on the values of accompanying compressive stresses normal to the plane of the masonry bed joints. Compressive stresses have a positive effect on the load-bearing capacity and crack resistance of this type of masonry walls and the angles of deformation occurring at the moment of cracking. The dependence of the transverse stiffness modulus on the value of shear stresses is strongly non-linear, but with increasing shear stresses, it stabilises at a certain level independent of the values of compressive stresses associated with shear.

33-44

Authors: Grzegorz Sadowski, Piotr Wiliński, Anna Halicka

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the behaviour of a composite beam, consisted of a precast element with indented surface and new concrete layer, subjected to 4-point bending. The results obtained from the virtual model of the beam created using the finite element method (Abaqus/CEA 2019 software) were compared with the laboratory test results obtained with use of the digital image correlation (DIC) method for identifying the crack pattern. The virtual model of composite beam was calibrated by the choice of interface parameters ensuring that the value of load resulting in delamination between concrete layers was close to that value obtained in the laboratory tests. The comparative analysis showed that the pattern of bending and shear cracks and the pattern of interface crack obtained with the finite element method reflect the laboratory test results properly. It can be assumed that the crack between concrete layers is related to the appearance and propagation of shear cracks. On the basis of FEM analysis it can be concluded that the phenomena identified as “shear friction” and “dowel action” are significantly activated after the interface cracking.

55-66

Authors: Marta Słowik, Piet Stroeven, Amanda Akram

The paper discusses a fictitious crack model of concrete in tension proposed by Hillerborg. This model presents a concept that illustrates the mechanism of crack initiation and its propagation in concrete on meso-level. It has proven to be a very useful tool for practical use, for both numerical and experimental research. The model was derived from findings on crack mechanisms on more advanced micro- and macro-scale, as presented in this paper. One of the paramount issues regarding crack analysis is the influence of aggregate size on mechanical and fracture parameters of concrete, and also on micro-crack development and associated macro-crack formation. Although significant progress in recognizing crack mechanisms in concrete has been achieved, there are still some aspects that should be studied in depth, for example the role of aggregate particles on crack development. This problem is analysed in the paper as well.

81-88

Authors: Viktar V. Tur, Volha H. Sannikava

The paper presents the implementation of the modified strains development model (MSDM) for the two-way restrained self-stressed members such as expansive concrete-filled steel tubes and expansive concrete plane elements with arbitrary orthogonal reinforcement. The analytical approach allows defining the restrained strains and stresses in any 2D restraint conditions by following the iterative procedures and accounting for the elastic-plastic behaviour of expansive concrete at an early age. The consistency of the proposed method was confirmed by assessing the experimental results of the two series of the expansive concrete-filled steel tubes and three series of the expansive concrete plane members with mesh reinforcement in the centre of gravity.

101-114

Authors: Bogumił Wrana, Jan Wrana

The buildings of the John Paul II Centre (CJPII) are located in Cracow-Łagiewniki on a heap of limestone sediments from the former "Solvay" Sodium Plant in Cracow. The area is called "White Seas" (Białe Morze) and is located in the natural depression of the Wilga river valley, between Św. Józefa hill in the north and Borkowska Hill (Góra Borkowska) in the south-west. The limestone sediments as a building substrate for CJPII buildings is unprecedented ground in the world and thus a challenge for civil engineering. The height of the heap reaches about 15 m and has retained the consistency of a white pulp until today. CJPII buildings are objects of the third geotechnical category, founded on a foundation slab of 0.8-m thickness, and in the central part of 0.45-m thickness. The slab is based on 200 reinforced concrete CFA-type drilled piles with a diameter of 1000 mm and 650 mm and length up to 26 m. The load-bearing structure of the CJPII buildings is a reinforced concrete frame and shell structure. The symbolism of the urban complex (e.g. the scale of the market square in Wadowice), located on a system of 200 piles above the post-industrial landfill/heaps of sediments, is ensured with architectural solutions referring to places connected with the life of John Paul II – during the occupation in 1940-1944 he was a student of Jagiellonian University in Cracow and the worker of the Solvay factory in the Podgórze district, in 1958 he became a bishop of Cracow, in 1967 – the cardinal (architectural details from the St. Mary Church and the Wawel Cathedral), 1978-2005 – the pilgrim-pope from Rome, who confirmed the mission of the Church continuing the tradition depicted in the early-christian churches on the wall mosaics (the Basilica of San Vitale and the Basilica of Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna).

127-138

Authors: Joanna Zięba , Lidia Buda-Ożóg, Izabela Skrzypczak

A house or any other building without walls is truly hard to imagine. The first thing usually associated with walls is, of course, masonry. Today, masonry walls perform a load-bearing function in buildings up to four above-ground floors, in the higher parts of the buildings they perform a protective and stiffening function. However, there is a widespread opinion that the designer does not have to check the bearing capacity of masonry structures because masonry are were stand, are standing and will stand. Not everyone, however, currently works the wall as it should. The problem is that a lot of emphasis is now placed on reducing construction times. Therefore, there are a number of factors affecting the quality of the masonry structure, which overall reduce their safety. The article presents the influence of the quality of masonry on the differentiation of bearing capacity and reliability of an example masonry structure. The analyses included various values γm of the partial factor, recommended in the national annex PN-EN 1996-1, depending on the category of masonry units, class execution of works and type of mortar. In addition, a decrease in load capacity and reliability caused by the increase of the initial eccentric resulting from the inaccuracy of the masonry wall was examined.