Enfoque UTE

1-19

Authors: Fabricio Marcillo, Wilmar Hernández, Jimmy Torres, Lorena Cusme, Eugenio Mora, Susana Cobeña

In the educational context, gamification has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance learning and motivation. With the rise of information and communication technologies, digital gamification (DG) has emerged. Although there are numerous studies summarizing the contributions of gamification in education, very few have included preschool education. The present systematic review, supported by 25 primary studies published between 2014 and 2022 and indexed in Scopus and Web of Sciences, seeks to close this gap by characterizing the main contributions, and qualitatively synthesizing the effects of DG. The results indicate that there is a growing interest in the topic, where most of the studies originate in Asia; they are published in journals; and are based on the proposal of video games for computers or mobile devices that seek to improve language learning. Narrative approach research predominates, based on samples of less than 10 participants, employing Achievement (Progression) type game elements. The 15 studies that measured the effect of DG report positive results.

35-51

Authors: Rubén Darío Ledesma, Reinier Abreu‑Naranjo, Juan Elías González

Timber residues due to its use for the construction industry and others provided by the secondary forest and its high content of lignocellulosic material for energy purposes, our objective was to evaluate the forest residues of six species to obtain carbon as clean energy, which represents great interest for the energy industry. Through the methodology of the study of inventories and sampling of wood residues from sawmills that was in the four cantons of the province of Pastaza, through instrumental techniques of physical, chemical and thermal analysis, the parameters studied were the biomass potential and residue, density, humidity, ashes, volatiles, fixed carbon and higher calorific value (immediate analysis), carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHONS), which allowed obtaining the thermochemical properties, reaching the main results of energy potential, of these three species that can be used for clean energy, due to the amount of ash found in the analyzes below 1 % and volatiles (60-80 %) of these residues, which clearly shows that it prevents the formation of scale in equipment and damage, in relation to its fixed carbon content on average of 14.78 % and its superior calorific value 19.72 Mj/kg, assessing the fact industrial reliability for its energy use that will generate 515.62 GW of clean energy in electrical thermal power annually to meet the needs of vulnerable areas of the Amazon region.

66-76

Authors: Jhordani Guélac-Gómez, Jeison Elí Sánchez-Calle, Miguel Angel Valles-Coral

Peruvian aquaculture is booming, so it deserves to be technified from a sustainable and competitive perspective. The objective of the review was to identify the current panorama of Peruvian aquaculture and the factors that limit its development, as well as to analyze the benefits of the use of technological tools in aquaculture. To this end, a review methodology was applied based on three phases: i) development of the research question; ii) document search; and ii) review and selection of studies. The search engine used was Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science (WOS), Scielo and Redalyc databases. The review showed that aquaculture in Peru is developed in few regions and with few species. According to PNIPA, the factors limiting its development are related to noncompliance with current sanitary regulations, vessels that are not registered in public registries, and the absence of accreditation controls for artisanal fishermen. Technification of the feeding process reduces operating costs. Sensors make it possible to visualize the variation of parameters in real time, reducing the fish mortality rate. Automatic counting and classification reduces fish stress and avoids economic damage to production. The conclusion is that, in order to achieve aquaculture technification, the government and producers must work together, implementing policies and strategies that guarantee greater profitability and sustainability over time.

1-17

Authors: Christian García-Rengifo, Sixto Durán-Ballén

The watershed basin of the Chalpi Grande River is located in the Ecuadorian Amazon. This basin, being above 3200 m a.s.l. It has characteristics of Andean and Amazonian ecosystems. The conservation of this basin is extremely important because the supply of 2.2 m3/s for the Metropolitan District of Quito depends on this river. The objective of this research is the characterization of the additional climate of 31 years (1985-2015) of records of temperature, precipitation and flow of the Chalpi Grande River based on the historical records of INAMHI, EPMAPS and FONAG. These were systematized records filled in based on statistical methods and remote sensors for data validation. The climatic temperature shows increases both in the behaviors and in the trends of the winter and summer seasons; as well as in the trends of climatic parameters that can be the effect of atmospheric phenomena, such as the latent problem of climate change.

33-45

Authors: Eduardo Revelo Vizcaino, Carlos Egas Acosta

Low-energy wireless wide-area networks are a key technology for the development of the Internet of Things. Like any wireless communications system, it requires that during the design the place where the network will be deployed be inspected to determine the locations where the signal is weak. Sigfox is a network with wireless access that provides the connectivity service for the Internet of Things. When the sensor nodes are located inside buildings, the level of the received signal can vary, due to internal obstructions and interference, so it is necessary to have systems that take into account the technical characteristics of the Sigfox network, to measure the levels. signal strength inside buildings and identify locations where there is no signal. The implemented system allows obtaining information on the signal levels inside the buildings in order to identify the locations in which the nodes do not have connectivity with the network and find solutions to this problem before implementing the network. The system implementation uses Sipy nodes programmed with Pymark and the Sigfox cloud, while the application development uses API and APIREST in the Visual Studio development environment.

62-74

Authors: Henry Pacheco, Emilio Jarre, José Ricardo Macias, Frank Intriago, Bolívar Ortega, Edgar Menéndez

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are becoming a very versatile technology tool in several application areas for development activities. Topography, as a fundamental area of engineering, provides information related to the three-dimensional location of points on the earth’s surface. The objective of this work was to generate topographic information, using UAV as a technological alternative to traditional techniques. The methodology consisted of planning and execution of two photogrammetric flights with the EBEB SQ UAV, instrumented with the Sequoia multispectral camera. Five control points were placed on the ground, georeferenced with a total station, used as control points in the processing of the flight images. The photographs captured in flight were processed by photogrammetry with PIX4Dmapper software on a desktop computer, with an Intel(R) Core (TM) i9-9900K CPU 3.60GHz processor and 32.0 GB of RAM. The photogrammetric flight results consisted of a total of 633 RGB photographs in a flight time of 36:27 minutes, for a coverage area of 57.7 ha. The processing quality report showed an accuracy of 2 mm in the georeferencing of the photographs with the control points. The photogrammetric processing was executed in a time of 48 minutes to generate Orthophotos, Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and three-dimensional point cloud. The generated products reached a spatial resolution of 5 cm/ pixel, with millimeter accuracies that allowed the management of secondary topographic information such as slope. The point cloud made it possible to classify the coverage in vegetation and soil, to estimate the height of the cotton crop canopy with an accuracy of 91%. As advantages of the UAV over traditional techniques for topographic surveys, the variety and precision of geospatial products and the optimization of times can be highlighted.

1-10

Authors: Carlos Olmo-González ; Danis Manuel Verdecia-Acosta ; Luis Guillermo Hernández-Montiel ; Alcibiades Ojeda-Rodríguez ; Jorge Luis Ramírez-de la Ribera ; Yordan Martínez-Aguilar

With the objective of determining the nutritional constituents, amino acids and the content of secondary metabolites of the foliage meal of Tithonia diversifolia. For this, plant material was collected 70 days after regrowth. The percentages of DM, CP, P, Ca, Si, CF, NDF, ADF, ADL, Cel, Hcel, CC were determined; amino acid profile (methionine, cystine, methionine + cystine, lysine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, serine, phenylalanine, arginine, histidine), and content of TT, TP, TCT, TBCT, FCT, Flv, Sap, Alk, Trit and TS. For statistical processing, descriptive techniques (mean and standard deviation) were used. The plant material of Tithonia diversifolia analyzed showed percentages of 22.23, 2.62, 0.013, 45.7, and 29.8% and 6.09 MJ/kg (CP, Ca, P, NDF, ADF and ME). For the secondary metabolites, they presented concentrations of 5.35, 12.38, 13.7, 9.58, 4.15, 24.49, 0.86, 1.36, 7.71 and 10.75 g/kg MS for total tannins, total phenols, total condensed tannins, total bound condensed tannins, free condensed tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes and total steroids). The highest concentrations of amino acids were for lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, serine and phenylalanine with values of 13-30 g/kg of protein. It is concluded that the foliage meal of Tithonia diversifolia presents an adequate relation in its quality.

29-38

Authors: Daniela Paz-Barzola , Kenny Escobar-Segovia , Samantha Jiménez-Oyola

The objective of the study was to evaluate soil quality in population centers near gold mining areas. The concentration of heavy metals and metalloids (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was analyzed in soil samples collected in public areas, yards, gardens, and cultivation areas. As a result, it was identified that the concentration of Ni and Cr exceeded the maximum permissible limit (MPL) established in the Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation of Ecuador (TULSMA) in 100 % of the samples analyzed, while the concentration of Cu and Zn was higher than the MPL in 90 % of the sites sampled. Cd exceeded the MPL in 64 % of the samples, and As and Pb exceeded the MPL in 26 % and 21 % of the samples, respectively. Cd, As and Pb are elements of special concern due to their high toxicity and significant presence in the study area. Regarding pH analysis, values between 3.31 and 8.21 were obtained, indicating acidic conditions in 60 % of the soil samples, possibly as a result of anthropogenic activity in the area. Strong positive correlations were detected between As-Cd, Cr-Ni, Cu-Ni, and moderate correlations between Cr-Cu and Pb-Zn, which is related to the mineralization of the area. Cluster analysis indicated that cluster C1, characterized by a high content of potentially toxic elements, is mostly located south of the study area. These preliminary results can serve as a baseline for future research in the area, highlighting the importance of soil quality assessment in mining areas

47-59

Authors: Alvarez-Blacio Astrid, Alvitres-Medina Claudia, Castro Cynthia3 , * , Verdugo Josselyn3,*, Pérez-González Andrés , María Dolores Tonon , Pinos Véronica, Tripaldi Piercossimo

Due to the accelerated growth of the world population, the need for food has increased. Due to the differentiated climatic factors that Ecuador has, the usage of pesticides and fertilizers has increased at an alarming rate, in search of increasing the productivity of crops, which results in an accumulation of residues in food and soil. In this study, the search for concentrations of metals and ions from fertilizers in four high-consumption products will be limited to INIAP Cecilia and Chaucha Amarilla potatoes, Kidney Tomato and Paiteña Onion found in markets and supermarkets. The metals were determined by using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry with a mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). For ions, through a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The values found were within the norm. Differences were found between the metal content of the potato between peel and pulp where the latter will appear at the highest concentrations. Multivariate statistics showed that the samples are grouped by the planting site and not the type of sample, which shows the importance of the soil and the cultivation process. The generation of a classification model for fed products with the analyzed parameters is discussed.

1 - 13

Authors: Miguel Ángel López Ramírez, Yasser Armando Aburto Gutiérrez, Keila Elena Ocaña Drouaillet, Castellanos Onorio Olaya Pirene, Fabiola Lango Reynoso, Maribel López Ramírez

One of the main problems in Mexico is contamination by leachates that are produced in final waste disposal sites, since they are highly toxic and damage the biota. This research focuses on determining the characteristics of the leachate produced in the uncontrolled final disposal site in the municipality of Tlapacoyan, Veracruz (Mexico). As a result, it was determined that the parameters that cause damage to the biota are total nitrogen (152.759 mg L-1),mercury (0.006mgL-1), cadmium (0.003mgL-1), copper (0.052mgL-1), chromium (0.0731mgL-1), nickel (0.0524mgL-1), lead (0.005 mg L-1) and total coliforms (> 2 400 MPN), as they do not meet at least one of the national and international standards of maximum permissible limits. Likewise, it was determined that the leachate produced at this site is of the mature and poorly biodegradable type (BOD/COD=0.018), so that the typical or bioremediation methods are not recommended for its treatment.

29 - 44

Authors: Salomón Barrezueta-Unda, Alexander Condoy Gorotiza, Stalin Sanchez Pilcorema

The use of biochar amendments in banana soils has inspired research with the aim of comparing the effects of a biochar obtained from cocoa pods on banana development. The work was carried out on two farms, one under an organic agriculture model (FO) and the other conventional (FC). The doses per treatment in each farm consisted of 10 g (T1), 30 g (T2) and 50 g (T3) of biochar + bioferment with Trichoderma spp.; 100 g of Si2O (FO) and 100 g of urea (FC) were added to this mixture. All treatments were applied to the soil in front of the son. The highest values for plant height were 217.8 cm (FO, T2) and 266.7 cm (FC, T3), in pseudostem thickness the highest means were 41.1 cm (FO,T1) and 52.1 cm (FC, T3), much higher than the control. In bunch weight and number of hands, significant differences p≤0.05) were obtained in both farms. The results revealed that the treatments had a positive effect on the growth of banana plants compared to the control on both farms.

58 - 67

Authors: Agustina Valverde Rodriguez, Rene Eugenio Ruiz ,Esteban Nolberto Efrain David, Miltao Edelio Campos Albornoz

The investigation was carried out in two sowing periods of Pisum sativum L, agricultural campaign 2019 and 2021, the registered data correspond to the period 2021 because similar responses to the previous test were obtained. The objective was to comparatively integrate more than one control strategy to regulate pests in the crop. In a completely randomized block design with 3 treatments, 4 replications. Being the treatments: (T0) Without applications,(T1) Zea mays live barriers + color traps + Ruta chalepensis extract + toxic baits, (T2) Lupinus mutabilis live barriers + color traps + Bacillius thuringiensis + toxic baits. Weekly evaluations were carried out to identify the insects and determine the density of each pest species in the crop. All plots share the same pests. In T2, the lowest averages of each species were recorded, being Agrotis sp with 0.67 to 2.33 larvae/plot, Aphis sp between 1.33 to 4 aphids per bud, Bemisia sp with 5 to 7 per leaf, Epitrix sp between 4 to 0/plant and Liriomyza trifolii between 3 to 4 arvae/leaf. It is concluded that the integration of the T2 components are the most efficient in the regulation of pests in bean crops.

1 - 16

Authors: Cristian Andrade-Terán

This article presents an analysis of the Fluid-Structure response of bladeless wind turbines that work by induced aeroelastic resonance, which can be used in cities or small towns to form part of sustainable urban planning. In it, numerical simulations of the behavior of the wind and the effect called Von Karman Vortices that it produces when surrounding the structure of the wind turbine are carried out, taking as input data the wind speeds measured by the Mariscal Sucre Meteorological Station in Quito. CFD simulations determine the excitation signal caused by the different existing wind flows, the effects that these oscillations cause on the structure are simulated through a modal study and harmonic response to resonance. The results obtained show a proportional increase in the frequency and amplitude of the vortex shedding to the increase in wind speed, causing different excitation signals that cause the wind turbine to oscillate with amplitudes between 6 and 11 cm. Finally, the transient simulations show that the presence of houses and buildings in the vicinity where the wind turbine is installed causes the direction of the vortex street to vary, as well as alterations in the frequency and amplitude of the excitation.

31 - 47

Authors: Jorge Campoverde, Martha Helena Carrillo, Jonnathan Jiménez Yumbla, Raúl Roldán Nariño, Diego Loyola, Katherine Coronel Pangol

This article presents a review of the literature on Reverse Logistics (RL) research, application cases and exploration. Various databases were used to retrieve articles. This review has allowed to analyze initial concepts of RL and complementary ones with new optics and arguments developed by various authors. The main contribution is the taxonomy proposed in the development of the article. It was made up of relationship of themes and terms found in the literary review. Also, the most important fields of application and future trends in RL have been identified, where it has been determined that it is necessary to extend the analysis of RL towards an economic, social, cultural and environmental perspective.

68 - 97

Authors: Diego Moya, Dennis Copara, Jorge Amores, Manolo Muñoz Espinoza, Ángel Pérez-Navarro

The residential sector is an example of the challenges that arise when modelling the heterogeneity of the energy system to assess energy policy. Some of the characteristics that influence the supply and demand of energy in the residential sector are the type of consumption, household income, family composition, type of dwelling, the climatic zone of residence, among others. The objective of this research is to characterize the agents of energy consumption in the residential sector of Ecuador. To achieve this goal, this article presents a methodology that combines a national survey (online and door-to-door) with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The survey allows defining the main motivations, investment objectives and decision method of the agents when renewing or maintaining home energy technologies. For this, the agents have been classified based on their income level. GIS allows the agents to be spatially located and to have an estimate of the population that belongs to each agent by income level. The results are presented by income level for each group of agents and the agents are geolocated, characterizing them spatially. The quantitative attributes of each agent are determined in order to be used in energy systems modelling.