Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi

1-13

Authors: Otar GOGOLISHVILI

The present paper describes the struggle of the anti-Soviet parties against the Bolshevik authorities in Adjara in 1921. Amid the background of anti-government protests, it discusses the ruthless measures taken by the Bolsheviks against the parties, which resulted in their liquidation. On 25th of February of 1921, Revolutionary Committees of Georgia issued the special decree, which indicated that “Hereafter, an Amnesty is declared for every political party, particular bodies and groups which actively stood out against the Soviet Government and Soviet Party of Georgia” Soviet Government of Georgia have thereby addressed to the former Democrat Government of Georgia: “You should obey the Soviet Government of Georgia, which will forget the past and crimes of all of its enemies and which is willing treat you similarly”. Similar announcements were made by the Communists of Adjara, but Anti-Soviet Parties and the former Government of Georgia never considered this seriously. They did not have recognized the Soviet Government, never collaborated with them and therefore went on a state of disobedience. They have chosen the path of sabotage and the counterrevolution. Thus, the Soviet Government was using harsh measures against them. On April 29th, the Presidium of Communist Party District Committee of Batumi came to a decision that stated following: “Every single person, whoever had profaned and blackened the name of Georgia and Adjara during the Rule of Menshevik Government, should be eliminated.” The Special Commission had been formed in the purpose of banishing counterrevolutionaries from Soviet organizations, factories, and cultural and educational institutions. First of all, the aforementioned decision was aimed against the Multi-party system and the democracy itself, and at the same time, it supported the forming of a Single-Party dictatorship. The Special Commission consisted of the following people: a member of the Communist Party District Committee Bureau of Adjara - I. Pevtsov, member of Revolutionary Committee - K. Sajaia, and the representative of Presidium of Central Council of Labor Unions of Adjara. The Commission was directly managing the repressions and banishment of the members of Anti-Soviet parties and groups from factories and establishments, implemented by the “Emergency Commission”. There were several Anti-Soviet political organizations and groups at the time in Adjara. Amongst them, formations of Social-Democrat (Menshevik), National-Democrat, Socialist-Federalist, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Kemalists and other parties were considered as the most influential ones. All of the above-mentioned parties except the Kemalist Party, have been formed at the beginning of the 20th Century. In spite of Communist and Kemalist Parties, all of them were fighting for the independence of Georgia, recovery its statehood, democracy, and bourgeois order. In the circumstances of the antagonist class society, their activities were targeted to establish national consolidation and global values. Therefore, it’s natural that they were against, and they led a ferocious fight against the Socialist Ideology and Socialist principles. There was not an essential difference between the programs of National-Democrats and Socialist-Federalists. They were unified in one SocialistFederalists party. At the early times, a vast majority of members of aforesaid parties did not demand the independence of Georgia directly and decidedly, but they have pursued national autonomy within the rule of the Russian Empire. Radicals have appeared in the party since its creation

27-35

Authors: Nodar MIRAZANASHVILI, Paata QURDADZE

The given article considers negative assessment of the scholarly approaches to the fairy tales all along the post-Soviet space (with particular emphasis on Georgia). The authors review the relevant literature focused on historical aspects of creation of the fairy tales, in particular the folk fairy tales. Analysis of the causes of emergence of the fairy tales is accentuating their priority role in children’s education and upbringing. The national folk fairy tale alongside with number of educational measures is a crucial component in a long and comprehensive process of forming a child personality as well as development of necessary skills. The fairy tales not only broaden the consciousness of children but extend utmost influence on their subconscious world. The article contains a number of recommendations to parents on how to use the fairy tales in bringing up their children. The recommendations also refer to the contents and type of the fairy tales that should be told to children and when it is more appropriate to engage them in narration. Telling stories before falling asleep is compared to the factor of “lethargic” sleep characteristic to initiation: the oldest mystical method of rearing. This is an assisting factor to the conscious comprehension of children in moving to a fairy tale realm, thus, enhancing the positive process undergoing in their subconscious part. The folk fairy tales have a positive impact on children whereas any changes entered in the texts of the tales or telling them voluntarily invented stories is assessed as negative.

47-61

Authors: Mariam KOBERIDZE

The Prone Valley is located in the middle of Kartli, to the right side of Mtkvari. It covers Dvani Tskali, Ali Tskali, Ptsa Tskali and Surami Tskali. People call these rivers Prone today tooin accordance of the historical term. The Book of Ruisi Flock or the Chronicle of Ruisi composed by Nikoloz Mroveli Orbelishvili or Kaplanishvili in 1715 gives us the important information for diachronic study of the toponyms of this valley with regard to linguistic; Vakhusht iBagrationi’s “Description of the Kingdom of Georgia (Geography of Georgia)” (in the middle years of XVIII century); Ioane Bagrationi’s “Description of KartlKakheti” (1794-1799) and the recorded and analyzed materials by the Georgian researchers (S. Makalatia, Al. GhlontI, M. Koberidze, N.Otinashvili) in different times with dialectological point of view. Speech of villages of DvaniTskali and PtsaTskali belongs to Shidakartlianand speech of villages of Ali Tskali and SuramiTskali belongs to – Western Kartlian. Toponyms of the Prone Valleyare various according to the content and the composition, the confirmed means of word composition are similar to Georgian literary language and other dialects of Georgian language. As substantive (martulmsazgvreliani) as attributive (atributulmsazgvreliani) micro (nakedlarebi, chakidula…), macro (Dvanistskali, Prone) and in particular toponyms (Dvani, Dirbi, Taxtidziri ...) occur, where occur “tskali”, “tba”, “ghele”, “tchala”, “khevi”, “tchaobi”, “morevi”as a component part of composite. With such kind of toponyms as an attribute is confirmedas common as proper nouns. For the toponyms of Prone Valleyare peculiar these phonetic processes what are peculiar for the Georgian languagesystem. For example: loss of letter, replacement of letters, insertionof letter… composition with suffixes (-et,- it, -at, -is-i, -at(a), -ta, -eul, -ul, -ur, -ovan, -osan, in-a, -eb, -mar (←nar) and with prefix-suffixes (na-ev, sa-e, sa-ur, sa-ia). Spreading area of toponymsand frequency of formative mean create difference. Difference occasions refer to the unification tendency and the occasions of changeover of codes of speech. It is noted territorial localization of dialectical vocabulary used as toponym. The analysed material is multifariousdue to its content. There are no borrowed terms, but all are Georgian formation. The toponyms of “ Tskal” and “Tskhar” basis are used more frequently. The majority of toponyms are complex words. Common nouns as well as proper nouns can be the qualifiers of such types of toponyms.

72-84

Authors: Gürhan ÇOPUR

Ayla Kutlu became an important author in Turkish literature after 1980 with her novels and stories. Kutlu, fictionalizes her works in a multi-layered structure by intertwining social and individual elements in her novels. Kutlu's novels focus on inner world of individuals taking part in the social events related to religion, beliefs, gender roles, economic life, customs and conventions of the community they live in. In her novels, the presented social events reflect the political and social atmosphere of Turkey, where protagonists are portrayed in their worldly pursuits. In that sense, the author, who is not indifferent to social issues and conditions of the period, makes her own interpretation of events in almost all her works, which makes them suitable for sociological and psychological analysis. In her novels, suicidal tendency of the characters, who are not able to adapt to the conditions they are depicted in, become excluded and marginalized. Emile Durkheim, who is mainly interested in the suicide phenomenon, regards society as a sociological laboratory mainly responsible for the psychological development of the individual. According to Durkheimian, suicide can be defined as an act in which social phenomena mark individual psychology. Emile Durkheim's theory of suicide is based on experienced cases, which he categorizes according to social causes as: “Egoistic suicide”, “Altruistic suicide”, and “Anomic suicide”. Among the suicide types that Durkheim has classified and distinguished according to their sociological dimensions, “Selfish suicide” cases observed in Ayla Kutlu's novels will be in the center of our study. In our analysis, the actions of the characters who commit/attempt suicide in Ayla Kutlu's “Cadı Ağacı”, “Ateş Üstünde Yürümek” “Kadın Destanı” and “Asi… Asi” novels will be examined within the framework of Emile Durkheim's suicide theory.

105-122

Authors: Mustafa SOLMAZ, Ersoy Özmen ALKAN

The purpose of the research is to reveal the sources of the insecurity conditions we live in and to base a viable solution forward against them from Bauman's social theory. A qualitative research was carried out and it was applied to the method of document analysis, especially critical discourse analysis. It is understood that there are three types of insecurity and they can be classified as uncertainty, insecurity and unsafety. It has been determined that the source of the mentioned types of insecurity is the movement of knowledge and power in the international arena, that political power remains within the national boundaries therefore cannot take effective measures against them. It was understood that political power, which could not take effective measures against the international movement of knowledge and especially capital, is trying to seem to be doing things not to damage its legitimacy on them, therefore it saves all types of insecurity to a single component, unsafety. It has been determined that the determining feature of the political power, which against risks caused by uncertainty and insecurity charges all threats to unsafety, is to become a guard state. However, it has been understood that political governments need to take more effective measures to come together and establish a global republic regime that includes international legislative, executive and judicial bodies. It was determined that the reason why the republic was preferred, rather than any other form of administration, was that it provided the possibility of resolving problems to be on negotiation. It was concluded that social media should be seen as new public spaces for the development of the negotiation culture.

135-152

Authors: Salih KAYMAKÇI

In the surveys that we started in 2015 and continued until today in the Eastern Black Sea Region, we detected a small number of settlements with Late Iron Age pottery in Giresun Province and its districts. A group of sherds on the Karadikmen Castle Settlement (a mountainous area in Giresun) that we identified in our surveys in Çamoluk district in the mountainous area of Giresun province had the characteristics of the Late Iron Age ceramics that we know in terms of technique and form. We believe that this pottery group consisting of floral, band and geometric decorations on burnished slip and dating to the Late Iron Age show characteristics of Anatolian Iron Age Pottery, and will be important for redetermining the boundaries of the region in the Iron Age. It is not clear when the Bronze Age ended in the region and when the Iron Age began. In our study, we compared the cultures of Iron Age with previous studies in the Çoruh and Kelkit Basin near the region. As a result of the researches in the region, we can say that there are settlements belonging to the Iron Age in the eastern part of the Kelkit Basin, which constitutes the southern hinterland of the Eastern Black Sea Region, but the written evidence related to the region is still insufficient.

169-187

Authors: Ahmet SEL

With the increasing use of fossil fuels since the industrial revolution, greenhouse gas emission values have also been increasing over the years. Increasing greenhouse gases is one of the major causes of global warming, which is one of today's most important problems. In the study, clustering analysis was performed using 1990-2014 values according to 15 indicators in the World Bank data of 36 countries that are members of the organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The data was evaluated using data mining methods and two-stage clustering analysis due to the large number of total data. At the time of application, the ideal number of clusters was found to be four. Clustering results were obtained separately using SPSS, MATLAB and WEKA programs. Two-stage and selforganizing map (SOM) type neural networks are preferred as clustering methods. For the obtained cluster results, the countries have been combined for taking into account the recurring cluster values. As a result, countries are clustered so that the carbon emission values used are ranked from high to low. The number of countries in the cluster was 1 in the first cluster, 9 countries in the second cluster, 10 countries in the the third cluster and 16 countries in the fourth cluster. Clustering results may guide programs to reduce carbon emissions to countries in the same cluster. In addition, commissions including the countries in the related cluster can be established under the OECD union. The fact that climate change has made him feel more and more recently supports the implementation of measures and practices as soon as possible.

199-219

Authors: Filiz ASLAN ÇETİN, Seyhan ÖZTÜRK

Institutions or individuals who try to survive and survive in a global competitive environment are often faced with various problems brought about by this environment. In general, it is defined as competition that individuals or institutions working in the same field are competing in achieving the same goals, such as being the strongest and most successful. Therefore, while there is a race of knowledge and competence in the right competition; There may be situations that are intentionally created in unfair competition and incompatible with professional ethics. When these concepts are evaluated for the accounting profession, where ethics has a very important place, considering the profession as a race to raise the identity of the profession in normal competitive environments, a situation that adds value to the profession occurs. However, unfair competition between professional accountants and employees includes behaviors contrary to professional ethics, unfair earnings and sharing without producing; It causes financial and moral damage to professional accountants and employees. In this study conducted within the framework of the importance of the subject, the aim is; to ensure that the factors that may cause unfair competition are examined and evaluated in terms of professional accountants and employees. In this context, the concepts of competition and unfair competition are handled theoretically in detail and examined in terms of professional accountants and employees. Subsequently, an application study was carried out with professional accountants and employees operating in Kars, Ardahan and Iğdır provinces, and the results were presented.

235-256

Authors: Eray AKSOY

Archaeological Test Excavations play an important role for the understanding of the archaeological potential of Sinop (ancient Sinope) which was one of the most important port cities of ancient Black Sea. One of these excavations, named as “ORD 2016”, took place within the Gelincik District of the city which is situated at the southern portion of the isthmus. The excavations conducted in multiple openings within a parcel that was chosen for a building construction yielded a varia of archaeological artefacts, architectural elements and some tombs. This paper will focus mainly on the evaluation of the tombs revealed within ORD 2016 together with other archaeological artefacts and architectural elements. First, the overall location and the importance of the locality where the excavation took place will be revealed. Then, a short but descriptive telling of the excavation process will be shared for a better understanding of the find locations and their arrangements. A special attention will be paid to the finds as they will be mediums of dating for the tombs and the whole area as well. The evaluations have shown that the parcel excavated within the scope of ORD 2016 must have belonged to a burial ground from the Southern Necropolis of Sinope. The tombs together with their finds abled us to state that this burial ground only received tombs of ordinary people. An inscribed miniature grave marker in the form of a Doric capital able us to realise that some tombs were marked with such indicators. Especially the tombs help us to date this burial ground between the Early Hellenistic and Early Roman periods whereas other fragmentary ceramics indicate to a use that can be pulled back until the Classical Period.

271-301

Authors: Cantürk CANER

Tha main aim of this paper is to determine the emergence of Comparative Public Administration (CPA), which is regarded as an important sub-discipline in Public Administration research, to examine the phases it has undergone, and to discuss the prominent thinkers in this field as well as their theories. Public Administration has developed as interdisciplinary in character in its two-hundred span of growth. It obviously owes this characteristic to its talents in comparative analysis. The comparative aspect of Public Administration is an inherent characteristic. The comparative method that have been used since the acceptance of Public Administration as a discipline in the modern sense has contributed to its intistutional aspects, and it has also made it easier to analyse by determining the similarities to and differences from its counterparts in the world. The analysis of Public Administration through comparative methods has become possible through CPA. In this regard, CPA is accepted as a sub-discipline, supporting research in Public Administration. CPA research, held methodologically for the first time following World War II, achieved maturation during Cold War era. The Cold War era, when theories of the discipline were mainly developed, is remembered as a period when regulations towards the welfare state were also made. Therefore, studies in CPA mainly followed a path of development in this direction. It can be seen that CPA studies during Cold War era were generally centered upon the administration structures of developed countries. Following the period, global management and liberalism came to the fore in line with New Public Administration Movement (NPAW). With the influence of globalisation, studies in the field expanded and became valid worldwide by attaining a comparative dimension. It is possible to handle research in CPA in its consequential development as “Early Period”, “Classical Period”, “Modern Period”, and “Contemporary”.

316-337

Authors: Çare TUFANER

The concept of value belongs to human. People form, develop, implement and teach these values in line with the society they live in, their understanding of morality, beliefs and traditions and also how they design the future for their generations to come. Considering from this perspective, one can encounter a few dimensions of the concept of value: universal values, national values, moral values, cultural values, and religious values etc. Among these types of values, the one which is not in conflict with basic human values and can’t be depicted to the local narrowing but at the same time based on the societal practices and future design of a specific society is called National Values. The Republic period of Turkey accepts Turkish National values as an upper identity and starts imprinting them in art, literature and specifically in novels. The family institution manifests itself as the most basic of the social units that make up the society, in this respect, the establishment, development and solidification of the family will mean the well-grown and healthy structure of society. This article examines the printed story books in the period between 1935 and 1950, to observe the effects of the newly established political and social state order on the family institution. Main topics in the story books, related to family institution are classified as; the decision to start a family, responsibilities of being a family, a peaceful family structure, dissolution of the family/divorce. During the specified time period, following ideas were derived from the story books; consensus of both spouses for marriage, spouses had equal rights, each spouse needed to contribute to the family and if needed divorce should happen in a civilized way. In conclusion, we observed that story books impact the new society structure through education and guidance.

354-371

Authors: Zafer AYKANAT, Yavuz KOÇ

Emotional labor can be defined as directing employees, emotions and behavior to present the appropriate emotion based on workplace rules or professional principles. Employee performance can also be defined as a measurement to represent both the determinant of employees’ current knowledge and skills and how they adopt organizational purposes and goals. In that sense, both concepts are considered to play an important role to attain certain goals set by organizations. In this study, the existing literature that addresses the relationship between emotional labor behaviors and employee performances was initially reviewed. In the light of the literature review, research model was developed and frequency, reliability, correlation and regression analyses were performed. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between emotional labor behavior of call center employees and their performance as call centers are principally constituted to perform better customer service. The number of previous research that concentrates on the relationship between emotional labor and employee performance is rather limited although the relationship between emotional labor and other different variables was successfully examined previously. In that sense, the present paper aims to fill this void in the existing literature. Firstly, the concepts of emotional labor behavior and employee performance were theoretically examined. Later, a questionnaire was administered to 318 call center employees of 182 Central Physician Appointment System (MHRS) in Erzurum province and the results of this paper reveal that sincere behavior display was found to have a higher impact on employee performance than other sub-dimensions of emotional labor. The present research can be supported by qualitative research in terms of conveying case studies by respondents. This paper may provide theoretical and methodological contribution to the existing emotional labor and employee performance literature.

394-412

Authors: M. ALİ SAĞLAM

Feminist theory, which advocates gender equality in the political, social and economic spheres, strives to create content that mainly discusses women's efforts in achieving gender equality. Feminist theory handles with the issues such as productive/unproductive labor market, domestic labor/non-domestic labor, wage inequality based on gender, division of labor based on gender which are the primary subject matters of the integrated field of gender and political economy through the theoretical currents developing in this body of knowledge. Feminist theories questions these issues without isolating themselves from their originary ideological perspectives. Differentiated feminist theories are reduced in four currents in this study to be analyzed in terms of their views on these above issues. Liberal feminist theorists, problematizing the female subject through the doctrine of natural rights, discuss gender inequality within capitalism. In contrast, Marxist feminists have contributed to the feminist theory on alienation, division of labor, class-based forms of exploitation using the historical materialist perspective. Radical feminists and gender binary system theorists, emerging from new social movements, have been inspired by the Marxist theory; however, they have left a significant trace in the feminist theory, surpassing this inspiration. Radical feminists, whose focal point in discussion is the patriarchal system, have observed that any kind of inequality is derived from this approach and that the solution is the eradication of the patriarchal system. On the other hand, gender binary system theorists suggesting that both capitalist system and patriarchal system leads to gender inequality have built the solution on transforming this binary system. The main subject matter of the present study is to exhibit the perspectives of different feminist theories on the reflections of gender inequality in political economy. The study tries to clarify how these four feminist theoretical currents approaches the primary subjects of feminist economics such as labor market, domestic and non-domestic labor processes, division of labor based on gender, wage inequality based on gender. In this context, the researcher attempted to form a framework, based on the analysis of texts written by theorists and mainly on the suggestion of gender binary system theorists.