Revista MVZ Cordoba

e2046

Authors: Pablo N.H. Silva ; Bianca F. Dallo ; Anne C.A. Pesenti; Jucemara M. Medeiros ; André Martins ; Luciana P. Machado

Objective. To evaluate the use of a rapid immunochromatographic test, associated with a complete blood count and the search for viral inclusions as a method of diagnosing distemper in dogs. Materials and methods. Nineteen dogs, males and females, aged 2 to 120 months, with clinical suspicion of distemper, were examined at the UFFS Veterinary Hospital. Conjunctival swabs were collected to perform the rapid immunochromatographic test and 3-5 ml blood samples were drawn for complete blood count and Lentz corpuscle investigation. After performing the blood count, the blood was centrifuged, and the plasma was used to perform a second test. Results. Among the 19 suspect animals, seven were positive in the rapid test, both in blood plasma and conjunctival swab material; in two of these, Lentz bodies were observed. Conclusions. The association of the rapid immunochromatographic test with the complete blood count in dogs with clinical suspicion of distemper improves the chances of diagnosing the disease in the acute phase and the test can also be performed with blood plasma, using the same sample sent for complete blood count. The hematological study revealed that anemia and lymphopenia are the main changes in positive animals.

e2121

Authors: Juan Prisciliano Zárate-Martínez; Francisco Indalecio Juárez-Lagunes; Ángel Ríos-Utrera; Maribel Montero-Lagunes; Abraham Fragoso-Islas

Objective. To evaluate the reproductive performance of crossbred cows in the tropics of Mexico fed two levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), eliciting them to ovulate with a hormonal protocol and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI). Material and methods.Twenty-seven multiparous cows were used. Twenty-one days before calving, cows were assigned to two treatments: T1= 4.5 kg of concentrate/cow/d and T2= 3.0 kg of concentrate/cow/d, and forage ad libitum in both treatments. Results. Cows assigned to T2 consumed more NDF (p<0.05) than cows assigned to T1 (38 vs 44% of the diet). The increment in forage consumption, up to the NDF allowed, compensated the provision of metabolizable energy (ME) and protein (MP), which were similar in cows of both treatments during the 15 days before calving. Cows fed with T2 tried to compensate the nutrients deficit consuming more forage (6.25 vs 7.37 kg of DM/d). The MP was always deficient during lactation for T1 and T2 cows. In T2 cows, the MP deficiency resulted in less milk nitrogen content. Cows assigned to T1 lost less body condition, which resulted in higher (p<0.05) pregnancy rate at first service (75.2 vs42.8%), although they did not produce more milk than T2 cows.Conclusions. NDF reduction in the ration from 44 to 38% and the application of the FTAI hormonal protocol reduce the open period to 105 d in lactating cows in the tropics.

e2172

Authors: Elia E Araiza-Rosales ; J. Natividad Gurrola-Reyes; Francisco O. Carrete-Carreón; Juan F Sánchez-Arroyo; Carlos U Haubi-Segura; Oscar G Alaniz-Villanueva; Damián Reyes-Jáquez

Objective. To evaluate the physicochemical properties, In vitro dry matter digestibility, and apparent nitrogen digestibility in fecal matter and urine of pigs of an extruded feed using common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a soybean meal substitute. Materials and methods. The standardization of the extrusion process was performed for two formulations of bean flour (Pinto Saltillo), cornflour (Cafime), and soybean meal at different proportions: 20/67/13% and 30/60/10%, respectively. Samples were processed in a single screw extruder at 120-150°C and a moisture content of 18-22%. The evaluated physicochemical properties were expansion index, bulk density, water absorption index, water solubility index, hardness, water activity, and color parameters: L*, a*, and b*. The In vitro dry matter digestibility and apparent nitrogen digestibility in fecal matter and urine of pigs were evaluated using the optimal treatment previously obtained by seeking to decrease processing costs.Results. Optimal conditions for the 20% bean flour formulation were: Temperature of 124.4°C and moisture content of 18.59%. Extrusion temperature decreased bulk density, hardness, and water activity, but increased L* and expansion index. Moisture content decreased bulk density, water activity, hardness, and a*. In vitro dry matter digestibility was higher for the extruded bean diet compared to the control diet (92.33% vs. 85.33%). Conclusions. Results indicated that bean flour is a viable option for animal consumption in terms of nutritional value and digestibility.

e2197

Authors: Javier Painean P; Eduardo Raffo C; Ruben Mercado ; Sebastian Peña F; Pamela Muñoz A

Objective. Detect acid-fast oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. using the Ziehl-Neelsen stain (ZN) and apply molecular tools with the 18S rARN (18S rARN) and 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes to characterize the species and subtypes present in Valdivia province. Material and methods. 275 samples of calves from 15 dairy farms from the Valdivia province were analyzed by ZN stain. Samples that showed positive results to ZN were then submitted to PCR processing aiming as target the 18S rARN and gp60 genes, with subsequent sequencing of the latter. Results. 30 samples were positive to ZN, of which 46.6% (14/30) were confirmed by PCR amplification for 18S rARN and from those, 42.8% (6/14) also amplified the gp60 target using PCR. Posterior sequencing of this gene showed the presence of C. parvum in 100% of the isolates and the subtypes IIaA15G2R1 (3/6), IIaA14G1R1 (2/6) and IIaA17G1R1 (1/6). Conclusions. Subtype IIaA15G2R1 was predominant, being found within two communes of the province. The subtype IIaA14G1R1 was found in two farms belonging to the same commune and to our knowledge represents the first time this subtype has ever been reported in cattle in Chile and the continent. Finally, subtype IIaA17G2R1 has been found sporadically in calves just like in the present study. Furthermore, all three variants have already been reported infecting humans, however during the development of this study, we found no other records of studies that aimed the characterization of the subtypes of C. parvum from calves raising systems and workers, to have ever been conducted in Chile. Therefore, it is important to promote further investigation on this subject.

e2238

Authors: Andressa Silva-Santos ; Sandra R. Freitas-Pinheiro; Gabriel Machado-Dallago; Karynne L. Chaves-de-Paula; Thayssa de Oliveira Littiere ; Alexandro Aluísio-Rocha; Diana M. Correa-Castiblanco

Objective. Analyze the leukogram of meat-type quail inoculated inovo with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and lauric acid (LA) while exposed to a sanitary challenge. Material and methods. The drinking water was placed seven days before the arrival of the quails and it was only refilled throughout the experiment. The treatments were applied on 480 fertile eggs in the 7th day of incubation: Negative control: not perforated; positive control: injected with the diluent (corn oil; CO); CLA120: 120 mg CLA /CO; CLA240: 240 mg CLA /CO; LA60: 60 mg LA /CO and LA90: 90 mg LA /CO. A completely randomized design with four replications was used. Total leukocytes and the differential leukocyte count were evaluated at 21 and 36 days of age. Results. No statistically effects (p>0.05) of any inoculations were observed in the parameters evaluated. We observed an average of 10927.1±2933.6 cell/μl, 61.6 ± 7.31%, 32.0 ± 7.13% and 0.57 ± 0.21 for leukocyte count, lymphocyte, heterophile and heterophile/lymphocyte ratio, respectively, at 21 days. At 36 days, we observed an overall average of 13291.7 ± 3559.0 cell/μl, 65.0 ± 9.29%, 29.3 ± 9.93% and 0.50 ± 0.24, for those same variables, respectively. Conclusions. The in ovo inoculation levels of CLA and LA did not affect the leucogram of meat-type quails raised in sanitary challenge.

e2340

Authors: Lorenzo Danilo Granados-Rivera; Jorge Alonso Maldonado-Jáquez; Yuridia Bautista-Martínez ; Jonathan Raul Garay-Martínez ; María Genoveva Álvarez-Ojeda

Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the complementation schedule with an integral food in the production and chemical composition of the milk of lactating goats under grazing conditions in northern Mexico. Materials and methods. Twelve adult Saanen goats were assigned equitably and randomly to three treatments: control, morning complementation and evening complementation. It was measured dry matter consumption (DM), live weight (LW), body condition (CC), milk production (PL), chemical composition and performance of milk (protein, lactose and fat). Results. The highest total DM consumption was obtained in goats supplemented in the afternoon (p=0.02), and they were also the ones that produced the highest milk quantity (p<0.0001). The concentrations of protein (p=0.07) and lactose (p=0.10) in milk were not modified due to treatments. In contrast, the fat content in milk of the goats of the control group was higher (p<0.05) than the supplementation treatments. Conclusiones. Complementation in the afternoon improved the productive response of lactating goats in grazing during the dry season in northern Mexico

e2356

Authors: Adurrahman Anil Cagirgan; Kemal Pekmez; Murat Kaplan; Fatih Arslan; Gulnur Kalayci

Objective. This study was aimed to investigate the presence of pestivirus, schmallenberg virus (SBV), akabane virus (AKAV), and determined the seasonal distribution in small ruminant abortion cases Materials and methods. A total of 164 small ruminant aborted fetuses (39 goats and 125 sheep) were investigated in the West Turkey between the years of 2015 and 2019. While the SBV and pestivirus were examined with real-time RT-PCR, the AKAV was examined with nested-PCR. Results.In this study, while four sheep (2.3%) were found to be pestivirus positive, nine sheep and one goat (5.9%) were found to be AKAV positive. SBV was detected in none of the animals. According to the results of the studies carried out, AKAV, a vector-borne virus, was detected more than other viruses in sheep and goat abortions in West Turkey. A positive sample of akabane virus detected in sheep fetuses was sequenced based on the partial S segment. This sample showed 99-100% similarity to the Adana-15, Aksu-1, and Aksu-2 isolates previously detected in Southern Turkey. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequenced isolate in this study was clustered within genogroup Ib. Another important piece of data revealed in this study was the determination of the seasonal distribution of sheep and goat abortions. Abortion cases which started to increase in November reached a peak in February and declined till August. Conclusions. This is the first study in the Aegean Region (including seven provinces) in which three important viral agents were simultaneously investigated in small ruminant aborted fetuses.

e2599

Authors: Donicer Montes-Vergara; Darwin Hernández-Herrera; Diego Carrillo-González

Objective. Estimate the morphometric, phaneroptic, and four dominant gene diversity in backyard native birds with naked neck (Gallus domesticus L. Subspecie nudicollis) in the Sabanas subregion, department of Sucre - Colombia. Materials and methods. Overall, 650 adult birds (480 hens and 170 roosters) from 10 different locations, 14 morphometric variables, eight phaneroptics, and four dominant genes were measured. The data were subjected to descriptive analysis. Animals were compared between localities by means of the analysis of variance and Duncan test. Sexual dimorphism was evaluated from body weight and tarsal size, morphostructural harmony was evaluated from the correlations between the measurements, and the frequencies of the Frizzled feather, silky feather, pilopody, and polydactyly genes and their influence were estimated on four morphometric variables. Phaneroptic variables were evaluated using frequencies. Results. The analyzed descriptors showed a superiority in roosters than over hens as well as between localities (p<0.001). Bodyweight and tarsal length were sexual differentiators (p<0.001). Low bodily harmony was evidenced. The estimated allele frequencies were low except for the Polydactyly gene, because the birds with this gene were significantly larger (p<0.001). The phaneroptic characteristics describe a bird with normal brown plumage, white tarsi, a red lobe color, and a red-orange eye, with a simple crest and small-medium size in hens and medium-large in roosters. Conclusions. A heterogeneous population with great phaneroptic variability was found. There are indications of introgression of specialized breeds. The frequencies of the dominant genes were low, with higher performance for the characteristics BW, BL, TP, LL and WL in birds with polydactyly genotype.

e2013

Authors: Jesus Berdugo-Gutiérrez ; Ariel Tarazona-Morales; Carlos Muskus-López; Julían Echeverry-Zuluaga ; Albeiro López-Herrera

Objetive. This work compares granulosa cell gene expression using RNA analysis from pre-ovulatory follicles from two different bovine species (buffaloes and cattle). Materials and methods. The RNA was obtained from granulosa cells from ovaries of 10 buffaloes and cattle obtained at the local slaughterhouse, was sequenced with Novaseq, and the differential expression was analyzed using EdgeR in Bioconductor, and the function was assigned according to gene ontology terms. Results. Differential gene expression analyzes shown significant differences between species, but the most important feature is the low participation of genes associated with the reproductive process of follicular development, highlighting the importance of paracrine control of the ovary. It was found that between buffaloes and cattle, there is practically no correspondence in the gene expression of the physiological states evaluated; 6137 genes show differential expression between the two species. Conclusions. Each species has its way of performing the same process. The differences in the expression of the genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation are evident, and new ways to look at the presented results are required to understand the biological significance of the findings.

e2147

Authors: Jorge Juárez-Rosales; Jesus T. Ponce-Palafox; Alma D. Román-Gutiérrez ; Elena M. Otazo-Sánchez; Griselda Pulido-Flores ; Yolanda Marmolejo-Santillán ; Raúl Tapia-Varela; Mario A. Benítez-Mandujano

The polyculture of tilapia fish and shrimp is one of the mitigation techniques to reduce sanitary impact and effluents in shrimp farms. It mostly aims to increase production and control water quality of effluents. Some cases of success have reported the control of certain diseases and the improvement of soil quality in earthen ponds. This review analyzes the benefits obtained in terms of water quality, sediments, environment, production increase, and improvement of zootechnical parameters of shrimp polycultured with tilapia fish. Shrimp-tilapia polycultures can contribute with a positive effect to water quality and sediments from ponds and effluents of farms; this depends on density and environment conditions where polycultures are developed. However, they must be adapted, and their functionality and commercial profitability must be proven at small and large scales

e2361

Authors: Jefersson Stiven Salgado-Ruíz; Dumar Alexander Jaramillo-Hernández

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a disease caused by RNA virus, Flaviviridae family, genus Pestivirus,known as Pestivirus C. Its worldwide distribution is now known and causes large economic losses in pig production. Its only natural reservoirs are pig and wild boar. The objective of this review is to present an update on some relevant epidemiological and immunopathological aspects of CSF. CSF is a notifiable disease for Colombia and persistently infected animals are the key to its dissemination and endemicity. CSF virus infection is characterized by disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombocytopenia and immunosuppression, depending on the severity of the virulence of the different strains. The virus has an affinity for monocytes/macrophages and vascular endothelial cells where it can induce different cellular mechanisms that allow it to proliferate and persist in the animal, such as: oxidative stress by increasing the levels of reactive oxygen species generating decrease of the bioavailability of nitric oxide; mitochondrial fission that allows cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis; and immunosuppression due to the depletion of T and B lymphocytes created by pyroptosis based on gasdermin-D in peripheral lymphoid organs that reduces the humoral and cellular immune response. Immunopathological understanding from molecular explanation in CSF is important in the conceptual contribution of the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies that allow to control/eradicate this disease.

e2106

Authors: Jorge Peralta-Torres; Maloy Hernández-Hernández; Nery López-Segovia; Xavier Boldo-León; Luis Trujillo-Castillo; Laura Quiñonez-Díaz; David Betancur-Ancona; Jorge Ble-Castillo; Viridiana Olvera-Hernández

Objective. Evaluate the hygienic-sanitary, physicochemical and microbiological quality of bovine milk for sale, produced in a family stable and in three public markets in Tabasco state. Materials and methods. The hygienic-sanitary quality was determined according to general information of the farm, facilities, milking process, cleaning and disinfection. Physicochemical quality was determined by evaluating total proteins, casein, butyric fat, lactose, non-fatty solids and density. Microbiological quality was determined by titratable acidity, alcohol test, somatic cell content, oxide-reduction potential, foreign matter, bacterial inhibitors, and aerobic mesophilic bacteria. Results. The milk produced in the family stable was evaluated with the highest physicochemical and microbiological quality, in reference to the standards evaluated by the official Mexican regulations established in Mexico by the Council for the promotion of the quality of milk and its derivatives, A. C. Instead, milk in three public markets, it was considered as rejection, indicating possible contamination during milking processes, as well as handling and transport to public markets. Conclusions. Milk samples from public markets were considered not suitable for human consumption or for the production of by-products.

e2135

Authors: Raúl Reyes-Sandoval; Dora Romero-Salas; Anabel Cruz-Romero; Jenny Chaparro-Gutiérrez; Miguel Lammoglia-Villagómez; Karla López-Hernández; Juan Ojeda-Carrasco

Objective. To determine the frequency of Neospora caninum in two Livestock buffalo/bovine Production Units (LPU) in the central zone of the state of Veracruz, México. Materials and methods. The study was a cross-sectional study with non-probability convenience sampling. Two Livestock Production Units (LPUs), both with buffalo and bovine populations, located in the central zone of the state of Veracruz, Mexico, were included. The total populations of buffaloes, bovines, and canines were included. Blood samples were taken between February and March 2019 and processed with a commercial ELISA test (IDEXX®) and an Indirect Immunofluorescence Test (VMRD, Pullman, WA, USA) to determine Neospora caninum antibodies. In each LPU, a general and individual survey was applied. Data were analyzed with the STATA software version 14.0. Results. 68 out of 138 samples presented antibodies against N. caninum, with a frequency of 45.6% (95% CI, 37.1–54.3). The buffalo population had higher N. caninum antibody concentrations, 26/31 from the LPU of Cotaxtla with 83.8% (95% CI, 66.2–94.5) and 12/22 from the LPU of Medellín with 54.5% (95% CI, 32.2–75.6). Regarding the canines, 4/6 were positive (66.6%). Regarding the different animal species, 38/53 buffaloes presented the highest frequency with 71.6% (95% CI, 57.6–83.2). Conclusions. The presence of N. caninum antibodies in the bovine and buffalo populations of the studied LPUs was verified. There was a higher frequency of antibodies in water buffaloes when they cohabited with cattle and canines

e1260

Authors: Luis Solórzano A ; Francisco Sánchez-Amador ; Sunny Sánchez G ; Jaime Pizarro V

Objective. The present study was to identify gastro-intestinal endoparasitic helminths in wild rats. Materials and methods. a parasitological study was carried out to know the helminth-fauna in different urban and rural areas in five provinces of the Republic of Ecuador, during 2014-2017. The rodents were captured and transported to the National Parasitology Reference Center of the National Institute of Public Health Research - Guayaquil, for further analysis. Results. 125/211 (59.2%) rats with endoparasites were found, 13/20 (65%) for R. rattus and 112/191 (58.6%) R. norvegicus. The most prevalent nematode: was Nippostrongylus brasiliensis for both species and Heterakis spumosa; followed by the cestodes: Hymenolepis diminuta, H. nana, Moniliformis moniliformis and Cysticercus fasciolaris. Conclusions. The presence of four species of zoonotic cestodes in the sampled rodents that live near human communities, represent a potential risk of infection for the inhabitants. Therefore, the control of the population of rodents in residential areas and the awareness of the local population about the risk of disease transmission through rodents seems to be totally necessary.

e2157

Authors: Harvey A. Walteros-Casas ; María C. Hernández-Martínez ; Agustín Góngora-Orjuela ;Jorge L. Parra-Arango; Jenny J. Chaparro-Gutiérrez

Objetive. Determine the presence of internal and external parasites in common pigeons (Columba livia) in the urban area of the city of Villavicencio, Meta, during the transition from summer to winter in 2017. Materials and Methods. 72 pigeons from three communes of the city were captured and subjected to visual inspection for external parasites, at the same time, samples of fecal material were obtained for stool analysis using the Sheather’s method. Blood samples were smeared and Giemsa stained for hemotropic agents. Results. Two species of external parasites were found in 100% of the samples: Mallophaga lice (Columbicola columbae) and pigeon fly (Pseudolynchia canariensis). Within the internal parasites, two protozoa were found: Haemoproteus spp. (9/34) in blood smear and Eimeria spp. (26/72) in feces, followed by nematodes: Ascaridia spp. (3/72) and Capillaria spp. (10/72) and cestodes: Raillietina spp. (1/72). No association of parasitism was found with the sex of the pigeon or the sampling commune. Conclusions. The presence of internal parasites was low, except for Eimeria spp., these data represent important information on the potential risk for animal and human health, especially for commercial populations of birds and native avifauna. These results indicate that sanitary and control programs are required in the pigeon populations of the city.

e2219

Authors: Helena Dvořáčková ; Jaroslav Záhora; Lubica Pospíšilová; Vítězslav Vlček

Objective. Dehydrogenase activity after the biological activation of biochar by the native soil microorganisms was studied. The main aim was to improve biochar properties by activation and make it more friendly for the soil microflora. Materials and methods. The activation was reached by aerating with the soil solution for two weeks. No special inoculum of microorganisms was applied. The following treatments in four replicates were prepared: conventional raw biochar (BR), activated biochar (BA), mineral fertilizer DAM 390 (NF), and control (C). A statistical test for comparing treatments means (Fisher p≤0.05; program STATISTICA 12.0; StatSoft software Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA) was used. Results. Statistically significant differences in the dehydrogenase activity between the treatments BR, BA, and C were found. Application of mineral fertilizers had a negative effect and increasing of nitrogen leaching was observed. Conclusions. Activating of biochar is suitable metods for impove soil biota conition compared with convention biochar.

e2012

Authors: Luis Tarazona M; Roy Andrade B ; Omar A Archila B

Objective. Determine the variation of MUN according to the seasons of the year (rainy and dry season) and the days in milk (DIM) of dairy cows from two herds in the Boyacá highlands of Colombia. Materials and methods. A descriptive quantitative study was carried out for convenience. 4,901 milk samples were included from 112 animals located at a height of 2,600 meters above sea level during a period of 24 months, grouping the samples according to the season and the days in milk production. The samples were processed through a spectrophotometric enzymatic methodology for the determination of MUN. An analysis of variance was carried out for the groups by climatic season, while for the days in milk a quantitative description was made. Results. The MUN varied according to the season of the year (p<0.05), the values being higher during the rainy season. The MUN was lower during the first 60 DIM in most of the conformed groups and the peaks appeared from 180 DIM. The lowest MUN values according to the days in milk were determined in the first 60 days in most of the conformed groups, likewise, the main peaks were determined from 180 DIM. Conclusions. The MUN varied according to the season, being higher in rains, the MUN was lower during the first 60 DIM in most of the groups formed and the peaks appeared from 180 DIM

e2080

Authors: Harold Garzón G; Nancy Jaimes M; Liliana Rojas C; Siham Salmen H; Manuel Gil D

Objetive. To determine the cytotoxic effect and induction of apoptosis of Deoxynivalenol (DON) on the human hepatocarcinoma cell line (HepG2). Materials and methods. The HepG2 cell line was exposed to concentrations of 10, 25, 50 and 75 μM of lyophilized DON for 48 and 72 hours. Subsequently, the cytotoxic activity of DON was evaluated using the MTT assay. Finally, it analyzed the morphological changes of apoptosis in HepG2 cells by transmission electron microscopy, after treatment with 50 μM of DON for 48 hours. Results. DON, affects the metabolic activity and proliferation of HepG2 cells above 10 μM, compared to the control. The IC50 of DON on HepG2 cells, 42.8 μM SD±1.12 and 29.6 μM SD±3.1 at 48 hours and 72 hours of treatment, respectively. The morphological characteristics of apoptosis in HepG2 cells, such as nuclear and cellular fragmentation, invagination of the plasma membrane, and the formation of apoptotic bodies. Conclusions. DON is a cytotoxic agent in HepG2 cells that alters cellular metabolic activity, with a significant antiproliferative effect dependent on concentration and exposure time, and induces apoptotic cell death.

e2055

Authors: Hanssel Iván Hernández-Antonio ; Dinora Vázquez-Luna;Daniel Alejandro Lara-Rodríguez; Marina Martínez-Martínez

Objective. To quantify the animal welfare of pigs of small producers in communities of southern Veracruz. Materials and methods. We carried out a study in ten production units where we performed a diagnosis and analyzed ten variables in the categories of feeding, housing, health, and behavior of piglets according to the Welfare Quality® protocol of the European Union, which were scored on a 0 to 1 scale, where 0= none, 0.5= fair, and 1= ideal animal welfare. Results. The human-animal relationship was satisfactory; however, there was low thermal comfort associated with the type of facilities. The main indicators of animal welfare were feeding 0.9±0.235, housing 0.6±0.319, health 0.7±0.252, and behavior 0.9±0.192. Conclusions. The quantification of animal welfare allows the practical identification of management aspects that producers have developed intrinsically, such as the human-animal relationship and cleanliness of the facilities. Animal welfare can be quantified in a practical way, offering management alternatives to the producers, who develop adequate (frequent cleaning of the facilities) and inadequate (low-protein diets, tail docking, and castration) activities

e2182

Authors: T. Çiğdem Oğuzoğlu; B. Taylan Koç; A. Zeynep Akkutay-Yoldar

Objective. Several studies from different countries have been performed about the viral diseases of domestic cats, and detailed information has been provided on their transmission, prevalence/incidence, virulence, origins/molecular characteristics and pathogenesis so far. Multiple- or co-infections in domestic and wild cats have been described by many papers. However, viral co-infections have been reported on a limited basis. In this study, three domestic clinically diseased cats have been found to be positive with feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline parvovirus (FPV) and feline foamy virus (FFoV). We aimed to examine triple viral infections circumstances in Turkish cats. Material and Method. Ascites and blood samples were collected from diseased cats. Different polymerase chain reaction protocols for each virus were performed. After PCRs, all products were run in agarose gel and visualized under a blue-light transilluminator. Results. We found FCoV, FPV and FFoV as triple infection in three cats. Conclusion. We think that the results indicating the presence of multiple infections will ease the work of veterinary clinicians concerning infection treatment options, especially when animals show multiple clinical findings due to co-infections. It should be not forgotten the presence of multi-systemic co-infections in early routine laboratory diagnosis.

e2317

Authors: Rafael Arturo Torres-Fajardo; Rosa Isabel Higuera-Piedrahita

Terpenes and essential oils (EsOi) have a wide range of biological activities that could be explored in veterinary sciences. In this sense, their use has been proposed as a strategy to overcome the growing populations of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) resistant to the traditional anthelmintic (AH) drugs. In the present review, we analysed eleven scientific manuscripts aimed to evaluate the AH activity of terpene-rich plants (TRP) and EsOi in small ruminants by using the in vivo approach. The sheep species was used in the 81% of works. Brazil is the country leading this research line, followed by the United States of America and Benin. All the analysed manuscripts employed the faecal egg count reduction test, while five manuscripts employed the controlled test —or trial— methodology. The activity of TRP and EsOi on the faecal excretion of GIN eggs was variable, showing values between zero to 97%. Two manuscripts reported a reduction in the size of male GIN, as well as the fecundity of female GIN after administration of EsOi. It would be worth to perform more works aimed to understand the relationships between plants, their secondary metabolites and the ruminants consuming them. Through the understanding of such interactions, we will be allowed to use these natural products as elements that could contribute to improve the nutrition and health of sheep and goats under different productive systems

e2218

Authors: Marcus Antônio Rossi Feliciano; Rafael Kretzer Carneiro ; Igor Cezar Kniphoff da Cruz ; Tainara Moraes Pereira; Ricardo Pozzobon ; Angel Ripplinger ; Alexandre Mazzanti ; Camila Lie Yamauchi; Denise Jaques Ramos; Laura Magalhães Ribeiro

The aim of this report is to disseminate ultrasound findings of meningoencephalitis in a dog, diagnosed by analysis of cerebrospinal fluid collected by guided-ultrasound puncture. The patient presented walking in circles, absence of bilateral threat reflex, decreased left eyelid reflex, divergent strabismus of the right eye, negative nasal sensation on the right side, and an increase in volume of skullcap with the presence of open fontanelle. The clinical suspicion was hydrocephalus and/or inflammatory/infectious disease. The distemper rapid test was negative. The hematological profile showed an increase in alanine aminotransferase enzyme. Ultrasound examination was performed with patient in sternal decubitus, using a linear transducer (9.0 MHz). Images were obtained in longitudinal and transverse sections through the temporal windows and bregmatic fontanelle. The presence of a marked anechogenic content with moderate amount of floating hyperechogenic spots was observed, with retraction and increased echogenicity of the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected using the bregmatic fontanelle for ultrasound-guided puncture, under general anesthesia. Meningoencephalitis was indicated by mononucleated cells and red blood cells founded in cerebrospinal fluid analysis. However, the patient not return to start treatment and investigate the cause of the meningoencephalitis.

e1952

Authors: Anghela Mogollón-Calderón; Walter Reyes-Avalos

Objective. To evaluate the growth and survival of Cryphiops caementarius in coculture with Oreochromis niloticus at different densities. Materials and methods. Male prawns (5.86 cm and 7.65 g) and reverse tilapia fingerlings (5.65 cm and 2.61 g) were used. Nine aquariums (55 L) were used. Six containers were installed in each aquarium, where one prawn was stocked per container (32 prawn/m2), and in the remaining water, tilapia was stocked at densities of 100, 200 and 300 fish/m3. Balanced feed was used. The daily ration for prawns was 6% and for tilapia, it was 5% of the total biomass. The experiment lasted 90 days. Results. In prawns, the length (6.46 cm), weight (9.37 g), percentage gains in length (10.01% at 10.45%) weight (19.24% a 25.41%), and survival (88.89% to 94.44%) were similar (p<0.05) between treatments. The effect of molting death syndrome is discussed. In tilapia, the length (9.25 cm), weight (12.90 g), absolute growth rate (0.040 cm/day; 0.114 g/day), specific growth rate (0.55% length/day; 1.759% weight/day) and percentage gain (64.21%; 389.48%) were greater (p<0.05) at 100 and 200 fish/m3. Tilapia survival was similar (86.11%) between treatments. Conclusions. Prawn growth and survival were affected by molt death syndrome but not by the presence of tilapia in the system. In contrast, greater growth of tilapia was obtained with 100 fish/m3, although survival was similar between treatments

e2056

Authors: Yerlid Carrión-Ascarza; Renzo Bustinza-Cardenas; Aldo Valderrama-Pomé

Objective. To determine the percentage of infection of fascioliasis and cystic echinococcosis; also, the impact of the seizure of viscera in ruminants slaughtered in the municipal slaughterhouse of Abancay, Peru. Materials and methods. The study was basic, cross-sectional, and analytical. It included all the ruminants slaughtered in the slaughterhouse, from September to December 2012. The live weight of the ruminants was determined, in addition to the weight of their healthy and infected viscera. The economic loss for the seizure of viscera was estimated. The data analysis was performed using the Excel Windows 2010 program and the MINITAB version 17 statistical package. The Chi-square test was used to determine differences between proportions and the t test for equality of means, using a confidence level of 95 %. Results. The percentage of infection with fascioliasis was 79.6% (95% CI = 77.7-81.6) in cattle, 53.2% (95% CI =48.9-57.4) in sheep, and 21% (95% CI =16.1-25.8) in goats. The percentage of infection with cystic echinococcosis was 5.4% (95% CI = 4.3-6.6) in cattle, 16.7% (95% CI =13.5-19.7) in sheep and 12.4% (95% CI =8.4-16.3) in goats. The economic loss in the study season was USD 16,507.46. Conclusions. The presence of liver fluke affects the weight of the livers in cattle and sheep; in addition, the hydatid cyst affects the weight of the liver in all ruminants studied and affects the weight of the lungs in sheep and goats. The greatest economic loss was due to seizure of livers due to fascioliasis, especially in cattle

e2005

Authors: Andrés Usuga R; Dursun Barrios; Mónica Botero A; Mauricio Lopera C; Martha Olivera-Angel; Luis G Palacio B

Objective. This study aims to quantify changes by regions in the hygienic and compositional quality of milk collected formally in Colombia between 2008 and 2019 concerning the issuance and entry into force of regulations. Materials and methods. 144 monthly reports on the hygienic and compositional quality of the formally collected milk were used for each milk-producing region of Colombia consolidated by the USP-MADR (Milk Price Monitoring Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in Colombia). With these reports, three study periods were identified, separated by the implementation of resolutions 017/2012 and 468/2015. The obtained data were analyzed under the quantile regression scheme. Results.Differences were found between the analyzed periods for hygienic quality and compositional quality in each region. Hygienic quality yielded the highest variation, which was most evident in region 2. Differences were present in the compositional quality of formally collected milk in Colombia between the periods associated with the entry into force of the regulations, mainly in region 1. Conclusions. The implementation of the regulations exerted influence on the hygienic and compositional quality of formally collected milk in Colombia.

e2031

Authors: Jaime Ángel-Isaza; Christian Suárez-Orejarena; Pilar Serrano-Galvis; Loufrantz Parra-Mendez; Heryca Campos-Paredes; Blanca Martínez

Objective. We aimed to evaluate the use of visual assessment scale of internal egg quality and its relationship with other quality variables during storage time. Materials and methods. The analyses were carried out in the Egg Quality Laboratory of Promitec Santander. To the study, 527 commercial table eggs from five regions of Colombia were used. Eggs were stored between 28 and 30°C. On days 3, 6, 8, 12, and 17 of storage, front and top view photographic records were made for visual scale scoring, and physicochemical measurements were performed. ANOVA and TUKEY test were used to compare means for each variable between the different measurement times. The correlations between the internal quality variables were analysed using correlation coefficient and linear regression. Results. Albumin and yolk pH increased and the visual scale and the yolk index decreased through the storage time (p>0.05). A negative correlation was observed between the pH of albumin with the yolk index and the visual scale. On the other hand, a positive correlation between the yolk index and the visual scale was found (p<0.05). Conclusions. Storage time at room temperature affects the physicochemical variables measured for quality, and also decreases the score on the visual evaluation scale; which allowed to identify and score observable physical chemical changes in the internal components of the egg.

e2245

Authors: Naudin Hurtado-Lugo; Christian Nolasco-Serna; Donicer Montes-Vergara

Objective. The objective of this work was to calculate descriptive statistics of milk yields. Materials and methods. 6733 milk controls were carried in the morning, afternoon and total/day milkings produced by 21 goats saanen, alpina americana and togenburen breeds in a semi stable system located in the Ocaña region, Norte de Santander; Results. Milk yield (milliliters) in the morning, afternoon and daily total was 564.99±242.38, 259.30±112.81 and 824.29±350.07. Also, it was observed that in the non-parametric statistical tests of the probability distribution of the phenotypic expression of the morning, afternoon and daily total yield, they presented highly significant normalities (p<0.0001). Conclusions. the results obtained are in the expected for the species, also, it is suggested that the calculated yield values were possibly influenced by effects not considered in the study

e1950

Authors: Edith González-Salazar; Jesús Hemberg Duarte-Vargas; Vicente Díaz-Avila; Román David Castañeda-Serrano

Objective. Evaluate the effects of different levels of agricultural by-products concentrate on animal performance and meat quality in feedlot cattle. Material and methods. Thirty-Six F1 Bos taurus x Bos indicus bulls were used with 347±20 kg of body weight and 18 months average of age on feedlot under tropical dry forest conditions. Experimental treatments were levels of agricultural by-products replacing Pennisetum sp grass to 85% forage:15% concentrate (T1); 75% forage:25% concentrate (T2); 65% forage:35% concentrated (T3) and 55% forage:45% concentrate (T4). A completely randomized experimental design was used for evaluation variables as live weight gain (LWG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency (FE), hot carcass weight (HCW), carcass yield (CY), blood metabolites and fatty acid profile in meat. Results. LWG and final weight increased with a higher level of concentrate in the diet (p<0.043). There were not differences in blood metabolites. Differences in caproic, caprylic and tridecanoic saturated fatty acids were observed when level of concentrate in diet increased (p<0.05) while, in unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids has been not differences between treatments. Conclusions. Inclusion of agricultural by-products improved animal performance and three saturated fatty acid decreased in F1 Bos taurus X Bos indicus bulls under feedlot in tropical dry forest conditions.

e2098

Authors: Marco Torres-Castro;Darío Díaz-Aceves; Alejandro Suárez-Galaz;Enrique Reyes-Novelo; Roger I. Rodríguez-Vivas

Objective. To evidence the frequency of Leptospira spp. in blood of dogs in a rural community in the state of Yucatan, Mexico. Materials and methods. Blood samples were collected from 120 dogs from Maxcanu, Yucatan. Characteristics such as sex, age, and breed were recorded, and owners were asked about the vaccination history. The samples were transported to the laboratory and a polymerase chain reaction diagnostic test was conducted to amplify two fragments of the 16S ribosomal gene belonging to Leptospira spp. Results. The frequency of Leptospira spp. was 1.7% (2/120; 95%CI= 0.2–5.9%). Both positive dogs were male mongrel puppies (mix of breeds) with no vaccination history. Conclusions. There was a low frequency of Leptospira spp. in the blood of the studied dogs. More epidemiological research is needed to identify the Leptospira species involved in the infection and the risk of transmission to the inhabitants or other domestic animals at the study site.

e1994

Authors: Marcela Rojas-Bustamante; Juliana Peña-Stadlin; Diana Buitrago; Ana María Henao-Duque

This article describes the case of a 5-year-old female meerkat born under human care at the Cali Zoo in Colombia, which presented a report of abnormal behavior. Upon clinical examination, multifocal and symmetrical bilateral scabbed alopecia was observed. An ultrasonographic evaluation was carried out determining the presence of ovarian cysts. As a therapeutic alternative, an ovariohysterectomy (OVH) was performed with an excisional biopsy of both ovaries, which were sent to the pathology laboratory. The histopathological findings concluded a neoplasm of the left ovary consistent with a Luteoma. Nonetheless, the right ovary did not present significant lesions. During the surgery, blood samples were taken which indicated that the patient presented regenerative anemia, blood chemistry with increased BUN and total proteins associated with hyperglobulinemia indicative of a chronic inflammatory process. The patient recovered satisfactorily from the surgery and after two weeks following the procedure, the dermatological lesions receded, as well as the behavioral problems previously reported.

e2007

Authors: Beatriz Gasser; Ricardo A. Ramirez-Uscategui; Marjury Maronezi; Ana Rodrigues-Simões; Luiz Pérez-Gomes; Letícia Pava; Marcus Rossi-Feliciano

This paper aims to review, discuss and define the factors associated with development of kidney injury in patients with sepsis, diagnosis alternatives, therapy and prevention, offering to the veterinarians an updated guide to improve the prognosis of sepsis patients. Sepsis is a clinical condition that leads to systemic complications and to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), mainly due to poor tissue perfusion in humans and animals. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is considered the most frequent and lethal among organ complications secondary to sepsis, however the etiology of AKI in patients with sepsis is complex and multifactorial and not completely elucidated. Early diagnosis of AKI is difficult and consequently the treatment is not very successful, due to hemodynamic aspects. The ultrasonography seems to be a promising exam for early diagnosis of this lesion, especially with the advent of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) technique, which makes possible to detect microcirculation changes in the renal parenchyma, opening the door for a variety of physiological, clinical and therapeutic applications, however, studies proving CEUS accuracy for early detection of renal damage related to sepsis in humans and animals are still necessary

e1940

Authors: Ahmet Yusuf ŞENGUL; Turgay ŞENGUL; Şenol CELİK; Gülüzar ŞENGÜL; Aydın DAŞ; Hakan İNCİ; Aydın Şukru BENGU

Objective. This study was conducted to research the effects of different levels of dried white mulberry (Morus alba) pulp supplementation in diets of laying quail on yield performances, egg quality, blood parameters, yolk fatty acid profiles and cholesterol concentrations. Materials and Methods. A completely randomized experimental design, with four treatments and four replicates, was applied. The experimental treatments were M0: control diet; M4: dietary inclusion of 4% mulberry pulp; M8: dietary inclusion of 8% mulberry pulp; M12: dietary inclusion of 12% mulberry pulp. This experiment was carried out for 4 weeks, and 128 7-week-old female quail were used. Results. Addition of dried mulberry pulp to the diet significantly affected weekly feed intake, egg yield, albumin index, yolk weight, triglyceride, LDL, serum cholesterol and yolk cholesterol levels (p<0.05, p<0.01). The feed conversion ratio, egg weight, and egg yolk fatty acid profile were not significantly affected by the dried mulberry pulp in the diet. Conclusions. As a result, it may be stated that adding dried mulberry pulp up to 8% of the diets of laying quail does not cause any adverse effects and may be used without any problems.

e1953

Authors: Yecenia Gutiérrez-Rubio; Juan F. Arzola-González;Raúl Pérez-González;Guillermo Rodríguez-Domínguez; José Salgado-Barragán; Jorge S. Ramírez-Pérez; Adrián González-Castillo

Objetivo. Se analizó la proporción de sexos, hembras ovígeras, talla de primera madurez sexual y fecundidad del cangrejo roca Grapsus grapsus en islas Lobos, Venados y Pájaros (sureste del Golfo de California). Material y métodos. Los muestreos fueron mensuales entre marzo 2011 y febrero 2012, las colectas fueron nocturnas durante la bajamar, se obtuvieron en un cuadrante (25 m2) por isla 30 organismos al azar, se les determinó el AN (mm) y PT (g). Se estimó la proporción de sexos y talla de primera madurez sexual (AN50%), se analizaron en hembras grávidas, las fases embrionarias y la fecundidad (método gravimétrico). Resultados. La proporción de M:H fue 1:1.3. La talla media de primera madurez fue AN50% 34.9 mm. Es evidente la presencia de hembras ovígeras (71.3%) y todas las fases embrionarias, la fase rojo-naranja fue la mayor representada en 48%. La variación del diámetro del huevo fue 1.1 a 5 μm y el promedio de 3.05μm. La fecundidad media fue 24339.3 cigotos. El máximo y mínimo peso de hembras ovígeras fue 69.9 y 15.2 g, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Con base a las características biológicas del recurso tales como la proporción de sexos, hembras ovígeras, talla de primera madurez sexual y fecundidad en la población de G. grapsus, representa un efecto favorable en su posterior administración y manejo de este recurso en esta zona

e1966

Authors: Ítalo Câmara-de-Almeida; Fabrício Albani-Oliveira; Ana P. Madureira; Graziela Barioni; Ciro A. Alves-Torres

Objective. To evaluate the efficiency of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) on the pregnancy rate of crossbred cows from different body condition score (BCS) in the postpartum period in timed artificial insemination (TAI). Material and methods. The cows were subjected to the same hormone protocol: Day zero (D0), progesterone-release intravaginal device (PRID) and 2 mg estradiol benzoate (EB); D8, withdrawal of PRID, application 0.150 mg of prostaglandin. On D8, the animals were distributed into three treatments: 1 – (TeCG; n = 98) injection of 300 IU eCG; 2 – (TFSH; n = 84) injection of 20 mg of FSH and; 3 – (Control; n = 115) without further treatment. On D9, all animals received 1 mg of EB; D10, TAI of all the cows. After 30 days from TAI, ultrasound diagnosis of pregnancy was performed. Results. Pregnancy rate did not differ among eCG (52.04%), FSH (40.47%), and Control (40.00%) treated cows (p>0.05). In cows with low body condition, the pregnancy rate was higher (p<0.05) for cows treated with eCG (41.46%) when compared to FSH (18.18%) and Control (17.07%) cows. The postpartum interval among treatments was similar (p>0.05) (35–65 or 66–95days). Conclusions. The use of eCG or FSH did not result in an increase in the pregnancy rate when compared to the control treatment; however, eCG improved the pregnancy rate of cows with low body condition scores

e1959

Authors: Débora E. Hernández-Pérez; Carlos Gil-Durán; Renato Chávez-Rosales; Ramón O. García-Rico

Objective. Analyzed the effect of xylan and rice husk as sole sources of carbon on the FAE activity and expression of faeA and faeB genes of Penicillium rubens (Wisconsin 54-1255), in submerged fermentation. Materials and methods. The fermentations were carried out for 24, 48, and 72 h (28°C/250 rpm), in flasks with a modified Sakamoto medium. FAE activity was determined using the synthetic substrate Ethyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamate. The transcription of faeA and faeB was analyzed by RT-PCR. The PCR products were resolved by electrophoresis and analyzed by densitometry. Results. The analysis of gene expression showed that the use of xylan had a positive effect on the expression of both genes. The highest transcriptional activity of both faeA and faeB was detected at 48 h. On the other hand, rice husk showed negative results. The data obtained when the FAE activity was determined, supported the results observed in the gene expression analysis. Conclusion. Different from xylan the rice husk did not demonstrate an inducer effect on the feruloyl esterase activity in P. rubens

e2033

Authors: Ricardo Martínez-Rocha; Rodolfo Ramírez-Valverde; Rafael Núñez-Domínguez;José G. García-Muñiz; Gaspar M. Parra-Bracamonte

Objective. To characterize growth curves and reproductive performance of Romosinuano cows in Mexico. Materials and methods. Weightand age records (928)of females (117) for growth traits and calving records (459) of cows (113) for reproductive traits were analyzed. Four non-linear mixed models were adjusted to describe the growth curves. Indicators of age at 50% of maturity (A50M), and percentage of maturity at 18 months of age (PM18) were estimated. The reproductive performance was evaluated through the age at first calving (AFC), the calving interval (CI), and calving rate (CR). Results. The Brody model showed the best adjustment to the growth curve. The Aparameter, which estimates maturity weight, fluctuated within 430.2 and 466.2 kg; the b parameter within 0.94 and 5.45; and the kparameter within 0.001 and 0.002; depending on the used model. The A50M varied from 20 to 21 months, and the PM18 from 44.5 to 45.5%. The means for AFC, CI, and CR at 550 d were 1059±282 d, 553±68 d, and 74±19%; those indicators improved (p<0.05) when cows have a higher percentage of their maturity weight, depending on calving season. Conclusions. The estimates of maturity weight indicate that Romosinuano cattle could be considered as a breed of small or medium size, with an acceptable reproductive ability. The females with small estimated maturity size aged at first calving earlier than cows with high weights.

e1989

Authors: Jorge López-Macías; Julbrinner Salas-Benavides

Objective. To assess the effect of the inclusion of viscera hydrolyzate meal in diets for trout fry, “Kamloop” variety, in terms of weight, length and biomass gains, apparent feed conversion, and survival. Materials and methods. This essay was developed at the Guirapungo - Corponariño Environmental and Fish Farming Center, in eight concrete pools, subdivided each pool, into three compartments of equal dimensions. An Unrestricted Random Design (URD) was used, made up of 1680 trout fry, with an average stocking weight of 1.24±0.024 g, distributed in four treatments, six replications per treatment, for a total of 24 units experimental, with 70 fish per experimental unit and 420 fish per treatment. Results. Treatment 4, (diet with 20% viscera hydrolyzed) recorded the greatest weight, length and biomass gains, the best feed conversion and average survival. In contrast, the T1 treatment (commercial feed) reported the least adequate productive variables. Conclusions. The incorporation of fish viscera hydrolysate, as a protein source in balanced diets of rainbow trout, improve the zootechnical variables of fish production, due to the biological value of the diets that the hydrolyzate contains.

e1878

Authors: Shahabodin Gharahveysi; Mohammad Ali Jafari

Objective. Canola meal is one of the most important vegetable protein that contained the anti-nutritional factors. The aim of the study was to study the effect of canola processing on the intestine traits, blood metabolites, and kidney enzymes of broiler breeders. Material and methods. Four hundred fifty broiler breeder hens were used for 3 months. The completely randomized design was used with 6 treatments (unprocessed, processed by Lactobacillus Plantarum, Bacillus Subtilis, Aspergillus Oryzae, Neurospora Cytophilla, and Alkalase enzyme) and 5 replications. The collected data were analyzed by the LSmeans procedure of SAS statistical software. Results. The effects of treatments were significant on blood metabolites (p<0.05). Glucose concentration and High-density lipoprotein (HDL) were increased by processing methods. Also, the caecum, jejunum and duodenum weight were influenced(p<0.05). The weight of the duodenum and jejunum was increased and caecum weight was decreased. The processing of canola meal increased the length of the villi and decreased the depth of the crypt of the jejunum (p<0.05). Treatments effect was significant on the Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p<0.05). The effect of treatments was significant on the digestive amylase, lipase and protease activity (p<0.05). The canola process improved its digestibility. In other words, its protein quality, fatty acid profile and antimicrobial properties were improved. Conclusions. The different processing methods of canola improved the hen’s traits. It can be recommended to use the processed meal instead of the raw canola meal

e1964

Authors: Ligia Jaimes-Cruz; Esdras Mendoza-Orellana; Cristian Menjivar-Dominguez; Elsy Montoya-Almendarez; Ángel Giraldo-Mejía; Héctor Correa-Cardona

Objectives To assess the effect of wet extrusion on the in vitro digestibility (pepsin-cellulase) of dry matter (IVDDM) and fiber in neutral detergent (IVDNDF) of kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus(Hochst ex Chiov)). Materials and methods Six samples of this grass harvested at 35 days of regrowth (5.0 kg/sample) were collected and cut to 2.0 cm; a subsample was taken from each sample for the formation of a mixture composed of raw grass in which the content of crude protein (CP), Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), ashes (Ash), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), IVDDM, and IVDNDF was determined. The remaining amount of each of the six samples was wet-extrusioned into a 2.0mm outlet conical single screw extruder rotating at 1300 rpm. The same analyzes were carried out on the bagasse obtained from each sample and in the raw sample. Data were analyzed using a two-tailed Student’s t-test. Results. The bagasse obtained by wet extrusion of kikuyu grass presented a higher content of NDF and ADF with a lower content of CP and Ash than the raw grass, while the IVDDM increased by more than 8% and the IVDNDF by more than 36%. Conclusions. Wet extrusion significantly improves kikuyu grass IVDDM and IVDNDF.

e1875

Authors: Leticia Cañas L; Sandra Hernández-Dávila; Juan Carlos Vázquez-Chagoyan; Simón Martínez-Castañeda; Raúl Fajardo M; Benjamín Valladares-Carranza; César Ortega S

Objective. To perform the isolation of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and evaluate its growth in different cell types and viral survival at different temperatures. Materials and methods. Ten carps of between 400-500 grams of a lagoon in central Mexico were processed for diagnosis of SVCV by isolation in cell culture and by RT-PCR. The virus obtained was inoculated into EPC, BF-2, CHSE-214 and RTG-2 cells to determine differences in virus growth; the survival of virus stored at room temperature (TA 20-25°C), refrigeration (REF 4°C) and freezing (CONG -80°C) up to eleven months was also evaluated. Internal organ samples were processed for histological analysis. Results. The fish analyzed did not show external signs suggestive of disease but internally and histopathologically lesions suggestive of systemic infection were observed. SVCV was isolated in EPC and BF-2 cells and confirmed by semi-nested RT-PCR. SVCV only induced CPE in EPC and BF-2 cells and was negative in RTG-2 and CHSE-214. The virus conserved at TA lost viability after four months post-infection (mpi), being total at six mpi; while REF and CONG were stable during the eleven months. Conclusions. Subclinical SVCV infection was confirmed in carp that presented histological lesions associated with this infection; SVCV only caused CPE in EPC and BF-2 cells; and the virus kept in refrigeration and at -80°C retained its viability up to eleven months; while TA was lost in six months.

e1982

Authors: Liliana Rojas-Risco; Paola Montalván-Damián; Juan R. Paredes-Valderrama

Objective. To determine the haematological parameters according to the reproductive status of Peruvian Paso horses in the Province of Lambayeque. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on 60 clinically healthy adult horses (> 4 years), without previous drug treatment. Four groups of 15 horses were formed: gelding, entire male, empty mare and pregnant mare. First, a general clinical examination was performed to confirm their good health. Blood was drawn from the jugular vein of all the horses. The samples were processed by haematological analysis and the parameters of the red series (haemoglobin, haematocrit, red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume [MCV], mean corpuscular haemoglobin [MCH] and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration [MCHC] were determined. Likewise, the white series (leukocytes, neutrophils segmented and stacked, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils) and the thrombocytic series were processed and the unit range determined. Manual methods, mathematical formulas and the Drabkin method were used in the clinical pathology laboratory. The Kruskal Wallis Statistical test was applied and consequently the mean, standard deviation and ranges of variables were obtained. Results. No significant statistical differences were found in the white, red and thrombocytic series according to sex or reproductive status, except the number of basophils was higher in the entire males. Conclusions.The haematological parameters according to the reproductive status of the Peruvian Step horse are within the normal ranges (as per the literature pertaining to this area). However, the number of lymphocytes was much lower.

e1720

Authors: Raúl Molina-Benavides; Clarita Bustamante Z; Adriana Martínez A; José Uribe C; Johan Redondo O

Objective. Use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a complementary tool to characterize cattle farming in the Orinoquia region. Materials and methods. Through the use of space technologys, information concerning the livestock orientation, physiography, vegetation cover and land registry of the study zone was collected for further analysis over Microsoft ACCESS software. Results. In a high percentage of the cattle ranches located in the four departments (Casanare: 72.7%, Meta: 49.5%, Arauca: 42% and Vichada: 32%) the cover of pastures, grasslands and secondary vegetation predominates, confirming the expansion in the agricultural border that has had the cattle activity in the country. Conclusions. The use of complementary tools such as GIS allows for better planning and efficient distribution of resources to improve the functioning of production systems, for example, in zones where the predominant coverage matrix is grasslands, strategies in pro of sustainability can focus on the implementation of silvopastoral systems, contrary to what would happen in areas where the matrix has a high percentage of natural forests

e1854

Authors: Julio Cesar Vargas-Abella; Luis Edgar Tarazona-Manrique; Roy José Andrade-Becerra

Objective. Microbiologically characterize dry and frozen pollen produced in the municipality of Viracachá-Boyacá. Materials and methods. Through a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study, samples from 5 apiaries were taken, each with 10 hives, separating the pollen dry and frozen, determining for each sample: mesophilic aerobes, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfite reducer, and fungus. The data obtained were analyzed according to international regulations and compared with research results in other countries. Results. Total and fecal coliforms were found in three of the five apiaries evaluated and only in dried pollen samples. Also, in two apiaries when dry pollen was analyzed, Staphylococcus aureus was found. The microbiological results of most samples are within the ranges of some international regulations; however, the best results in terms of microbiological quality were determined for frozen pollen. Conclusions. The pollen freezing process offers advantages related to maintaining microbiological quality compared to the drying process. It is necessary to evaluate the microbiological quality of both products throughout the storage time.

e1816

Authors: Nathalia Correa-Valencia; Roberto Damián Moyano; María Isabel Romano; Jorge A Fernández-Silva

Objective. To determine Mycobacteriumavium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) molecular diversity in environmental samples from Colombian dairy herds. Materials and methods. Environmental samples from 25 IS900-qPCR MAP-positive dairy herds were cultured by duplicate in Herrold ́s egg yolk medium with mycobactin J to obtain isolates. Suspicious colonies were confirmed by MAP-IS900-qPCR. Positive DNA was sub-typed using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) and multilocus short sequence repeats (MLSSR) techniques to analyze the genetic differences between the isolates. Results. Sub-typing revealed two different genotypes by MIRU-VNTR (INMV 2 and INMV 36). MLSSR technique was carried out to increase the discriminatory power from what was obtained by MIRU-VNTR, but no differences were observed among the recovered isolates. Conclusions. The present study represents an important approach to the knowledge on MAP epidemiological status in the study population.

e1876

Authors: David Contreras-Marquez; Juan Quintero-Pardo; Edwin Correa-Rojas; Emiro Canchila-Asencio; Heidy Gutiérrez-Zocadagui

Objective. To quantify the concentration and consumption of the protein fragments (NPN, TP, RDTP, SDTP, NDIP, and ADIP) present in the diet supplied to cattle, and its effect on the digestibility of crude protein. Materials and methods. Diets offered to Chino Santandereano cattle in stables, receiving different levels of supplementation, were analyzed. Using four animals in the 4x4 Latin square design, the treatments were UNS, not supplemented; LOW, supplemented with an amount relative to 0.5% of body weight; MEDIUM, supplemented with an amount relative to 1.0% of body weight; HIGH, supplemented with an amount relative to 1.5% of body weight. Consumption was determined daily, and digestibility through total stool collection in the last two days of each period. Results. A higher concentration of crude protein was found in the supplement than in grass (p<0.001), the forage exhibiting a higher concentration of CPNPN (p<0.001). The supplement also presented a higher concentration of TP (p<0.001) and RDTP (p=0.027). Supplemented animals presented higher consumption of CP, CPNPN (p=0.037), TP, NDIP, RDTP, ADIP, and SDTP (p<0.05), however, when the concentration representing the consumption of ADIP in the consumption of CP was determined, no difference was observed between supplemented and UNS (p=0.078). Higher digestibility of CP was found in supplemented animals than in UNS (p<0.001), and an upward linear effect was observed between supplemented treatments as the level of supplementation increased. Conclusions. Supplementation improves the digestibility of crude protein by providing a greater amount of highly digestible nitrogenous fragments.

e1944

Authors: Johan Romero-Herrera; Lina Henao-Montoya; Henrique Guimarães-Riva; Jeiczon Jaimes Dueñez

Objective. The aim of this work was to characterize and describe the frequency of the gastrointestinal parasites in synanthropic rodents captured at the Barranquilla Zoo.Materials and methods. The rodents were captured using Tomahawk traps with the help of non-toxic bait and subsequently sacrificed by isoflurane inhalation. The diagnosis and identification of parasites in the intestinal contents was performed using direct examination in NaCl (0.9%), modified Sheather’s flotation, and modified Ritchie’s sedimentation techniques. Results. A total of 34 rodents (Rattus rattus) were captured, with an infection frequency of 82.4% (95% CI = 68.8–95.8%, 28/34). The most prevalent parasites were nematodes (63.2%, 95% CI = 49.2–77.2%, 31/49), followed by protozoans (20.4%, 95% CI = 8.7–32.1%, 10/49) and cestodes (16.3%, 95% CI = 5.6–27%, 8/49), with significant differences between the three groups (χ² = 20.7, p< 0.01). Among the nematodes, Strongylidae was the most prevalent family (24/31), followed by Ascarididae (4/31), Ancylostomatidae (1/31), Oxyuridae (1/31), and Trichostrongylidae (1/31); for the protozoans, the most prevalent families were Eimeriidae (6/10) and Entamoebidae (4/10), and for the cestodes, the only family found was the Hymenolepididae (8/8) family. Conclusions. The R. rattus species was the only species of synanthropic rodents caught in the Barranquilla Zoo; because it was infected with various species of gastrointestinal parasites, it should be considered a risk factor for the transmission of these parasites to humans and other animals in the zoo.

e2114

Authors: Marco González T; Luis Salgado-Arroyo

Objective. Analyze the scientific production in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry in Colombia in the period 2010-2019. Materials and methods. A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, through the bibliometric analysis of articles published in nine journals in the area of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry in Colombia. The information was obtained by searching the internet for each journal’s website. The articles included were original articles, literature reviews, brief communications, clinical cases and editorials. Results. The total number of articles was 3.000; 2.250 (75%) published in Spanish, 673 (22.4%) in English and 77 (2.6%) in Portuguese. 2.282 (76.1%) were original, 224 (7.5%) literature reviews, 165 (5.5%) clinical cases, 105 (3.5%) brief communications, 204 (6.8%) editorials and 21 (0.6%) others. There were 10,296 authors; 7.109 (69%), nationals and 3.187 (31%) foreigners. Of the total Authors, 6.659 (64.7%) were men; 3.199 (31%) women and 438 (4.3%) without identification, with an average of 3.38 authors/article. Public entities contributed 77.9% of scientific production and private entities 22.1%. The areas with the highest number of publications were zootechnics, animal health, agriculture and wildlife. The top 5 of affiliations of the authors corresponded to public universities. Conclusions. The journal that publish in English achieve a better international positioning and in them the largest number of foreign authors publishes. The most published articles were the original ones. The top 10 of the most cited articles yielded a total of 810 citations that contribute to the internationalization of Colombia and Colombian journals

e2052

Authors: Irma Yupari-Azabache; Jorge Díaz-Ortega; Ángela Rodríguez-Diaz; Ana Peralta-Iparraguirre

Objective: This research aims to analyze the relation between biological, social and cultural factors regarding the attitudes and preventive measures against COVID-19 among citizens of Trujillo- Peru. Material and Methods: This is a descriptive research, with a quantitative approach and a correlational, prospective and design. A previously validated questionnaire was used to collect certain biological, social and cultural data, as well as attitudes and preventive measures against COVID-19 among 185 citizens of Trujillo. Due to the quarantine and the Sanitary National Emergency, the collection of data was done by virtual means. Results: Citizens between 18 and 29 years old have inappropriate attitudes (12.4%) and inappropriate preventive measures (8.6%). Also, males have inappropriate attitudes and inappropriate preventive measures. Moreover, single citizens or unmarried couples without children have inappropriate attitudes (14.1%) and inappropriate practices (13%). Conclusions: Among biological factors, age and gender are related to attitudes and preventive measures regarding the pandemic. Among social factors, marital status and parenthood are related to attitudes and preventive measures regarding the pandemic. And among the cultural factor, knowledge of this disease and the measures to be taken are related to the preventive measures against COVID-19.

e2004

Authors: Patrícia Glombowsky; Gabriela Campigotto; Maiara Sulzbach Marchiori; Jorge A. Favaretto; Gabriela Miotto Galli; Aleksandro Schafer da Silva

Dogs with Giardia infections have diarrhea that persists for days, even after treatment. We managed canine giardiasis using two distinct approaches: treatment with the antiprotozoan secnidazole alone; and secnidazole plus a homeopathic product that is indicated for control of diarrhea in dogs. Treatment I: Ten beagle dogs showed clinical signs of severe diarrhea. Their feces revealed large numbers of cysts consistent with Giardia sp. Therefore, we treated the dogs with secnidazole (10 mg/kg, single dose) given orally. Five days after treatment, all dogs were negative for Giardia spp. Treatment II: Three months later, the same ten Beagles again presented with diarrhea. Feces were collected, revealing Giardia sp. in all dogs. This time, we treated them with an antiprotozoan (secnidazole, 10 mg/kg dose) combined with a commercial homeopathic drug for diarrhea control (3 g dose/animal at 12 h interval). We found that three to five homeopathic doses were needed to achieve normal fecal scores in all dogs. After 5 days of treatment, stool samples had normal consistency and were negative for Giardia. This is the first record of using secnidazole to control canine giardiasis associated with homeopathic drugs to prevent diarrhea.