Revista de la Facultad de Jurisprudencia

79 - 105

Authors: Carlo Castronovo

This article examines the category of obligations and its evolution from the Italian civil code of 1942 to the present day. It mainly focuses on the figure of the non-performance obligation due to its theoretical and practical relevance. He then tackles the currently debated topic of recoding.

123 - 138

Authors: María Leoba Castañeda Rivas

Talking about the idea of gender equity throughout history is very complex because this concept only began to emerge in the mid-1970s as a response to the asymmetry and inequality existing between men and women according to their sex. However, to investigate the origin of this idea, we can note the predominance of the male gaze, since, until very recent times, women were never the object of study in history as such.

179 - 196

Authors: Ivonne Tellez Patarroyo, Daniela Mora Vera

The normative framework proposed by Nancy Fraser integrates the politics of redistribution and the recognition of difference. This framework of social justice allows us to analyse social agreements and their institutions to determine to what extent they can guarantee parity in participation, given that the social injustices we suffer are a mixture of economic injustices and their distribution. Based on this theoretical proposal, this article sets out to outline lines of analysis of the extent to which ethnic inequality in Latin America responds to the exclusionary nature of distribution and recognition, and therefore of parity in participation, inherited from the colonial era.

93-117

Authors: Ricardo Hernández González, Ernesto Guarderas Izquierdo

This article analyzes the state of insolvency or bankruptcy that may be incurred by those who default or fear default on their obligations. This breach is the source of a new legal situation and an economic and patrimonial state of the debtor, which is declared judicially to organize its creditors legally and preserve the insolvent debtor’s assets and later liquidate and distribute them.Once this situation has been analyzed (which may be fortuitous, guilty or fraudulent), the five types of bankruptcy procedures that Ecuadorian legislation provides are reviewed and differentiated: preventive, preventive for commercial companies, exceptional preventive, voluntary and necessary, highlighting the effects and consequences that each one of them generates for or against the debtor.Finally, the authors’ conclusions regarding this legal institution and its application in the Ecuadorian judicial system will be reviewed.DOI 10.26807/rfj.vi9.316

151-176

Authors: Paola Diana Reyes Parra

The United Nations Charter has enshrined the general prohibition of the use of force as well as the exception to it through the inherent right of States to defend themself if an armed attack occurs under article 51. However, the proliferation of non-State actors and the response given by States to them are challenges the international community faces to maintain international peace and security. International law must find a balance between the legitimate need of States to defend themselves from the threats that non-State actors present and at the same time to defend the essential principles of sovereign equality, territorial integrity and prohibition of the use of force.

221-239

Authors: Lissangee Stefanía Mendoza García, Pablo Sebastián Castro Jaramillo

As a consequence of the accumulation of criminal cases in the Ecuadorian criminal system, legislators have opted to implement an abbreviated procedure. It consists of an agreement between the prosecutor and the prosecuted person. Thus, the alleged offender is held responsible for committing the criminal offence, provided that the Integral Organic Criminal Code established the procedural requirements. However, this procedure may violate the accused’s rights and guarantees, precisely the principle of non-self-incrimination. Therefore, this article aims to analyze whether there is a correct application of the procedural principle of prohibition of self-incrimination within the abbreviated procedure in Ecuadorian criminal legislation.

291-318

Authors: Cristina Anabel Segarra Haro

The purpose of an entrepreneurship is to build and scale a sustainable business model through an enterprise. The lack of tangible and intangible resources is often at this very early stage. According to previous studies, new ventures could overcome the lack of resources -key to their success- forming relationships with partners (networking) through open innovation (OI) processes. However, the structure of each network affects their own processes and outcomes; the innovation processes and the network structure mutually shape each other. Opening up the innovation process implies the involvement of startups in relationships with different typologies of actors: Incubators, Large corporations, Higher education institutions, among others. Understanding the role, relation, position and power of each actor in the ecosystem allow us identify its network position which is critical for resource access.

347-363

Authors: Camile Lima Santos

This paper analyses the problems regarding the efficiency in the Judicial System, showing the difficulties in identifying that, once it has to deal with the output of the system, studying quality and quantity. It shows the possible reasons for the inefficiency and studies the solutions suggested to improve the system, including some reforms in the legislation. After, it focuses on the constitutional amendment in Brazil, no. 45\2004, that has established another demand for the appeals to be accepted at the Supreme Court. It also questions the utility, once most of the appeals were retained in the lower-level courts waiting for the Supreme Court’s decision in similar cases. It concludes that reforms to search for a more efficient system have to study each country’s condition to adopt the best solution for the problem.

385-429

Authors: Jorge Astudillo Muñoz

The objective of this paper is to present a series of elements that allow a conceptual and theoretical approach to be carried out on the principle of transparency as a guideline for the exercise of public function within the framework of a democratic system and the right of access to public information as a direct manifestation of this principle.

454-481

Authors: Ambar Gabriela Vera Morán

The indexes of crimes against the good functioning of the public administration in Ecuador are alarming. Although every year, there is an increase in efforts to fight corruption, concussion and acts that threaten sovereignty and democracy. These efforts have not provided significant changes despite living a state of emergency worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which threatens people’s health with a high mortality rate, since there are people who only aim at personal enrichment, leaving aside the general interest. These illegal acts generate transaction costs from anti-democratic actions and actions that go against the Ecuadorian positive law since they limit the investment of these resources in the growth of relevant sectors for the evolutionary development of the country, such as the area of health, education, the incentive to sport, the emergence of new technologies. Besides, it is essential to consider the investment to eliminate the crimes that attempt against protected legal assets so that these would be reduced every year, that cost would be destined to the positive evolution of the country. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the importance of eliminating crimes against the proper functioning of public administration to eliminate the State transaction costs generated and thus strengthen democracy and legal security in the country.

528-278

Authors: Cynthia Mishel Gudiño Flores

Precautionary measures are mechanisms of criminal procedural assurance established by the State in order to protect the rights of the victim and the effectiveness of the process. They imply strict respect for principles and normative parameters because they constitute restrictions on the rights of a person being prosecuted, before being recognized as guilty. Given the complexity of the topic, in this paper has been intended to identify the form of application of pre-trial detention in the Flagrancy Units of Quito Metropolitan District in the second semester of 2019. Therefore, analytical and deductive research methods and field and documentary investigative techniques have been used, mainly related to jurisprudence, doctrine, legislation, interviews and files of the Flagrancy Units. As a result, it has been concluded that the application of pre-trial detention, in practice, does not have an exceptional character. It is imposed indiscriminately, without respecting the principles of proportionality nor the proper guarantees of motivation, and it generates a reversal of the burden of proof that directly undermines the right to legal certainty enshrined in the Constitution.

609-671

Authors: Florencia Marotta-Wurgler, Yannis Bakos, David R. Trossen

Una piedra angular del enfoque legal y económico de los contratos de forma estándar es la hipótesis de la “minoría informada”: en los mercados competitivos, una minoría de compradores conscientes de los términos es suficiente para disciplinar a los vendedores de usar términos repetitivos desfavorables. Este argumento se invoca a menudo para limitar la intervención o regular las transacciones de los consumidores, pero ha habido poca investigación empírica sobre su validez. Realizamos un seguimiento del comportamiento de navegación en Internet de 48.154 visitantes mensuales de 90 empresas de software en línea para estudiar hasta qué punto los compradores potenciales acceden al contrato de formulario estándar asociado, el acuerdo de licencia de usuario final. Descubrimos que solo uno o dos de cada mil compradores de software minorista eligen acceder al acuerdo de licencia, y la mayoría de los que lo acceden pasan muy poco tiempo para leer más que una pequeña parte del texto.

123-156

Authors: Carlos Andrés Izquierdo Apolo

This article aims to develop a methodological proposal for the application of the proportionality test as a conflict resolution mechanism in the new environmental damage declaration procedure in Ecuador, based on the systematization of theoretical conceptions and legal and administrative procedures, and constitutional principles that regulate economic activities with criteria of environmental sustainability, and the recognition of the rights of nature. Consequently, the research allowed us to extract the main results: (a) to conceive proportionality as a methodological criterion and legal construction; (b) the proportionality test becomes a mechanism at the service of the judge that seeks to provide solutions to adequately resolve conflicts, subject to the principles that govern the rights of nature and economic activities, directly established in the Constitution; and, (c) the proportionality test can be a tool for the motivation of administrative resolutions of declaration of environmental damage, as it will be useful to determine: 1) whether a fact can be considered environmental damage, 2) the amount of the fine imposed, 3) the minimum measures to approve remediation or environmental reparation plan, and 4) the amount of compensation to the victims of the environmental damage. Because of these results, it can be concluded that the normative vacuum in this matter lends itself to the discretion and arbitrary interpretation of the authority, justifying, therefore, the present methodological proposal of the proportionality test for the declaration of environmental damage

181-210

Authors: Luca Oliveri

The starting point of this brief itinerary within the jurisprudence of legitimacy is constituted by the famous sentences of San Martino, pronounced by the United Sections in November 2008, a true and proper crucial moment concerning the subject matter of attention. If this is the starting point, it is not yet possible, on the other hand, to identify a real moment of conclusion of this path, since the point of arrival, far from being reached, looks more and more like a mirage. However, within this ( secular ) litaniae sanctorum, one may sometimes come across some statements that could be peacefully defined as unexpected, if not surprising: small deviations, in short, from the usual path of argumentation that struggle to fit into the latter in a logically coherent way, generating not a little confusion in the jurist.

235 - 264

Authors: Luis Marin Tobar Subía, Ricardo Peñaherrera Peñaherrera, Ana María Terán Merello

La entrada en vigor del Código Orgánico Administrativo ocasionó una diversidad de interpretaciones respecto de la aplicabilidad de sus disposiciones a los procedimientos de investigación y sanción a cargo de la Superintendencia de Control del Poder de Mercado. Varias disposiciones de este cuerpo normativo generan oportunidades para unos y riesgos procesales para otros, por lo que su aplicación fue ampliamente controvertida hasta que la Procuraduría General del Estado zanjó la controversia mediante un pronunciamiento que resolvió que la autoridad ecuatoriana de competencia debía aplicar sus normas procedimentales propias, siendo supletoria la aplicación del Código Orgánico Administrativo. Este pronunciamiento deja nuevas interrogantes, ¿cuáles aspectos regulados por el Código Orgánico Administrativo, y cuáles no son aplicables de forma supletoria a la Ley Orgánica de Regulación y Control del Poder de Mercado, su Reglamento y el Instructivo de Gestión Procesal Administrativa de la Superintendencia de Control del Poder de Mercado?

294-338

Authors: Robert D. Cooter, Michael D. Gilbert; Jennifer Lara Alvear

El derecho constitucional y la economía plantean preguntas como: “¿Cuál es el alcance del poder del Congreso de los Estados Unidos para regular el comercio?”; “¿Cuánta autoridad legislativa se puede delegar a los adminis tradores?”; y “¿Cuándo debería ocurrir un cambio constitucional a través de una actualización judicial en lugar de una enmienda formal?”. Para abordar estas cuestiones, el derecho constitucional y la economía combinan análisis positivo, normativo e interpretativo, por lo cual este texto aborda un importante y fértil programa de investigación.

367-388

Authors: Sonia Merlyn Sacoto

In the last years, the Ecuadorian legislator has dedicated to treating as a priority the economic topics, ignoring the diverse technological advances, the reason why the legal reflection on Artificial Intelligence (systems of algorithms that learn of themselves) is practically nonexistent, although it has been incorporated in several scopes of our daily life. Although the human being has not developed vital Artificial Intelligence yet, the impact in many areas, including the legal one, is undeniable, so we must think about the legal regulation both in the present and in the future, to establish specific fundamental rules. We cannot ignore that already exists in the world a citizen android, Sofia, whose case leads us to reflect if perhaps it is necessary to recognize as the holder of rights to the Artificial Intelligence, a subject without face nor necessarily human appearance, as it happened, in the year 2008, with Nature

423-447

Authors: Miulyn Karlice Naranjo Gómez

Violence against women or members of the family is an act that affects society in every corner of the world, because it destroys the family in many ways, such as morally, physically, psychologically, and even intellectually, as in the case of children or adolescents who are underachieving at school, since they have to endure different types of violence from the aggressor. Considering the importance of the family in society since it is on the family that the healthy and orderly growth of a society depends. This social problem has a lot to do with how, throughout history, there has been a misconception on the part of men that it is they who are superior and that it is women who must obey and be subdued, as it is they who impose authority on women in a violent manner that reaches the point of threatening their integrity and that of their whole family

73-94

Authors: Inés Gálvez Delgado, René Gálvez Delgado

Electronic commerce has established itself in recent years as one of the best marketing strategies globally for its efficiency and ability to bring producers and consumers closer together. However, the increase in the use of digital channels has generated a recent discussion in the legal community regarding the implications that this fact has on Competition Law. This note then aims to analyse the challenges facing free competition law in the scenario of new technologies and digital commerce. Moreover, this research note states that there are great difficulties for Competition Law since the consolidation of Big Tech also since these dilemmas are related to Ecuador as a consequence of its current regulations and the little technical expertise

130-163

Authors: Monica Vinueza Flores

Que ce soit dans le domaine du droit public ou du droit privé, la volonté est une notion qui imprègne le droit, et pourtant elle ne peut être saisie par le droit sans recourir, pour l’instant, à la philosophie. Ce n’est qu’à partir des éléments apportés par la philosophie que la volonté juridique a pu être construite. Toutefois, avec l’essor des neurosciences, notamment à partir du XXIe siècle grâce aux progrès de l’imagerie cérébrale par résonance magnétique, elles pourraient apporter une réponse concernant le substrat biologique de la volonté. Visant ainsi à expliquer la façon dont le système nerveux central produit les processus mentaux, les neurosciences touchent des attributs essentiels de la personnalité et de l’identité de l’être humain, telles que la capacité, la volonté ou l’autonomie qui sont pris en compte par le droit et notamment par le droit civil, dans ses institutions juridiques. C’est pourquoi les recherches en neurosciences pourraient avoir un impact sur les actes juridiques où la volonté joue un rôle primordial

197-121

Authors: Ángel Fabián Albán de Sá, Mary Mar Samaniego Alcívar

The Economic Analysis of Intellectual Property Law allows us to understand better the importance of generating a legal system that protects intellectual property rights and generates more efficient social incentives and promote creation. Social incentives will allow creators to recover the costs incurred and obtain the expected benefits

249-267

Authors: Juan Aguirre Navarrete

Inside the panorama of the music industry have been generated by several legal relationships. Generally, the artist is only concerned with expressing his ideas through songs, based on deep feelings or experiences that have marked him, but he does not realize that he is in a very complicated legal relationship when privatizing his creations. Many artists throughout their careers legal issues related to the use of copyrights in their discography; a very recent case is that of the famous artist Taylor Swift where the problem lies in the snatching of their copyright author. This miscellaneous article focuses on identifying the regulations with which the Ecuadorian government protects intellectual property rights in the Ecuadorian music industry in the current digital era. As a final result, we state that Ecuadorian legislation has an optimal regulation that encourages the operation of the intellectual property regime in Ecuador. However, artists do not choose to enter this industry due to the low performance it has in our country

79-118

Authors: Graciela Monesterolo Lencioni

Desde el 11-III-20, en que declaró el estado de emergencia sanitaria en el Ecuador por la inminente posibilidad del efecto provocado por el coronavirus Covid-19, se desató una crisis generalizada en todos los órdenes de la vida social. El sector más afectado, sin duda ha sido el de la salud, con la pérdida de miles de personas. No obstante, el ámbito de las relaciones laborales también ha sido fuertemente impactado. Muchas personas trabajadoras han visto alterados sus derechos, tan caramente conquistados. Se han modificado condiciones del trabajo, y lo peor de todo, se han perdido infinitas fuentes de trabajo, privando así a un considerable porcentaje de la población del derecho fundamental al trabajo, con el cual llevar el alimento a sus hogares. La privación o reducción de los ingresos derivados de una relación laboral, repercute a su vez en otros derechos fundamentales, como la alimentación, la vestimenta, la educación, la salud, el ocio. Por ello, este artículo se dedica a las regulaciones emergentes que se expidieron para enfrentar la crisis provocada por el Covid-19 en el Ecuador y de cómo ellas, en muchos casos, inobservaron principios fundamentales del Derecho del Trabajo; aunque ello pudiera considerarse razonable y legítimo dada la situación de extrema excepcionalidad. El análisis se circunscribe a las relaciones laborales de los empleados privados y los obreros, es decir, a los trabajadores sujetos al Código del Trabajo. También se refiere, finalmente, a los retos que se presentan para la reactivación económica en los nuevos escenarios y condiciones laborales en lo que se ha denominado “la nueva normalidad”, así como al gran desafío que tiene el Derecho del Trabajo para redefinirse, sin perder su razón de ser, y así adaptarse a las exigencias del trabajo del futuro y del futuro del trabajo, como resultado de la globalización, de los avances de la ciencia y de la tecnología, y la consecuente automatización. En definitiva, se refiere a la necesidad de que el nuevo Derecho del Trabajo se proyecte al futuro del mundo del trabajo con una mirada diferente, innovadora y progresista para ser más justo, equitativo e inclusivo.

166-190

Authors: Antonella Silvana Paredes Torres

This research article analyzes the current situation of food sovereignty in Ecuador linked with the Free Trade Agreement between Ecuador, Peru Colombia and the European Union (FTA), after almost four years of its entry into force, considering the impacts of the sanitary and economic crisis generated by the coronavirus pandemic in Ecuador, which has produced significant consequences for small food producers, specially in terms of poverty and inequality. In addition, this article aims to present a review of the implications that the Free Trade Agreement has had on the food sovereignty regime in Ecuador, from the economic analysis of law, analyzing whether this international instrument reduces transaction costs and is efficient in terms of food sovereignty, or whether an inalienability rule should be applied to counteract the externalities it generates in sustainable food production aligned with food sovereignty.

221-247

Authors: Carlos Zuñiga Rendón

The article aims to analyze the principle of separation of powers in the Ecuadorian context of the state of emergency, decreed due to the health emergency caused by COVID-19. Its specific objective is to provide reasons to consolidate this principle and an adequate understanding of it, within a regime of exception. A brief introductory look at the theoretical and experiential aspects of the state of exception reveals the general suspicion of said institution. Then, from the analysis of its defining features, its regulated nature is deduced and conditioned by constitutional presuppositions. Thus, the state of exception exists and operates in observance of the principle of separation of powers. On this principle, an analytical journey of doctrinal bases consolidates the overcoming of its traditional notion towards a collaborative and dialogic opening between powers. Furthermore, the review of the minimum functions of each power of the state during the exceptional regime shows refuted the prevalence of one power over others. Already in the Ecuadorian context, a review of some specific scenarios induces the ratification of the operation of the principle of separation of powers and constitutional jurisdiction during the state of emergency. Finally, critical thinking is collected regarding the management of the pandemic, from which risks and warnings for democracy and human rights are inferred.