Gardarika

3-18

Authors: Maksim A. Kucher

The article is devoted to foundation and further development of the Zavody (Shevchenkovskoe) village (Konotop district, Sumy region, Ukraine), with the background of lacking available systematized data. In this study, for the first time, an analysis of official documents and historical literature was carried out, taking into account the stories of Zavody village native citizens about their forefathers, current life and important events. Two toponymy versions are considered, depending on the primary estimation objective and the features of the local landscape presented by swampy meadows at the source of the Kukolka River. Presumably, the tract was founded by Velikiy Sambor village settlers in the middle of the XIX century (1862) as part of territories expansion for cattle grazing. After the period of time – from the beginning of the XX entury to the present, Zavody village is part of the Sosnovsky rural settlement. The conducted research work revealed the presence of gaps and data inconsistencies in the historical path of the Zavody village, and can be considered as a starting point for subsequent historical studies.

33-48

Authors: Ol'ga Yu. Larionova

The impetus for the study was two photos from 1938, which show the two stone houses of the family of officials of the Glazyrins' Votkinsk plant and the merchant's daughter Maria Ivanovna Plotnikova, provided by a descendant of this family. As a result of the survey of all the houses in the historical part of the Votkinsk city, both houses were identified, although at that time (2017) they were already reconstructed, and the only remaining memory of the location of the houses was that both of them are located in the center of the Votkinsk city, the Udmurt Republic. Until now, there was no information about the ancient houses on Lenin Str., No. 9 and 17. The study, conducted on the basis of the materials of the state and personal archives, which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, allowed us to restore the details of the private life of the members of the Glazyrin family, as well as to clarify the date of construction of both houses. The photos of the Glazyrin houses are especially valuable, which allow us to restore the appearance of pre-revolutionary Votkinsk, and the members of the Glazyrin family, who, thanks to their education in the small mining school of the village of Votkinsky plant and their own determination, reached the position of major officials of the Votkinsky plant, starting this way from the indispensable workers in the early XIX century. The article contains data on the prevalence of this surname in the village during the study period: the beginning of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries.

3-12

Authors: Evgenij M. Osadchij

The article is devoted to the analysis of the events that took place after the Battle of Konotop. The retreat of the Moscow army under the command of Prince Alexei Trubetskoy took place under constant fire from the Ukrainian Cossacks and Tatars. The night battle near the village of Kazachya Dubrava was very fierce. Both sides suffered losses, and the Moscow army approached the crossing of the Seim without opposition from the Cossacks and Tatars. After the crossing, the Moscow army withdrew to Putivl, and the Cossack-Tatar army was located near the Chash hillfort. At that time, near Vygorevo hillfort there was a large train with gunpowder and lead. He could not cross the Seim River. A detachment from the Putivl garrison was assigned to protect it. 200 Tatar soldiers, Cossacks and Putivl warriors took part in the battle for this wagon train. The guard of the convoy was able to repulse the attacks and after the army of hetman Ivan Vyhovsky turned south, he was able to reach Putivl. The battle near the Vygorevo hillfort was one of the components of the great battle that took place in the summer of 1659 near Konotop and Putivl.

23-35

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov

The paper focuses on the outstanding representative of the Cherkasov family from Keret – the Soviet and Russian inventor Pavel Ivanovich Cherkasov (1938−2010). This work is the first attempt to summarize the available information and write the first complete biography of the outstanding inventor. As sources there were used the materials of personal origin, namely, an interview with Pavel Ivanovich, which was given in the mid 1990s and published on the web in 2003, as well as memories of Pavel Ivanovich Cherkasov by his daughter Galina Sokol (maiden name Cherkasova). In methodological terms, the descriptive method is widely used in the work, which allowed us to consider the information presented in fragments to restore the biographical picture of the life of Pavel Ivanovich Cherkasov. Besides this, a retrospective method was applied, thanks to which the author was able to consider the events in their chronological sequence. In conclusion, the author states that Pavel Ivanovich Cherkasov (1938−2010) was a versatile personality – he played musical instruments, drew, sculpted, carved wood, but his main occupation was invention. 30 years of his stay in Kamchatka made him the best inventor of this region, the winner of the state prize of the USSR. His inventions were applied in such areas as shipbuilding, mechanical engineering, woodworking, agriculture, and the forestry industry. The applicants for his patents were not only Soviet organizations, but also organizations from Japan and Germany. This laid the foundation for the high-tech cooperative “Mayak” created by P.I. Cherkasov, which sold 700 licenses for its inventions in 1990−1993.

3-18

Authors: Dmytro V. Kudinov

The study is devoted to the organization and holding of the Sumy agricultural and handicraft fair-exhibition in 1895. Clarification and characterization of the features of its arrangement is the purpose of the publication. The main set of sources is indicated (documents of the State Archives of the Sumy region; magazines and reports of the Sumy District Zemstvo Assembly; the report of the exhibition management committee; the press materials). The author emphasized the necessity to consider the agrarian forum in Sumy in the context of the all-Russian exhibition process, which the residents of the Sumy district were involved in both before the organization of the exhibition in Sumy and later on. It is clarified that the development of the exhibition activity was promoted by the growth of agricultural marketability, the spread of purely capitalist forms of organization in agriculture. It is indicated that the choice of Sumy by the Kharkiv Agricultural Society as a venue for a major regional exhibition is not accidental. This was preceded by both a general success of the development on a progressive basis of large landowner farms associated with industrial production, as well as the successful participation of Sumy residents in such events before and, what is important, the responsible attitude of Sumy zemstvo to the question of agricultural development. It was found that despite the risks associated with insufficient funds, shortage of time and lack of experience in holding such events, the exhibition management committee, which consisted mainly of zemstvo representatives and some major owners in the county, managed to organize and present the agrarian forum at a fairly high level, which was pleasantly noted by the correspondents of the newspaper «Juzhnyi Krai». The main exhibitors in terms of the number of presented materials were the leading agricultural and industrial producers of the region – the Kharitonenko, the Leshchinsky and Countess Stroganova, who outshone small private entrepreneurs and farmers. Another feature of the Sumy exhibition was the apathy towards the event from local handicraftsmen (so, the handicraft industry was mostly represented by guests craftsmen, especially from Kharkiv) and the scantiness of the peasant exhibits. This event served as an assessment of the real state of the agricultural sector, where successful agricultural businesses, unprofitable economies of the nobles and a land-poor peasant farms coexisted. It is proved that the Sumy exhibition of 1895 stimulated the further wide participation of Sumy agrarians in expositions and became a kind of rehearsal for the successful exhibiting of their products at the World Exhibition in Paris.

3-12

Authors: Olga Yu. Larionova

Every year in Votkinsk (Udmurt Republic) there are less and less pre-revolutionary wooden houses decorated with carvings, which either collapse or lose their original appearance due to free reconstruction of the owners. Without state support with targeted funding to preserve the historical and cultural environment of Votkinsk, which is a world-famous center of tourism, it will not be possible to rectify the situation. Over the past decade, the number of houses decorated with wooden carvings has declined significantly. Modern reconstructions turn unique historic houses into impersonal ones with siding and with plastic windows. From the once long Gospodskaya street, stretching from the pond to the Votka River (modern Tchaikovsky Street) on both sides of the house of P.I. Tchaikovsky left only 3 wooden buildings of pre-revolutionary construction. Over the past 10 years, to the right and left of the museum-estate of P.I. Tchaikovsky demolished 11 wooden houses with carved decor (two of them last year), 9 stone cottages were rebuilt, leaving only 5 wooden houses decorated with carvings, and 2 of them were built in the middle of the 20th century, and 1 the wooden house was reconstructed (siding without decor), there were also 2 half-stone houses, one of which (Tchaikovsky st., 139) is no longer in use and began to collapse, despite the fact that the ensemble of the Gospodskaya street was recognized as an object of historical and cultural value. Wooden houses of the late XIX – early XX centuries, which are still an adornment of the city and its cultural heritage, are still preserved in the city, and a program for their preservation is necessary.

3-12

Authors: Alexandr N. Bondar

The article is devoted to the defensive bell tower of the 17th century in Sulichеvka. This monument is unique and has no analogues in Ukraine. An analysis of the available material showed that the bell tower was built not later than the end of the 17th century. Initially, it was part of the complex construction of a fortified manor. From the manor there was a small ditch from the north side and a tower. In the 18th century the tower and manor lost their defensive purpose. On the site of the estate in the late 18 century a church was built. Initially, the church and the bell tower stood separately from each other. However, in 1894 they were connected by a corridor. The tower plays the role of the bell tower today. In the early 2000's it was restored, but very poorly. This led to an excess of moisture and a crack in the basement of the tower.