Journal of Materials and Engineering Structures

469-484

Authors: Salmabanu LUHAR, Ismail LUHAR

The present manuscript stands for the review on the topic of durability attribute of concretes developed by means of green conception with incorporation of a variety of solid industrial waste slag from Ground Granulated Blast Furnace, silica fume, rice husk ash, pulverised fly ash, glass powder waste as well as materials that have undergone recycling in order to know its degree of sustainability. It is highly sought-after to transform these types of waste into a precious adding up materials in place of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in building-up of Green concrete with affordable cost and more essential with a little carbon footprint. How far these Green concept concretes have succeeded in context to its durability characteristic is the principal focus of this review study. There prevails an enormous demand for cost-effective construction materials for offering enough residences and infrastructure networks to get rid of the burgeoning population on the planet earth. The centre of attention is to make researcher, engineer and infrastructure related peoples, as well as construction industry au courant of absorbing the, dissipate materials and their promotion as an acceptable, sustainable and cost-effective building materials. The apposite standards of durability and still excellent researches on the sustainability of this novel Green concept concrete will encourage for espousal of gargantuan construction and infrastructures projects globally. Looking to the above facts, it can be predicted that the said Green technology bestows the impression to have dazzling potential and its approval in construction industries which establishes it as the most promising future edifice material.

501-512

Authors: A. Chithambar GANESH, M. MUTHUKANNAN

This research work investigates the effect of utilization of glass fibers in geopolymer concrete made of Manufactured sand (M-sand) over its fresh and hardened properties and understand the influence of fibers over reducing the brittleness of the matrix. Geopolymer concrete synthesized in this study is Fly ash- GGBS blend type with optimum molarity cured under heat condition. Fresh property of the fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete was accessed using compaction factor test. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, ductility factor, first crack toughness, failure crack toughness and ultimate failure toughness were measured and their results are analyzed and discussed in this work. Later, SEM analysis was carried out over the optimum fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete samples to understand the bonding and the effectiveness of the fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete made of M-sand. Incorporation of glass fiber s proved to be more beneficial and yielded a hybrid concrete with increased strength properties. The performance of fiber s could be measured precisely in increasing the ductility and impact strength. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis showed better bonding between the fiber s and the matrix. This study unleashes an enormous scope for the practical implication of fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete as a building material.

525-534

Authors: Humphrey DANSO, Joseph Kent BOADI

The use of natural sand as fine aggregate in concrete is becoming problematic due to scarcity and pressure on mining of the resource. Alternate sources such as the use of industrial waste as replacement of natural sand in concrete are gaining popularity as a sustainable construction material. The aim of this study is to examine the possibility of using bauxite mining waste as a fine aggregate replacement for concrete production. The quantities of sand replaced with bauxite mining waste used are 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. Cube, cylinder and beam specimens were molded and cured for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, and tested for density, compressive strength, tensile splitting strength and flexural strength. The study found that there was a slight increase in density of bauxite mining waste produced concrete over the control as the quantity of bauxite residue increased. The study further revealed a significant increase in compressive, tensile splitting and flexural strengths of the concrete produced with bauxite residue as compared with the control, with an increase between 60.3 and 65.5%. Additionally, a good correlation was established between the bauxite contents and the density of concrete produced with bauxite mining waste, recording R2 values between 0.9749 and 0.9896. The 100% bauxite residue replacement of sand obtained the highest strength properties in the concrete. The study, therefore, concludes that it is feasible to use bauxite mining waste as a fine aggregate replacement in concrete production. It is recommended that further studies should be conducted on the durability and chemical properties of concrete produced with bauxite mining waste as the current study only focused on the strength properties.

547-563

Authors: Y. DANYUO, T. ZAKARIYYAH, S. NASIRU, K. MUSTAPHA, S. T. AZEKO, S. A. BELLO, M. Abade-ABUGRE, J. YIRIJOR, V. ANYIDOHO, F. McBAGONLURI

The study presents the mechanical properties of polymer-based composites reinforced with chemically modified banana fibers, by alkalization in different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The fiber weight fraction has a great effect on the mechanical properties of the composites. Stiff composites were obtained at 6 wt% fiber fractions with Young’s modulus of 254.00 ±12.70 MPa. Moreover, the yield strength was 35.70 ±1.79 MPa at 6 wt% fiber fractions. However, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and toughness of the composites were obtained at 5 wt% fiber fractions. Statistical analyses were used to ascertain the significant different on the mechanical properties of the fibers and composites. The implication of the results is then discussed for potential applications of PDMS-based composites reinforced with chemically modified banana fibers.

583-592

Authors: Balraj SINGH, Parveen SIHAG, Anjul TOMAR, Ankush SEHGAD

High strength concrete (HSC) define as the concrete that meets a unique mixture of performance uniformity requirements that cannot be reached routinely using conventional constituents and regular mixing, placing, and curing events. The modeling of such type of concrete is very difficult. In this investigation, the performance of the random forest regression and M5P model tree were compared to estimate the 28th day compressive strength of the HSC. Total data set consists of 83 data out of which 70 % of the total dataset used to train the model and residual 30 % used to test the models. The accuracy of the models was depending upon the three performance evaluation parameters which are correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE) and maximum absolute error (MAE). The results recommend that random forest regression is more accurate to predict the compressive strength as compare to M5P model tree. Sensitivity analysis indicates that water (W) and Silica fumes (SF) are the most valuable constituents of the HSC and compressive strength mainly depends on these constituents.

609-626

Authors: Mohamed KHELLADI, Mohamed ABED, Redha REBHI

The design of a new base isolation system is proposed in this research with the objective that the system does not transmit any force to the structure under horizontal loading. The structure must remain operational and steady. Before investigating the dynamics problem of the base isolation system, the isolator components of the model can be solved analytically using different approaches. In order to calculate the deformation of any element of the isolator due to a compressive vertical load, the analysis focuses on the primary instability region to determine all deformations parameters which can lead to frictions coefficients. This region is located at the interaction contact point between the elements. The design is based on the contact point developed by different approaches. In the present study, the mathematical analysis methods by using formulations can calculate the different dimensions and deformations of the elements of the system and which are verified using ANSYS finite element analysis. After ensuring the adequate dimensions of the different parts of the isolator system from the analysis, the system can be applied on the structure. This technique can reduce significantly the displacements and accelerations at the underground level with a new seismic isolation system, which it is an uncoupled system between the structure and the underground.

305-322

Authors: Houssam KHELALFA

Preloading is an improvement technique for compressible soils, and has been applied at DjenDjen port in Jijel province, Algeria, as part of its development and expansion. In addition, this treatment to eliminate the risk of wharf caissons instability. Decent number of research and development works of the preloading process in different countries by several authors have been cited, with the aim of justifying our research and results. The objectives are to understand and apprehend the coastal soil preloading method and its application in terms of the sensitivity of the intervening factors on its achievements, and their effect on the behavior of the soil and the marine structure during and after its implementation. Furthermore, a numerical simulation of the real test of the method of treatment is carried out, by the plaxis 2D code in finite elements, also respecting the actual construction phasing of this structure, in order to compare the calculation results with in-situ measurements to validate the numerical models and to check the stability of the harbor structure. A matrix of consolidation process during pre compression is proposed.

337-344

Authors: Tounsia BOUDINA, Ahcene SERIDI, Dalila BENAMARA

The estimation of the soil seismic response at the surface can be made by several experimental methods, approximate and numerical. This study consists in using numerical simulation to determine the surface response in terms of maximum acceleration and response spectrum of soil profiles located at the site of the Grand Mosque of Algiers, taking into account the soil’s non-linearity behavior, with an equivalent linear behavior (hysteresis degradation of the shear modulus G). The responses calculated on the surface that they are amplified or de-amplified compared to the excitation at the base (earthquake of May 21, 2003 in Boumerdès) indicate the presence of the site effects and which allows the derivation of a spectrum calculation to the studied site.

359-374

Authors: Qasim M. SHAKIR, Baneen B. ABD

In this work, an experimental study has been conducted to investigate the behavior of self-consolidating high strength reinforced concrete dapped end beams upgraded with CFRP composites. A series of 14-specimens have been tested, each of with length of 1500 mm, total depth of 400mm and width of 200mm. Two values of shear slenderness ratio (a/d) namely (1.5 and 1.0) are adopted. Two specimens have been considered as a reference beams (with full Design reinforcement), four were deficiently reinforced in either hanger or the extended disturbed zone, and the other eight beams have been upgraded with a variety of arrangements by CFRP fabric. This work aims to observe the effects of deficiently reinforced disturbed zones on the resistance and overall behavior of such elements. Also, the extent of strength recovery using CFRP sheeting. It is observed that reducing the hanger reinforcements by a half, results in a drop of capacity by (13%) regardless of values of (a/d). Furthermore, it is noticed that adopting the inclined arrangement of CFRP sheets with (450) yielded the best results if compared with other arrangements. An enhancement in failure load was about (23%) for (a/d=1.0).

383-395

Authors: Ibrahim MESSAOUDENE, Mohammed EZZIANE, Laurent MOLEZ

This experimental work studies the durability of mortars made with Portland cement composed of industrial fillers: granulated slag and marble powder. Samples of normal mortar were exposed for 12 months to sulphuric acid. The evolution of crystalline phases was analyzed by XRD and minerals were observed by SEM. Microanalysis (EDS linked to SEM) confirms their chemical composition. For a low concentration of sulphate (0.05 mol/l), the results show that the hydrates of cement (CSH, CH, ettringite) seem unaffected in the interior of the sample where the sulphur is completely absent. However in the case of attack by a high concentration (0.25 mol/l) of sulphuric acid, samples develop a dense surface gypsum deposit. The mechanism of the attack is mainly due to the expansive action of gypsum.

409-426

Authors: Djamel BASAID, Abdelbaki BENMOUNAH, Chouaib ARIBI, Abdelghani MAY

The composite materials present weakness to shocks and impact, studies are carried out in order to minimize the consequences of these defects, solutions are adopted for temporary or permanent. solutions are adopted for temporary or permanent repairs. These repairs are applied to the defects present on the composite materials of the "Low Energy Impact" type aircraft structure using the Epoxy matrix composite patch method: EPOCASTA50-1, a non-diluted resin reinforced with glass of the same type as that of the aircraft fuselage. The effectiveness of these repairs is verified using the study of conventional tensile behavior. For the characterization of the damaged state and validation of the results, non-destructive NDT control is carried out on specimens developed under the same conditions as repair plates attached to the fuselage plane.

443-453

Authors: Halima CHENINE, Djamel OUINAS, Zine-Eddine BENNACEUR, Jaime Vina OLAY

New pipelines made with composite materials have to be well-designed for better mechanical performances. Recommendations for sizing stratified pipes have been proposed for different combinations of loads. In this context, our paper focus on buckling on laminated composite pipes, using numerical simulation. As a first part, we study free-defect pipes buckling for different pipe diameters, wall thicknesses and fibers orientation. In a second part, we evaluate the influence of defects (notches and crack due to notches), their parameters (size, orientation) and mechanical constraints (pipe under pressure, boundary conditions) on the structure. Results show a strong dependence of the size of the notch to the stability of the structure, amplified by the fibers orientation. Thus, for fibers oriented at an angle close to 20°, pipes manufacturing under these conditions show a particular strength of the structure. The crack length (independently on its orientation) seems to have no significant effect on the buckling factor and therefore the structure integrity, for transverse-orientated fibers and while their orientation go beyond 40°. The main variations are observed when fibers orientation is in the range from a few degrees up to 40°. Results are and discussed according the orientation of crack and fibers.

157-165

Authors: Rachid Bouras, Chafiâa Si hadj Mohand, Mohammed Sonebi

An adhesive mortar in fresh state is considered as a granular suspension in a complex fluid. The study of the rheological behavior of such materials involves the rheology of complex fluids, including granular suspensions, colloidal dispersions, etc... To characterize the rheological behavior of an adhesive mortar, in quasi-static regime, we use a three-parameter behavior law that includes a yield stress, a viscosity coefficient and a fluidity index. The adhesiveness of the mortar can be characterized by identifying the evolution of the adhesive force, the cohesive force and the adherence force. The mortar characteristics are measured by a commercial rheometer from Texas Instruments (TA). In this study, we use a plane-plane geometry for the Probe Tack Test to determine the adhesiveness of the materials. The rheological property of the mortar is investigated using the Vane-Cylinder geometry (figure 1.5). The mechanisms of separation and rupture in a tensile material confined between two parallel plates are studied theoretically and experimentally. This study is conducted for a materials selected for his rheological behavior (Herschel Buckley). We studied the rheological behavior and the influence of additions of organic additives on the rheological parameters intrinsic to the material, and the failure mechanisms. This study has allowed us to observe the different types of rupture.

177-188

Authors: Haider Hadi Jasim

In this paper, the fatigue performance of three types of epoxy coatings (pure, Novolac and reinforced by glass-flake) were studied in crude oils and air environments. A group of equipment is constructed in a laboratory and used in rotating bending fatigue tests of single and double layers of coats applied to ASTM A537-C1 steel. The results showed that the fatigue limit of A537 steel improved after coatings and that the fatigue limits of the coated and uncoated steel conducted in the crude oil solution was significantly lower than those obtained in the air environment. The results of the microscopic inspection indicate that there are three types of fatigue cracks initiation mechanism in steel coatings and environment affects the shape of fracture surface. In addition, the observation of the broken section of the single-layer test sample showed that it has more coat failure compared to the double layers coats.

201-214

Authors: S. Chiranjiakumari Devi, Rizwan Ahmad Khan

This current investigation was conducted to explore the influence of graphene oxide (GO) on the mechanical and durability properties of normal concrete. A total of five mixes were prepared in addition of laboratory synthesized GO ranging from 0-0.8% with an increment of 0.02% by weight of cement. The synthesized GO was characterized using SEM, FT-IR and XRD techniques. The workability, initial surface absorption and sorptivity values were observed to have reduced with increase in GO content in the cement matrix. Whereas, the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive and tensile strength were observed to enhance with percentage increment of GO in the concrete compare to control mix. The microstructural analysis was performed using SEM/EDX at 90 days curing age. The mix with 0.08% GO showed better result compared to rest of the mixes with GO and control mix.

233-247

Authors: Kamel Touahir, Ali Bilek, Philippe Bocher, Mustapha Beldi

The stresses induced by a mechanical contact imposed on a birefringent sphere have been studied experimentally and numerically. The birefringent sphere is machined from a birefringent parallelepiped on a high speed numerically controlled machine. The residual stresses developed in the birefringent sphere have been eliminated by a heat treatment relaxation. The technique of freezing and mechanical cutting in thin slices was used. In the case of 3D photoelasticity, the frozen stress techniques, which are very much used, may introduce residual stresses in the cut up slices. Although the means to avoid the introduction of these residual stresses are well established, these techniques remain time consuming. Slices are analyzed on a polariscope using plane polarized light and circular polarized light. The photoelastic fringes are used to determine the principal directions of the stresses as well as the values of the stresses. A numerical simulation using the finite elements made it possible to make a comparison with the experimental results. The analysis shows a good correlation between experimental measurements and numerical simulation.

259-268

Authors: Tabassum Mahzabeen Raka, Khan Mahmud Amanat

The study focuses on the finite element (FE) modelling of cold formed plain lipped C-section in shear, and combined bending and shear, which was developed using ANSYS. Hence, a parametric study on plain C-section was conducted to investigate the applicability of the direct strength method (DSM). In addition, DSM capacity curves were constructed to find out the limitations of DSM. It is found that the DSM equations for nominal shear capacity with tension field action (TFA) gives the capacity that is acceptable when full tension field action is developed while the nominal DSM moment capacity at local buckling outlines conservative results. However, the study also reveals that the DSM nominal shear capacity without tension field action provides lower capacity than the real peak capacity and therefore, it concludes that this method is more conservative.

279-292

Authors: Mokhtar Ansari, Hosein Gholi Pour, Amir Safiey

Prolixity and complexities inherent in the nonlinear dynamic analysis (NDA) impel engineers to lean towards nonlinear static analysis (NSA) in practice. This paper partly explores differences and similarities in responses obtained from these two simulation techniques. The scope of the study is narrowed down to ubiquitous regular code-conforming mid-rise steel X-braced frames. Different common lateral load patterns are coupled with NSA to study their interactive effects on responses. The modal nonlinear static analysis is also carried out, where deemed necessary. NDA using three different earthquake records are conducted as well, to validate NSA results. Results of nonlinear analyses are undertaken to compare provisions of seismic rehabilitation code with those of seismic design codes. Base shear, story drift, lateral displacement profile obtained for each model are independently thoroughly discussed. Eventually, some suggestions to improve design code requirements are accordingly provided, as applicable.

5-14

Authors: Muhammad MUBARAKI

Two performance-grade asphalt binders, PG 64-10 and PG 76-10, and two modifiers, Acrylate Styrene Acrylonhrtilrei (ASA) polymer and nanomaterials of Al2O3, have been used to modify properties of asphalt mixes. The main function of this study is to characterize and assess materials of modified asphalt binder mixes by three important rheological properties, namely Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). For the same mixes of modified asphalt binders, physical properties were obtained previously, therefore, FTIR, SEM, and XRD results followed the results of physical properties. The data analysis clearly indicates that although the SEM images show uniform dispersion of the ASA and Al2O3, it has been concluded that the FTIR spectra of ASA polymer- and Al2O3-altered asphalt binders were similar notwithstanding highest points, which established that no adjustment in structure occurred in the altered binders associated with the original asphalt binder. The results of the properties of asphalt with the use of ASA polymer are more notable than those with the use of Al2O3 nanomaterials.

25-37

Authors: Rachid HADJ SADOK, Mahfoud TAHLAITI, Nadia BELAS , Ridha MAZOUZI

This research focus on the life cycle assessment (LCA) of dredged sediments valorization. This tool is part of an environmental management approach, which makes it possible to compare the environmental loads of the different stages of the life cycle of the same product and, by the way to deduce the most polluting step in environmental terms and thus the industrialization process of dredging sediments of dams is optimized by modelling using the GEMIS (Global Emission Model for Integrated Systems) 4.95 software and the classification and characterization method. To propose a model that is the more respectful of the environment, by determining the most environmentally friendly scenario, in order to exploit these dredged sediments after calcination treatment to make them active in the field of the building’s construction. The results of this life cycle analysis study of the new industrialization process of dredged sediments show that climate change potential (GHG) is 0,246 ton of CO2eq/t of sediments, acidification potential is 4,55×10-4 ton of SO2 eq/t of sediments, the tropospheric ozone precursor potential is 9,97×10-4 ton of TOPP eq/t of sediments and the cumulative energy and exergy demand is 2506,75 in MJ/t of sediments, these values are compared to others carried out in Algeria.

53-62

Authors: S.D. KORE, A.K. VYAS

The built environment is a major contributor to CO2 emissions accounting for approximately 50% of global emissions. To reduce impact, all aspects of construction practices need to be investigated. In this paper the attempt was made to investigate the feasibility of use of packing density method for design of concrete mix rather than traditional methods of concrete mix. The water-cement ratio was kept 0.45 for all the mixes. The mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, permeability, abrasion, water absorption and ultrasonic pulse velocity were evaluated. The test results revealed that, the compressive strength was comparable to that of control concrete. On the other hand, durability parameters had shown remarkable improvement. The permeability reduced by 8.5 % and the water absorption of concrete reduced by 44% in comparison to concrete designed by conventional IS code method. Resistance to abrasion also increased by 19% as compared to control concrete. The cement content could be saved by 22% by packing density approach with desired workability and strength. The concrete prepared with packing density approach was found out to be of better quality, cost effective and sustainable.

83-91

Authors: Tabassum Mahzabeen RAKA, Khan Mahmud AMANAT

The paper provides numerical simulations, based on the finite element method (FEM) using the software package ANSYS/Standard, of high strength C-section cold-formed steel purlins in shear and combined bending and shear. The simulations were compared with the previous research on a variety of section sizes and thicknesses. The reasonable results of the numerical simulations show that finite element analysis can be used to predict the ultimate loads of thin-walled members including the post-buckling behavior of thin-walled sections in shear and combined bending and shear. It reveals that finite element analysis can therefore be used to design and optimize thin-walled sections of high strength steel. Direct Strength Method (DSM) design rules for C-sections in shear and for combined bending and shear both with and without tension field action can be investigated using this FE model.

105-118

Authors: Sadek BAHAR, Abdelkader BENANANE, Abdeldjelil DJ BELARBI

The operations of a floor, as a significant structural element, have an influence on the stability of the structure when it acts as a horizontal diaphragm. In this study, the in-plane deformability of rectangular floors of single story buildings is examined under the effects of horizontal seismic actions. Therefore, the effects of parameters influencing the behavior of the floor such as size opening and their location, position of shear walls, span-to-depth ratio, and materials constituting the floor were studied. Results suggest that a diaphragm will behave in a flexible manner whether it is classified as rigid or flexible. However, a small opening in the floor can change the behavior of a diaphragm assumed rigid and make it behave like a flexible diaphragm. Additionally, flexible diaphragms can distribute horizontal seismic shear forces to vertical resisting elements due to the relative rigidity of the shear wall. These results are in contradiction with seismic codes such as ASCE/SEI 7-10, FEMA 356, and Eurocode 8, further the size of opening that make flexible diaphragm behave like rigid diaphragm was suggested by formula. For the building with a shear wall, the classification of the diaphragm in seismic codes such ASCE is not accurate enough and they need to reform with taking into consideration the location of the opening in the floor.

127-140

Authors: Mohamed Amine KHADRAOUI, Leila SRITI

The facade of a building is a decisive factor in the thermal and energy performance of buildings. Its surfaces are considered as zones of heat transfer between the inside and the outside. Surface properties, especially color and texture; which have an important role on solar absorption and thermal emittance of the facade and subsequently the thermal operation of the building. The purpose of this article is to study the impact of surface properties of the facade on the thermal comfort and energy efficiency of buildings in a hot and arid climate. The investigation is based on an experimental approach by taking measurements in test cells with an insulating paint (with nanoparticles) as well as on a numerical study by the dynamic thermal simulation software TRNSYS. Several parameters were studied such as ambient temperature, internal and external surface temperature and energy consumption. The results showed that the surfaces of the facade represent with excellence the place of heat exchange between interior and exterior whose surface properties have a colossal impact on the thermal and energy operation of the building. The insulating paint with its nanoparticles has a considerable impact on the reduction of temperature. The proper choice of material absorption has a great influence on the reduction of temperatures and energy requirements of the building.