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Authors: Анжела КОЩУГ

The present article aims at exploring the problem of praise and reproof in the biblical text via the pragmatic framework of the speaker’s intentions, that is, it examines the speaker’s illocutive function in the above mentioned speech genres. These speech genres, antonymous in content and form or expression, refer, as a rule, to the factual genres, aiming at generalizing things rather than informing. These factual genres are based, first and foremost, on the evaluative semantics conditioned, in the first place, by three extralinguistic factors or components: the behavior component or the situation on the whole, the author’s component and the addressee’s component. Very many praise-statements in the Bible belong to the appreciator who has a lower status than the addressee or the appreciated. These statements consist of a dictum part and a modus part which are expressed in an explicit way. Thus, dictum is explicitly communicated (via the affirmative, the negative or the interrogative form of the verb or via a paradox, resulting from the situation when the author of the statement denies the well-established system of values, approving of the prejudiced acts and condemning the most positive ones) and modus is implicitly expressed (very often via the imperative), and only the modus part. Praise statements that are common to the appreciator with a higher status than the addressee (e.g. Lord (God)) are scarcely met in the Holy Book. Reproof statements, typical of the appreciator of a higher or an equal status with the addressee, are found in the Bible as well. Thus, the reproof-statements include a dictum part and a modus part expressed in an explicit way, where dictum is explicitly communicated (via the affirmative, the negative or the interrogative form of the verb or via a paradox); modus is implicitly communicated (very often via imperatives), and only the modus part. The reproof statements, typical of the appreciator with a lower status, than the addressee, are rarely encountered, though it might sometimes be possible to come across them in the Holy Book, especially in Gospels. There are statements in the Bible which can be interpreted both as praise statements and as reproof statements because they don’t strictly conform to the norm.

6

Authors: Lelia Trocan

Definir e descrever o discurso poético numa dupla perspectiva - sincrônica e diacrônica, remete, necessariamente, a uma abordagem formal do fato poético. Mas eis a questão: o que não é estrutura e o que não está em função de alguma coisa nesse mundo? Naturalmente, surge uma nova questão: o que é a poesia? Ora, nesse ponto, os críticos concordam em discordar. É verdade que haverá opiniões em comum entre alguns deles, como entre os “formalistas” influenciados pelos fundamentos dos “formalistas russos” e, sobretudo, pela obra de Roman Jakobson – “Princípios de lingüística geral”. Entretanto, observando melhor a referida obra, é possível constatar uma evolução não muito favorável à poesia. Os primeiros estudos de Jakobson, da época em que suas idéias viajavam na Europa, demonstram seu interesse e sua percepção notável do fenômeno artístico em geral e, em particular, da poesia.

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Authors: Екатерина НИКУЛЬЧА

Theater and carnival play an important role in the creation of E.T.A. Hoffmann, N.V. Gogol and M.A. Bulgakov. The authors don’t make any differences between theatrical performance and folk entertainment of the carnival type. For the German writer both the theater and the carnival become an integral part of the capriccio “Princess Brambilla”. In N.V. Gogol’s stories there are almost no theatrical elements, but the carnival penetrates into life, into the private life of the main characters. The introduction of carnival elements in M.A. Bulgakov’s novel “Master and Margarita” both the theatrical performance and the comparison of Satan’s great ball to folk entertainment increases satirical and ironical implication. The presence of these elements helps to realize the fact that the reality is full of bureaucracy, lies and criminal attempts to please one’s superiors. That’s why the real world seems more dangerous than the world, where the undisguised evil, Voland, the prince of darkness, rules.

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Authors: Ioana BOGHIAN

The semiotic approach to the concept of the Victorian house as a triadic relationship reveals the house as a space of becoming, functioning either as an iconic, symbolic or indexical sign in relation to its inhabitants. The current paper aims at reconstructing the semiotic process/semiosis through which a house can act as an image for the owner, or can be experienced as a prison, or interpreted as a symbol. Textual support will be provided by 19th-century English novels such as Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations and Dombey and Son, novels written by the Brontë sisters and Thomas Hardy’s The Return of the Native.

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Authors: Gheorghe Săvoiu

This paper provides an overview of the classical or modern definitions of enterprise, entrepreneur, and entrepreneurship, and of their new meanings, during the contemporary crisis. The consequences are important for improving the understanding of the importance of this concept of entrepreneurship in the higher education system. One can include in the category of the new conceptualizations the most recent entrepreneurial concepts, instruments, methods and solutions that exist on a globalized or international market. An extended of entrepreneurial thinking type include the entire semantic chain from enterprise to entrepreneur, and finally to entrepreneurship, but without being able to fully define it. Some conclusions are relative indeed, just as truth itself, somewhere midway. The final remark is that when we try to pick up anything by itself from the concept of entrepreneurship, we find out enterprise, entrepreneur and entrepreneurship being “attached“ to everything else in the market economies’ universe. Key words: enterprise, entrepreneur, entrepreneurship, economics, crisis, recession.

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Authors: Bernard Mulo Farenkia

While the study of interactions between French/English and Cameroonian languages and cultures is well-established, language and culture contact phenomena in German as a Foreign Language in Cameroon have often been neglected. This article presents texts produced by non-native users of German in Cameroon as sites of language and culture contact. The study focuses on phonological, orthographical, lexical, syntactical, semantic, pragmatic and textual aspects and reveals the overwhelming influence of French, English and several indigenous language and culture patterns on/in the production of oral and written texts in German. The article ends with suggestions for further research, namely in the area of intercultural grammar and cross-cultural pragmatics, and the training of teachers of German.