European Reviews of Chemical Research

17-21

Authors: Iliyasu A. A. Ibrahim, Hafizah Sani Sulaiman, Sulaiman Maikudi, Habibu Musa

The most traditional and realistic technique to avert the blowout of respiratory contaminations is to wear face masks; quite a few research clusters have established its efficacy against the spread of respiratory viruses before the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study aimed to isolate and identify bacteria from disposable face masks after use in Bauchi state university, Gadau. A total of 100 used face masks were collected from students of the university and subjected to microbiological and biochemical tests in order to isolate and identify the organisms from both the inner and outer surfaces of the used face masks. Most isolated bacterial contamination on both the outside area of the used face masks were Staphylococcus aureus 41.6 %, Escherichia coli 45.8 %, Streptococcus pneumoniae 8.3 % and Streptococcus mutans with 4.1 % but the number of organisms found on the outside were much lower. This study shows that the most abundant bacteria found in used face masks was Escherichia coli with the highest percentage of occurrence. The findings from this study show that bacteria were isolated from both the inner and outer surfaces of all the face masks used for this study, majority of which were Gram positive cocci. Only one-gram negative rod was identified and isolated.

16-19

Authors: Iliyasu A.A. Ibrahim, Labaran A. Magashi

The research was conducted to ascertain the hepatotoxic potentials of the leaves extract of Hunteria umbellata on liver enzymes of apparently healthy albino rats. A total of sixteen (16) albino rats were clustered into four (4) groups of four (4) rats each designated as group A – D, Group A served as control while groups B, C and D were treated with 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg aqueous leaves of extract of Hunteria umbellata respectively for a period of two weeks. The liver enzymes were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The results show a significant increase (P < 0.05) of serum AST activity at all doses. A similar trend was seen in the activity of serum ALP where a significant decrease was observed (P < 0.05) at all doses. There was a continuous decrease in the activity of serum ALT as the dose was increased but the increase was not significant (P < 0.05). The extract appears to have significant effects (P < 0.05) on serum AST, ALP activity but exhibited no significant effects on serum ALT and the Albumin concentration when compared with control rats. In conclusion, acute oral administration of the extracts was found to be quite toxic relatively safe at a low brought alteration in the serum AST and ALP activity but appears to have no significant effect on serum ALT activity.

62-67

Authors: Ignat Ignatov, Reneta Toshkova, Georgi Gluhchev, Elisaveta Tzvetkova

Studies were conducted with product CortiNon+. CortiNon+ is mix of Liquid Progesterone/DHEA. Progesterone is progestin, a female hormone, produced mostly in the ovaries. DHEA is an endogenous hormone secreted by the adrenal gland of both males and females. The purpose of the research was to analyze the effects over blood serum of hamsters with Graffi tumor (Toshkova, 1995). The analyses have been conducted with Nonequilibrium Energy Spectrum (NES) and Differential Nonequilibrium Energy Spectrum (DNES) methods (Antonov, 1992; Ignatov, 1998). Experiments were carried out about the influence on tumor cells of mice in water. Reduction of DNES spectrum according to the control sample of cells in healthy animals was observed. (Antonov, 1992). Reduction has also been observed in DNES spectrum in blood serum of people having oncological diseases, compared to the one of healthy people (Ignatov, 2012). Such a reduction is most prevalent in (-0.1387 eV; 8.95 µm; 1117 cm-1). The investigation of blood serum from hamsters injected with Graffi tumor cells and treated with CortiNon+ demonstrated a reduction in DNES spectrum in the range (-0.08 – -0.14 eV) (8.9 –15.5µm) (645–1129 cm-1) (Toshkova et al., 2019).

12-22

Authors: H. Essassaoui, M. El idrissi, R. Bouhdadi, M. Echajia, A. Zeroual, A. Tounsi, M. Mbarki

Indazole-containing derivatives represent one of the most important heterocycles in drug molecules. Diversely substituted indazole derivatives bear a variety of functional groups and display versatile biological activities; hence, they have gained considerable attention in the field of medicinal chemistry. In this paper, 1H-Indazole and 2H- indazole are optimized by B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) level of theory and ionization potential (IP), electron affinity (EA), and other MDs are determined. Further, non-linear optical (NLO) descriptors such as dipole moment (DM) and polarizability (α) are also determined.

29-46

Authors: H.A. Shindy

In this review paper some synthesis of different classes of polyheterocyclic cyanine dyes have been reviewed. In this paper review detailed synthesis steps for the synthesis of some polyheterocyclic cyanine dyes were represented via equations. This is covers the synthesis of polyheterocyclic monomethine cyanine dyes (simple cyanine dyes), dimethine cyanine dyes, trimethine cyanine dyes (carbocyanine dyes), pentamethine cyanine dyes (dicarbocyanine dyes), styryl cyanine dyes (hemicyanine dyes), aza-styryl cyanine dyes (aza-hemicyanine dyes) and apocyanine dyes. Besides, in the introduction section of this review paper some light is focused on some important uses, applications, characterizations and properties of cyanine dyes. This review paper is very readable, informative, and useful for synthetic dye chemists, researchers and students who look for the different methods in the synthesis and preparation of various classes of polyheterocyclic cyanine dyes. In addition, this paper review can be used and/or will be most valuable as a thesis and/or as a note book for student lectures, particularly for the post graduate students and researchers in the field of heterocyclic and/or cyanine dyes chemistry. This special and/or specific type of collective review in the synthesis of different classes of only polyheterocyclic cyanine dyes has been paid no attention and is absence in the chemistry literature.

51-58

Authors: Abdelilah Benallou, Habib El Alaoui El Abdallaoui, Hocine Garmes

The [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction of nitrone with methacrylonitrile, has been studied within Electron localization function (ELF) at the DFT B3LYP/6-31G(d) computational level. This feeble-polar 32CA reaction, which takes place via an asynchronous mechanism, proceeds with a moderate activation energy of 17 kcal/mol, for the most favourable adduct; endo-α, and presents low stereo- and regioselectivities due to the existence of various competitive channels (exo(α,β) and endo((α,β). The Conceptual DFT is in good consistency with the thermodynamically results. ELF analysis shows that 1,3 dipolarophile O1 and C3 atom of nitrone are extensively higher in reactivity.

67-74

Authors: A. Lakhili, M. Fekhaoui, A. Bellaouchou, L. Tahri, A.E. Abidi, M. El idrissi

To determine concentration insecticides and rat poisons detected in the finished industrial samples, the solid phase micro extraction (SPME) is applied. The gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrum (GC-MS) is elaborated. In order to get a best extraction, different process parameters are examined and optimized. The relevant finding are obtained using a time of unspecific binding properties of 30 minutes duration and mode of agitation for 30 min with agitation by magnetic stirrer and a temperature of 30° C. It has been demonstrated that insecticides, rat poisons and pesticides have a high chance of being found at a high concentration in finished industrial products.