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Authors: Anca Mariana PEGULESCU

Starting from English’s international character and Widdowson’s statement referring to no possible claim and ‘custody’ over this language, I have tried to underline a teacher of English as a modern language’s position. The difference between L1 – English as a native language (ENL) and English as lingua franca (EFL) has led to some new aspects that implied a change of attitude as to the place ELF is alloted in the description alongside ENL. Teaching English as a modern language imposes a global vision of the process.

4

Authors: Ирина БУЛГАКОВА

In this article we analyze the sintagmatic relationships of the modern German verbs having the meaning ‘to work’. We attempt to explain the connection of these verbs with other lexico-semantic units of the German language.

5

Authors: Anca Mariana PEGULESCU

The linguistic relativism appears as an attitude, a response to the language used to express a manner of thinking. People usually understand more than they say and can express. Proverbs make the link between speech and acts; people’s deeds should be motivated through communication. All the proverbs bearing the symbol word convey an attitude not only towards communication, but also towards the community they represent.

6

Authors: Marta ISTRATI

The coexistence of two or several languages in the same linguistic space will not be deprived of "competition" and conflict. The prototype theory of the situation of conflict has two authors - L. Aracil and R. Ninyoles. The originality of the Catalano-Occitan sociolinguistics bases on the fact that the diglossia is considered a conflict in evolution, complicated by a dilemma and fed by sociolinguistic representations. Generally, these representations are set against the dominated language and favourable, by consequence, against the situation of domination. Having some influence on the mentality and the verbal choice of communicators, these representations usually form an ideological group. The consequence of the diglossic conflict consists in either the linguistic replacement, when the dominant language exercises the functions of the dominated language, or in the linguistic nominalization, which consists in the reconquest by the dominated language of its functions due to the verbal loyalty of the communicators and to the correct linguistic politics.

6

Authors: Viorica CONDRAT

Conversation may seem chaotic at first sight. Yet, under analysis, it appears to be a highly structured process, which follows specific rules and norms adopted by a given linguistic community. The present article analyzes the conversation interchange between the protagonists of Ernest Hemingway’s short story “Hills like White Elephants”. The undertaken study reveals the similarities between fictional and natural conversations. It is an attempt to prove that any conversation is centered on a practical necessity. The author aims at highlighting the existence of a literary conversation (i.e. between the writer and the reader), where the literary text appears as a reciprocal discourse based on a literary-communicative intention.

7

Authors: Maricela STRUNGARIU

The autobiographic Leirisian writing is characterised by a continuous oscillation between the fascination with intimacy and the cultural appeal, between the lure of the concrete and the calling of the imaginary. The author tends to avoid a direct contact with the reality, withdrawing within the space of imaginary susbstitutes which, through their unrelity and symbolic force, manage to offer him the feeling of ontological security. The writing is clearly influenced by the encyclopedic mood of the autobiographer who prefers to examine and portray the reality through the deforming lens provided by the cultural references, by the world of performance, by the dream-like or mythical universe. The connections of the writer with the world and with his own being are indirect, and the truth about his own self is accessible, most often, by the mediation of myth or fiction. Childhood, the sacred history, the history of France, legends and myths all create a universe in which Leiris hopes to find shelter against time’s passing and against his own anguish. Because the myth is the history of our own inwardness (Annick de Souzenelle), it is by means of the myth that the autobiographer will analyse his own ontological course. He tries to liberate himself from all complexes, drawing an inventory of the devouring myths which make him a prisoner of an illusive world. The myths of Oedip, Icar, the androgynous, Narcis, Don Juan, or Faust constitute the main stages undergone by the writer while searching for his own identity.

8

Authors: Luminiţa HOARTĂ CĂRĂUŞU

A general process corresponding to the development of systematic communicative codes, or linguistic development in terms of lexicalisation (and possibly also grammaticalisation) can be detected in the continuum for gesture types. The gradual replacement of speech with gesture influences both the form and communicative functions of gestures. In the absence of speech, gestures tend to develop standardised forms and more abstract meanings. Just as speech is seen as a physiological event based on articulatory gestures, so the performance of gestures depends on articulators and a place of articulation, the articulators being the hand(s) and arm(s), and the place of articulation being gesture space.

9

Authors: Екатерина НИКУЛЧА

Fantasy in the works of E.T.A. Hoffmann, one of the greatest German writers of the 19th century, was influenced by F. Schelling’s philosophical theories. However his novels and fairy tales influenced the psychoanalysis of S. Freud and the creation of F. Nietzsche. This idea gives us the possibility to understand profoundly the peculiarities of fantasy from the point of view of temporality. This refers not only to E.T.A. Hoffmann, but also to other fantasywriters. The penetration of reality into the world of fantasy and viceversa, that is realised at diferent levels including the temporal one makes time pass slower, quicklier or leads to its complete stop. These are idicators that the world of the main character is deregulated, that the character is situated between two worlds, the real and unreal ones, and he/she is ready to pass the barrier beween them. But the main character, the enthusiast, is in the state of mood that doesn’t help him to understand the situation. That’s why the events develop in both worlds simultaneously. The presense of the enthusiast in the works of E.T.A. Hoffmann is the deep mark of F. Schelling’s philosophy. The psychological state of the main character was minutiously studied and described by the great Austrian psychoanalitic S. Freud. During its development philosophy used E.T.A. Hoffmann’s literal experience as well as that of the philosophers from the privious periods and became a form of sythesis in the phylosophical heritage of F. Nietzsche.

14

Authors: Angela COŞCIUG

The interest of the Romanian translation studies for francophone literature, especially, for Canadian literature is novel, therefore, this article presents an overview of some «translation» difficulties which might appear while referring to a literary Canadian text.