Nanotechnology Research and Practice

187-200

Authors: Oleg Mosin, Ignat Ignatov

This review article outlines an overview of new trends and modern approaches for practical implementation of magnetic water treatment to eliminate scaling salts (carbonate, chloride and sulfate salts of Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ cations) in power heat-exchanger devices and pipe lines. The principles of physical effects of the magnetic field on H2O molecules as well as the parameters of physico-chemical processes occurring in water and the behavior of the dissolved in water scaling salts subjected to the magnetic treatment are discussed. It is demonstrated that the effect of the magnetic field on water is a complex multifactorial phenomenon resulted in changes of the structure of hydrated ions as well as the physico-chemical properties and behavior of dissolved inorganic salts, changes in the rate of electrochemical coagulation and aggregate stability (clumping and consolidation), formation of multiple nucleation sites on the particles of fine dispersed precipitate consisting of crystals of substantially uniform size. There are also submitted data on constructive features of various magnetic water treatment devices produced by domestic industry, based on the permanent magnets and electromagnets (solenoids), such as hydro magnetic systems (HMS), magnetic transducers (MT) and magnetic activators (MA) of water. It was estimated the efficiency of using the various magnetic water treatment devices in water treatment technologies.

213-229

Authors: Evgeny P. Prokop'ev, Sergei S. Evstaf'ev, Sergei P. Timoshenkov, Boris M. Simonov, Viktor I. Grafutin, Aleksei S. Timoshenkov, Igor M. Britkov, Oleg M. Britkov

The key methods for positron annihilation study is: a) identifying spectrum of angle distribution of annihilation photons (URAF) ; the study of temporary distribution spectrums of annihilation photons (VRAF), characterized by intensity and lifetimes ; b) Doppler widening of annihilation line (DUAL), characterized by S parameter – is a correlation of central part of annihilation photopeak to the distribution area of annihilation photopeak. The VRAF method provides data on electronic density where the annihilation positron is located, and URAF and DUAL methods provide data on distribution of impulses and chemical composition of the environment, surrounding nano objects in the area of annihilation. The overview shows that these methods allow to identify the nature and the density of dislocations in semiconductors, as the effective centers for positrons capturing are negatively-charged and neutral dislocations.