Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergi

1-12

Authors: Sevgi ILICA

In 19th century Russian literature, there are many diverse ideas and opinions reflecting the views of different groups and individuals. While interest in the political role of the aristocracy is no longer as popular as before, interest in the history and significance of the upper classes of the nobility persists. Some intellectuals begin to contemplate the historical destinies of these classes and their significance in the past, making this topic more relevant for discussion and research. Russian playwright Alexander Vasilyevich Sukhovo-Kobylin (1817-1903) differs from many other writers of his time who criticizes noble culture and traditions for their extravagance and backwardness. Sukhovo-Kobylin sees not only the shortcomings, but also the values in this culture that should be preserved and developed. He believes that high society should play an important role in the development of culture and education and that noble culture and traditions could make an important contribution to this process. In Russia during that period, cultural changes are taking place, including the growth of urban culture, education and science, as well as changes in public opinion and values. In his comedy "Krechinsky's Wedding," Sukhovo-Kobylin reflects this moral decay and expresses his opinions and views on this phenomenon. The aim of the research is to analyze the comedy "Krechinsky's Wedding" by the Russian playwright Sukhovo-Kobylin and to reveal the author's opinions and views on the nobility of that time. The historical-literary method of analyzing a literary text is used to achieve this goal, which allows one to understand how a work reflects the era and society in which it was created.

22-40

Authors: Ece EREN - Hatice TOSYAGÜLÜ ÇELİK

Anatolia is a geography with extensive variety. It is the natural habitat of the wild ancestors of "Basic Plants" such as emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentils, peas, chickpeas, barley, and flax species. Humankind has been farming in these lands aproximately 10 thousand years. During this period, relationship of humans and plants goes through changes extending over this time. Archaeobotany ,one of sub-disciplines of enviromental archeology, enables us to understand culturel uses of plants , humans impact on the enviroment and how enviroment effects humans' life practice in consideration of plant findings from archeological settlements. In this study, archaeobotanical excavation results reports and published publications of 22 archeobotanical studies from approximately 90 neolithic excavations carried out in Anatolia were discussed. It was observed that a comprehensive study was carried outonly 8 of these 22 settlements. It has been determined that the archaeobotanical studies carried out in the Neolithic Period settlements, which are generally settlement-based, are quite inadequate and the publications of some of them are insufficient or not accessible. It has also been determined that the most intense archaeobotanical studies were carried out in the Southeastern Anatolian Region, which is considered as the core region of the Anatolian Neolithic. Briefly, in this study, It is aimed to contribute to prehistoric literature and carry out a general evaluation compiling current archeobotanic data obtained from Neolithic Period settlements in the Anatolian geography.

49-73

Authors: Semiha NURDAN

“Velâdet-i Hümâyun” is the name used for births that take place in the palace. When the birth was in the palace, the birth preparation and postpartum celebrations were also magnificent. All the ceremonies held in the Ottoman palace regarding the birth of the sultan's children were recorded in the book under the name of Velâdet-i Hümâyun ceremony. The news of the birth of the princes or sultans, who were members of the dynasty, was announced and gun and rifle shots were fired to inform the public. Since the preparation of the maternity room required a great and feverish preparation process, the valide sultan personally took care of them. Celebrations were greeted with great enthusiasm not only in the palace but also among the people. In fact, the effects of the entertainments on the public were looked at and they were extended for a few more days. The tradition of keeping records, which is a part of the Ottoman state tradition, provides us with very important data in this regard. In this study, we will deal with the birth preparations based on the information in the TS.MA.d 974 numbered book. According to the information in this undated book, we will evaluate the goods and jewelery delivered to the harem for the Velâdet-i Hümâyun, the dresses made for the ladies, and the blessings and blessings given to the midwife and concubines. In this regard, the prenatal and postnatal preparations in the Ottoman Palace will be examined. When we look closely at the palace life, it is seen that weddings and births have a separate place. Especially when the Ottoman Palace is in question, this magnificence and pomp is in an eye-catching dimension. The cost of this preparation will be examined and an approximate cost will be calculated.

100-116

Authors: Emine Eda ULUĞ - Belkıs TEKMEN

This study aimed to review the roles and practices of preschool teachers regarding reading and writing skills in preschool education. A sample of 234 preschool teachers working in Ankara participated to this study. Through employing complementary mixed method design, both qualitative and quantitative data were collected by using a descriptive data collection instrument, semi-structured interviews and observation form. Research findings indicate that preschool teachers mostly conduct teacher centered activities focused on concept learning for literacy development at desk activities. The preschool teachers stated that they usually distribute books and other printed materials to children; to read poems, fairy tales, stories and picture books aloud, and to examine those to give information about their features such as the back and front covers, the beginning and the end of the book. Although misconceptions and different activities were observed, it was found that teacher preferences were generally made in the light of the materials and attitudes of the institutions they worked in.

134-142

Authors: Burhan BARAN

Consonants are sounds that are produced by being restrained in the vocal organs and can be brought out with the help of a vowel. Consonants are classified in various ways such as formation points, whether they are tonal or not, and whether they are continuous or not. Sound events associated with consonants have also been classified in different ways by researchers. In this article, there is a classification of sound events related to consonants and exemplification of these sound events with explanations. The following form was preferred in the classification: Consonant affinity (consonant affinity in the word, consonant affinity in affixation, close and distant affinity), consonant contradiction, intonation, de-toning, consonant derivation (consonant derivations using auxiliary consonants, other consonant derivations), consonant deletion, displacement, continuation (spirantization, fluency). In the teaching of sound events, the lack of adequate classification, the repetition of the same examples in a certain number, and the mixed examples given without any explanation such as standard Turkish, dialects, historical development of Turkish have been seen as a problem, and explanations and many examples were given in the article by taking these issues into consideration. In the study, the examples in dialects are not taken and the sound events seen in Turkish and borrowed words in standard Turkish and the sound events occurring in the historical development process of Turkish are exemplified separately. Thus, it was intended to contribute to overcoming the confusion in the teaching of sound events regarding consonants with a clearer and more understandable classification and exemplification method.

158-172

Authors: Fatma TEKİN

Ever since the individual came into existence, one of the most basic social needs of the individual has been to be able to securely continue his/her existence. For this purpose, they have turned to various rituals and practices to make the unknown known, to make the right choices in life, to have an idea about the future, and to eliminate the discomfort brought by uncertainty in the future. In this regard, fortune telling, in the simplest meaning, has taken place as a cultural element among the traditional practices applied to obtain information about the future. In general, fortune telling, which is among the common cultural elements in the Turkic World, is also widespread in the culture of Kazan-Tatar Turks. In this study, the fortune-telling culture of Kazan-Tatar Turks is introduced and the place of fortune-telling in the culture of Kazan-Tatar Turks is tried to be revealed. In the fortune-telling culture of Kazan-Tatar Turks, there are 42 types of fortune telling such as fortune telling with the Quran, fortune telling according to Jabbar Sadiq's book Falname, jackstones fortune telling, button fortune telling, ring fortune telling, spoon fortune telling, garbage fortune telling, blood fortune telling, rooster fortune telling, star fortune telling, mirror fortune telling, fire fortune telling, needle fortune telling, egg fortune telling, shadow fortune telling, and leaf fortune telling. Some of these fortunes, which are told by using books, celestial bodies, and various objects, reflect the traces of ancient Turkish beliefs, while others were shaped by the influence of Islamic culture. Although these horoscopes are mainly used to get information about the future or important milestones of life such as marriage, it has been observed that these horoscopes are also used as a game by Kazan-Tatar Turks, especially on winter nights and traditional festivals such as Nardugan.

201-214

Authors: Dilara KAZANCI - Berna AKÇINAR

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive role of fear on individuals' psychological resilience and the relationships between belief in a just world and the capacity to tolerate distress. The sample of the study consisted of 300 participants (226 women, 74 men) aged between 18 and 66. A relational screening model was used in the study. The scales used in the study were The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, The Distress Tolerance Scale, and The Belief in a Just World Scale. The ethics commission approval required to conduct the study was obtained. The data of the study were analyzed with the SPSS 22.0 software. Independent groups t-test and regression analysis were used in the study. According to the data obtained from the study, individuals' levels of fear significantly predicted their levels of psychological resilience in a negative direction. On the other hand, individuals' capacity to tolerate distress significantly predicts their psychological resilience levels in a positive direction. The finding that the role of general just world belief on psychological well-being was negative contrary to expectations was interpreted as the chaotic nature of the pandemic and what was witnessed during this period may cause cognitive conflict in individuals with just world belief. Further research on this subject is recommended. It was observed that the psychological resilience levels of the participants differed according to gender and marital status. Men have higher levels of psychological resilience than women. It was observed that the psychological resilience levels of married participants were higher than single participants. The results of the study were discussed within the scope of the relevant literature and recommendations were made.

1-15

Authors: Ümit Ünsal KAYA - Şerife Burcu KAYA

The tradition of singing laments has an important place in the life of Turkish society since time immemorial. This tradition, which is an important part of oral culture, is gradually disappearing due to changes in socio-cultural life. The main purpose of this study is to compile this local tradition, which carries a cultural value, and to ensure that it takes its place in the Turkish cultural heritage. Based on this idea, the laments sung in Afyonkarahisar-Bayat region were compiled. Bayat laments, which have survived for centuries as a cultural heritage in Bayat district of Afyonkarahisar province in Central Western Anatolia, have a unique way of singing and a mythological story. The basis of lament singing is the sadness felt in the face of death, marriage, or separation. In this study, the laments belonging to the Bayat region were collected and transcribed by video and audio recording through face-to-face interviews with 15 informants living in this region. The sample of the study, which was created with the convenience sampling technique, consisted of 21 laments sung by 15 informants who know how to sing laments in this region. 13 of the informants were literate and 2 were illiterate. We observed that the laments identified from the informants were transmitted orally from generation to generation. We determined that the content of the laments was expressed with the aim of expressing the sorrow felt by the singer in cases where he/she lost his loved one and expressing his longing for her daughter who left her mother's house by getting married. At the end of the study, it was revealed that laments are important sources of cultural accumulation and thanks to these laments we can obtain information about the way of life, geography, livelihoods and daily life styles of the region. We have seen that these laments had an important function in handing down the cultural repertoire of the region. We conclude that it is necessary to transfer this function to written sources in order not to let them disappear.

38-54

Authors: Aslı ÖZTÜRK TERZİ

In line with the reasons that lead to migration, the displacements of the subjects of this action are defined in different ways within the framework of the political and legal structures in the places they reach. Differences in the definition of migrants also affect their legal status. When situations and events that cause migration occur as a result of the struggle for the right to life and freedom of individuals who are recognized by universal declarations as having equal rights all over the world, it is observed that universal common sense can be ignored and these individuals are defined with concepts such as “foreigner,” “other,” “not one of us,” and “not having common characteristics with us.” When migrant and host communities share common beliefs and cultural characteristics, as in the 2011 Syrian mass migration, these definitions can be made using emotional terms such as “religious brother,” “ensar (Muslim helpers),” and “guest.” In terms of their legal status, they are thought of as migrants, refugees, conditional refugees, and people under subsidiary protection. There are various reasons underlying these differences. Each definition imposes various rights and responsibilities on the persons defined. It is possible to say that these definitions are different because they add a sense of responsibility to the ways that migration is managed and are still legal under international law. The central administration and the media have used the term “guest,” which contains profound ambiguities, in order to emphasize that those who came to Turkey with the mass migration wave from Syria will be in Turkey for a temporary period of time. The Directorate of Migration Management, which is in charge of work and procedures related to migration, maintained this discourse and even puts more emphasis on it in the public service announcements they make as part of their information and harmonization activities. Within the scope of the study, it is aimed to draw attention to the importance of defining migrants in a framework that is not ambiguous in order to avoid differences in discourse, reduce uncertainties, and draw attention to the importance of adaptation efforts required for the coexistence of migrants and the society to which they migrate. In this context, the public service and of the Directorate of Migration Management titled “You Are My Guest” was analyzed through semiotic analysis.

69-80.

Authors: Mehmet Ferhat ERDOĞAN

Wars have a great share in the struggle for the establishment of the states of the world. For the Ottoman Empire, these processes continued in certain periods since the struggle for its establishment. Many examples can be given of this phenomenon. The geopolitical position of the Ottoman Empire, its rich underground resources and its geography suitable for sea transportation were constantly faced with plans to be included in the war. For this purpose, although the Ottoman Empire secretly took part in alliance activities in order to pursue a balance policy before World War I, only an agreement could be reached with Germany. Within the framework of this aid treaty, the German military delegation tried to strengthen the Ottoman army and naval power with the cruisers Yavuz and Mytilene. In general, although the Ottoman Empire seemed defeated in the First World War, it achieved its aim of protecting its own geography as a part. World War I reflects a new period of establishment struggle for the Ottoman Empire in terms of being the turning point of the world states. In this article, it is aimed to carry out logistical support to the Caucasian front through the Black Sea in order for the Ottoman Empire to want to include the territories lost in the First World War back into its borders. In order to realize this goal, after the Russians bombed the ports of Odessa in World War I, he was involved in the war and lost the Bahr-i Ahmer, Bezm-i Alem and Mithatpaşa ships, which were on their way to bring logistical aid to the Caucasian front, in the Black Sea, and the aid to the front could not reach as planned and its effect was felt greatly. Within the scope of the study, the factors in the failure of the success of the logistic support assistance and its effects on the Caucasian front based on the Bahr-i Ahmer, Bezm-i Alem and Mithatpaşa ferries sunk by the Russians in the Black Sea in World War I will be examined from historical sources within the scope of articles and literature reviews published in national and international journals with scientific validity.

93-108

Authors: Abdulsemet YAMAN - Eda AKGÜL ARSLAN - Cihan ARSLAN

Great Selçuklu State’s bacis create by Kınık to Oğuz being members Mr. Selçuk in 1020 is years. The state was an independent state by Selçuk’s nieces Mr. Tuğrul and Çağrı. After Dandanakan war has been won against Gazneli, Great Selçuklu State was a state literally. The state has become world's largest and most powerful state in a time. In quite a wide geographica, the state has existed as states. States have taken a major step forward in the management and organizational structure. Many statesmen and scientists educated. In 1157 Sultan Sencer has ended with the death of state power. Great Selçuk state to state depending has existed as an independent for some time. However, this did not take long, Anotolia Selçuklu could only be experienced almost century. The foundation of the Anatolian Selçuklu Ottoman Empire in terms of administration and management have contributed indirectly to Turkey's administrative structure. The purpose of this study, the Great Seljuk contributors primarily required in many states, including Turkey and management structure as an example in other areas is to analyze the state's basic structure. The main reason for examining the Great Seljuk State is that this state increases its power in a short time by dominating in a large geographical area. In this study, explanations were made by using the method based on narration in qualitative research. In order to understand the general structure of the Great Seljuk State, the administrative organization and the administrative structure were discussed in detail.

1-16

Authors: Nazmiye KIRIMLI

Çalışmamızın temelinde yer alan Kırım Bahçesaray ve Romanya Köstence Ağızları farklı coğrafyada bulunsalar da Kırım Türkçesi Ağzını temsil etmektedirler. Hem Kıpçak, hem Oğuz Türkçesinin dil özelliklerini bulunduran Bahçesaray Ağzı, günümüz Kırım Türkçesi edebi dilinin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Köstence Ağzının dil özellikleri daha çok Kıpçak Türkçesine ait unsurlar içermektedir. 1783’te Kırım’ın işgali ile başlayan göç hareketleri Kırım Türklerinin Romanya bölgesine göç etmelerine neden olmuştur. Kırım Türkleri’nin Romanya’nın Dobruca vilayetine yerleşmesi ile Köstence Ağzı oluşturulmuştur. Bugün Kırım Türkçesi, UNESCO tarafından düzenlenen Tehlike Altındaki Diller Atlası’nda “ciddi tehlike altında” olan diller kategorisinde yer almaktadır. Bahçesaray ve Köstence Ağızlarında geniş olarak kullanılan +LIK ekinin fonksiyonları günümüzdeki dilcilikte tartışmalı görüşlere yol açmaktadır. Dilciler tarafından sıfatlama eklerinin yapım ekleriyle karıştırılarak yapım eklerinin kelimenin anlamını değiştirmek dışında türünü de değiştirdiği ifade edilmektedir. Sonuç olarak bu da dil bilgisi bakımından sıkıntı yaratmaktadır. Hazırladığımız çalışmada +LIK ekinin fonksiyonları Köstence ve Bahçesaray Ağızlarına ait derleme metinlerin tanıklığıyla tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. İnceleme yaptığımız ağızlarda +LIK ekinin kullanımının fazla olduğunu, ayrıca kelime yapımında ve tamlama oluşumunda önemli bir yer aldığını belirtmek isteriz. Söz konusu ekin üstlendiği işlevleri dikkate alınarak önce üst fonksiyonları, sonra bu üst fonksiyonların alt fonksiyonları incelenerek tanıtılacaktır. Ele aldığımız ekin konuşma sırasında meydana gelen ses hadiselerine dayalı bir sıra alt morfemleri tespit edilerek çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir.

30-52

Authors: Hakan ALBAYRAK

Various theories have emerged as a result of evaluations and studies on nationalism. Among these theories, "primordial theory", "modernist theory" and "ethno-symbolist theory" came to the fore. Primordial theory argues that nations come from the same lineage and share a common religion, language, culture and history. In this theory, there are “naturalistic”, “biological” and “cultural” perspectives. According to modernist theory, nationalism is a social necessity of that period. In this theory, nationalism is evaluated together with the modernization process, which affects social, political and economic developments and changes. In the ethno-symbolist theory, nationalism, ethnic origin and cultural characteristics of nations are emphasized. National symbols are frequently encountered in Turkish oral and written cultural products. Symbols reflecting Turkish nationalism are widely used, especially in Minstrel Literature, a product of Turkish Folk Literature. These symbols appeal to the subconscious of the Turks with their deep meanings. Each symbol has its own semantic national value. The "Turnalar" epic of Ozantürk emphasizes the shared cultural heritage of the Turkish people. In the epic of Turnalar, which consists of three separate works connected to each other, the Turkish communities that make up the Turkish World are described. In the first of these texts, the Turks of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Uzbekistan, Turkey and of Turkmenistan are mentioned. In the second text, Turkish tribes living in a wide geography including countries such as Iraq, Iran, East Turkestan, Crimea, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Yakutia / Sakha, Chuvashia, Altai Republic, Tuva Republic, Khakas Republic are presented. In the third text, the Turks living in countries such as Greece / Western Thrace, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova / Gagauzeli, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Albania, Croatia, Macedonia, Hungary, and Turks who struggle for existence" along with the Turkish presence in Europe are spoken of. The epic of "Turnalar" is a work of Bayram Durbilmez, who also wrote poems in minstrel manner under the pseudonym Ozantürk. Durbilmez is a scholar known for his works in the fields of minstrel literature, tekke-sufi literature and folklore of the Turkish World. This scholar is also known as a Turkist, nationalist intellectual who has served as a member of the board of directors, chairman of the board of directors and a delegate to the headquarters in various non-governmental organizations, foundations and associations that defend Turkish nationalism. The fact that he usually uses the pseudonym Ozantürk in his poems shows that Durbilmez has a nationalist attitude also in the world of art. In this article numerous national symbols that occurs in Ozantürk / Bayram Durbilmez's epic "Turnalar" about the Turkish World and that are shared by Turkish states and communities that exist across many geographical areas will be analysed. The national symbols in question are evaluated within the framework of nationalist theories, some of which through the primordial theory which states there are natural nations, some of which through modernist theory that emerged with the effect of modernization, and some of which through the ethno-symbolist theory that adopts ethnic cultural values. There are also symbols that are evaluated within these three theories. While determining the nationalist attitude in the epic, the scientific foundations of nationalism will also be tried to be shown through the mentions of the poet's academic studies on the Turkish World.

67-83

Authors: Özlem ÖZEN, Nuray Tuğçe TOKSOY

Kadının toplumsal, tarihsel ve sosyolojik alanlardaki yerinin pek çok farklı disipline konu olduğu görülmektedir. Özellikle sosyoloji alanında kadın ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar kadının gerek özel gerek toplumsal alanlardaki durumunu aydınlatmaktadır. Sosyolojinin bir alt dalı olarak görülen beden sosyolojisi hem Türkiye sınırları içerisinde hem de dışında kalan coğrafyalarda, özellikle Batı’da çeşitli araştırmalara konu olmaktadır. Yaklaşık olarak yirminci yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren sistemli bir şekilde araştırmaya başlanan beden sosyolojisi bedenin tarihsel ve sosyal süreçler içerisinde oluşumunu incelemekte ve spor, tıp, edebiyat ve benzeri gibi farklı alanlarda da kullanılmaktadır. Edebiyat eserlerinde kurgulanan dünyaların ve karakterlerin analizlerine ilişkin sıklıkla başvurulan sosyolojik eleştiri kuramının altında değerlendirilecek olan beden sosyolojisi bu çalışmanın yöntemini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmaya milattan önce beşinci yüzyılda kaleme alınan Aristofanes’in Lisistrata adlı tiyatro eseri ile bu eserden hareketle uyarlanan ve Kartal Tibet’in yönetmenliğini yaptığı 1983 yılında çekilen Şalvar Davası adlı sinema filmi konu olmaktadır. Eserlerde kurgulanan kadın karakterlerin içinde bulundukları durumların ve motivasyonlarının incelenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Her iki eserde yer alan kadın karakterlerin politik ve kamusal alana dâhil olmak adına bedenleri üzerinden yürüttükleri mücadele incelenecektir. İki farklı sanat alanı arasındaki benzerlikleri karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma yürüterek saptamaya çalışmak ve eserlerde yer alan kadın karakterlerin yürüttükleri mücadelenin sonunda sınırlarını zorladıkları ataerkil kültürü nasıl pekiştirdiklerini yansıtabilmek bu çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır.

108-121

Authors: Yılmaz ESKİBİNA

Küreselleşme son yıllarda üzerinden en çok konuşulan olgulardan bir tanesidir. Bazıları bu süreci “başımıza gelen tüm kötülüklerin nedeni” olarak görürken birileri de küreselleşmeyi “insanlığın ulaşmak istediği son ve en yüksek hedef” olarak değerlendirmektedir. Her iki görüşe de mesafeli yaklaşanlar bile küreselleşme sürecinin engellenemez olduğunu kabul etmektedirler. Biz biliyoruz ki küreselleşme, büyük sermaye sahiplerinin başlattığı ve yönettiği bir olgudur. Küresel sermayeyi ellerinde tutan zenginler; tarihte imparatorlukları ve onu yöneten soylular sınıfını ortadan kaldırmak için milli-devletleri adeta kendi elleri ile kurmuşlardır. Bu gelişmenin ardından dünyada beliren komünizm tehlikesine karşı milli-devletin yönetimini aşırı milliyetçilerin ellerine bırakmışlardır. İkinci düşmanlarından da kurtulan küresel sermaye dünyada var olan sosyalist devletlerin yıkılmasını beklemişlerdir. 21. Asırda sosyalist bloğun çökmesi ve Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin liberal politikalar izlemeye başlaması ile dünyada hâkimiyetlerinin önünde tek güç olarak milli-devletler kalmıştır. Zaten son yıllarda küresel sermaye sahipleri ile milli-devlet ve onun üst düzey yöneticileri arsında bir güç mücadelesi olduğu gözlerden kaçmıyor. Küresel sermayeyi ellerinde bulunduranlar dünya hâkimiyetlerinin önündeki son engel olarak gördükleri milli-devlet ve onun kudretli yöneticilerini itibarsızlaştırma çabası içine girmişlerdir. Dünya hâkimiyetlerinin önündeki son engeli ortadan kaldırmak isteyen küresel sermaye milli-devleti ayakta tutan orta ekonomik sınıfları güçsüzleştirme yönünde ekonomik müdahaleleri yapmaktadır. Küresel sermayenin amacı orta ekonomik sınıfın desteğinden yoksun bırakarak milli-devleti etkisiz kılmaktadır.

143-160

Authors: Bahattin ÇELIK, Orhan AYAZ

At the beginning of the Early Holocene Period, the hunter-gatherer groups in the Upper Mesopotamia region left behind complex structures, monumental stone pillars, and various sculptures and Neolithic cultural zone that stand out with rich symbolism accompanying thereto in unprecedented permanent settlements. Excavations were initiated at new Neolithic sites within the scope of the “Taş Tepeler” project in Göbekli Tepe cultural zone, rather known for Göbekli Tepe Neolithic Period site. By whom, how and why this early Neolithic civilization that reverses some basic assumptions on the history of the mankind remains the most important area under discussion. The excavations currently in progress, and the surveys carried out, at the Neolithic sites in this culture region provide comprehensive data on the social and economic foundations that allowed rise of this civilization. In particular, the prevalent and enormous hunting grounds/entrapment areas discovered in this region stand out as the most important economic grounds that allowed this civilization to rise. Moreover, the finds referring to the material exchange and craftsman network conducted in a wide area appears as another socio-economic factor. Despite recognizing the socio-economic foundations, this study shall place the speculative "knowledge" highlighting the psycho-cultural aspect of the people of that era as the main triggering driver regarding rise of this civilization. In conclusion, this study shall endeavour to deduct reasonable interpretation on how Göbekli Tepe culture started to rise on the basis of the sociological perspective that considers knowledge at an autonomous place against other socio-economic conditions.

169-184

Authors: Emine ERDOĞAN

Teknoloji birçok alana ve ihtiyaca hitap eden çağımızın en önemli unsurlarından biri olup, insan hayatında oldukça önemli bir yere sahiptir. Son yıllarda meydana gelen teknolojik gelişmeler, disiplinler arası birçok alanda faaliyet göstermektedir. Bu alanlardan biri olan moda; hızlı değişimlerle çağın gereksinimlerine uygun teknolojik tasarımlar geliştirerek endüstriyel bir alan halini almıştır. Modaya yön veren markalar; sanat, mühendislik, bilim, robotik gibi alanların bir araya getirildiği disiplinler arası teknolojik yöntemler kullanarak hem üreticiye hem de tüketiciye birçok imkân sunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda giysilerde kullanılmaya başlanan teknoloji, moda dünyasında köklü değişikliklere, yönelimlere yol açmış ve modanın dönüşmesine büyük katkı sağlamıştır. Modanın teknolojik dönüşüm öğelerinden biri olan 3 boyutlu yazıcılar, tasarım alanında geniş bir yelpazeye sahip, çok hızlı gelişen ve birçok tasarımın üretilebileceği teknolojik bir araçtır. Çalışmada moda alanında kullanılan 3 boyutlu yazıcı çeşitleri araştırılarak, tasarım ve üretim süreçleri hakkında genel bir bilgi verilmiştir. Ayrıca 3 boyutlu yazıcılarla üretilen moda tasarım örnekleri ve ilgili çalışmalar incelenerek teknoloji ile üretilmiş tasarım ürünleri ve süreçleri açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu ürünlerin kullanışlılığı hakkında değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında 3 boyutlu teknoloji kullanılarak üretilen özgün moda tasarım ürünlerinin gelecek modaya yön verebileceği ve moda dünyasında önemli bir yer alacağı düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca yapılan bu çalışma, disiplinler arası alanlarda bilim ve sanata katkı sunacak ve sonraki çalışmalara kaynaklık edecek niteliğe sahiptir.

198-209

Authors: Ahmet GÜNGÖR, Begimcan AYTBAYEV

Jambıl Jabay ulı iki asra damgasını vurmuş, çarlık dönemi, Bolşevizm, komünizm sistemini yaşamış, iki dünya savaşı görmüş, sözlü ve yazılı edebiyat geçiş döneminin nadir ozanlarından biridir. Şiir, deyiş, atışma ve destanlarıyla Orta Asya’dan Anadolu ve Balkanlara uzanan Türk ozanlık, aşıklık geleneğini ileriye taşıması, dönem ve zamanlara tanıklık etmesi; halk edebiyatı araştırmacılarının dikkatini çekmektedir. Jambıl ozanı Kazak sözlü ve yazılı edebiyatı sınırları içinde değerlendirmek yeterli değildir. Kazak, Türk Dünyası ve destanlar yaratan dünya ozanları arasında haklı bir şöhrete sahip ozanın yetenek, bilgi becerisi ve deyişlerinin kendinden sonra gelen yeni nesil ozanlar üzerinde etkisi çoktur. Kazak atışma, destanlarının yanısıra Kırgızların Manas destanını icra etmiş, başta Toktogul olmak üzere Kırgız ozanlarla da atışmalar yapmıştır. Bütün bu özellikleri arasında toplumsal duyarlılığı en üst seviyeye çıkaran ozan, halka zulmeden acımasız yönetici ve zenginleri şiir ve atışmalarında korkusuzca hicvetmiştir. Köroğlu ve Ötegen Batır Destanları, Jambıl Ozan’ın destancılık geleneğinde zirveye çıkarmıştır. İcra ettiği bu destanlar eş zamanlı ve art zamanlı incelendiğinde Ergenekon’dan bu yana Türk Destan geleneğinin tipik özelliklerini yansıtır. Köroğlu destanının üç dört bölümü kayıtlara geçmesine rağmen ozanın icra ettiği diğer bölümler arşiv ve kayıtlarda halen araştırılmaktadır. Gerek destan gerekse atışma ve deyişlerde yer alan yer-su, boy, soy adları; toponim ve dilcilik alanının önemli ve zengin kaynaklarını oluşturmaktadır.

1-11

Authors: Erdoğan ALTINKAYNAK, Shalala RAMAZANOVA

Death is a physiological phenomenon that will eventually confront every living thing. Curiosity for the unknown has led to more reflection and research. For this reason, death has been the focus of attention of researchers in many fields such as religion, philosophy, sociology, psychology, and medicine, as well as in the field of literature. Likewise, death appears as the main theme in both Turkish and Kyrgyz epics. In this study, based on the Manas Epic, the mourning, funeral, and lament traditions of the Kyrgyz people will be examined and the information on these issues will be revealed in terms of their similarities with the mourning, funeral, and lament beliefs and practices of the Avshar tribes living in Turkey. Epics are cultural assets that carry people's cultural memory from their historical depths to the present. Based on these features, in this study, firstly, the concept of death in the Manas Epic is discussed. The "Manas" epic, which has a very important place not only in the Turkish epic tradition but also among the world epics, is the longest and only living epic in the world. So it has a good reputation. The traditions, customs, and celebrations of "Marriage-Birth and Death", called "Mourning and Burial", are directly related to the world of myths and beliefs. There are two kinds of death. The first is physical death, the second is spiritual death. As a result of spiritual death, the hero is cleansed of sins, reborn, and continues to fulfill his obligations. There is death, but there is also resurrection due to duty and death again after the mission is completed. Thus, national heroes have immortal characters. When the society is in trouble, while this problem is being tackled, the spirit of the heroes emerges and stands on the side of those who struggle, often fighting in the eyes of the enemy. In the analysis, the funeral ceremony after the death phenomenon was mentioned. It is customary to give food and clothing to the poor after the burial. Today, in both Kyrgyz and Anatolian funeral homes, food is cooked and served to those who come. Although the cost of this meal is supposed to be met by the funeral home, it is usually shared among relatives. The main reason for delaying the burial of the dead, in Anatolia, in the epic of Manas, and among today's Kyrgyz people, is to ensure that distant relatives can attend the funeral on time. Finally, the lament ceremony is discussed. As in the epic of Manas, today's Kyrgyz also bury their dead before taking them to the cemetery. The Qur'an is recited during the burial. Before and after the burial, women continue to lament in the tent. In both cultures, on the 3rd, 7th and 40th days of the death, the Qur'an is recited for the soul of the deceased. Among the Kyrgyz, if the relatives of the deceased do not know how to recite “koshok”, a koshok reciter is found and they get him to recite it. The laments continue for three days after the death event takes place. When the men returning home after the burial are seen, the koshok reciting begins again.

33-48

Authors: Ahmet KARAKUŞ

There are many literary societies in the field of New Turkish poetry. One of them is the literate community gathered around the magazine called Hisar, which is more commonly remarkable for Mehmet Çınarlı. Nevzat Yalçın is a Cypriot poet and belongs to this group. He is a Hisar poet who studied Turkish Language and Literature in Ankara and has poetry books called "A' Street" and "Sun and Man." When the poems of this Hisar poet are read collectively, it is seen that some elements come to the fore. These elements are "Highlighting Some Colors," "Foreign Places and Longing for Lover," "Tradition," "Politics and Criticism," "Detracting the West," "Mythology," "Some Common Uses among the Community", "Grammar Errors," and "Prominence of Hand Use" were examined under nine headings in this study. When Nevzat Yalçın's poetry is examined, it is seen that the poet wrote poems on numerous subjects. In order to be able to analyze these poems, the reader must have a certain knowledge and be aware of the media of the period. In the poet's poetry, especially blue and yellow are prominent colors drawing attention to the longing for a lover abroad. It is also seen that there are poems reflecting the past at a time when the tradition is criticized by many poets. It is also stated that the poet wrote some poems with a critical attitude towards some of the Turkish politicians and the West. Another theme of the poet's poetry is mythology. Another point is that Nevzat Yalçın does not deny the expressions used among the people. Another prominent element in Yalçın's poetry is grammatical elements. The processing of the hand limb draws attention to the poet's poems.

86-95

Authors: Aleksandre MGHEBRISHVILI

Among the intellectual and creative forces of the Tskhinvali region of the second half of the 19th century and the end of the 20th century, the personality of Ivane Eliozishvili occupies a prominent place. In the history of Georgian culture and Georgian journalism, his name stands out together with brothers - Davit and Nikoloz Avalishvili. Nikoloz Avalishvili, upset with the "Tsiskri" group, starts thinking about his own periodical publication. The young activist gathers like-minded people around him, who criticize the team of "Droeba" already existing at that time, refer to "Tsiskari" as a dead publication and believe that after the closure of "Sakartvelos Moambe" society needs a "regular Georgian magazine". (Mnatobi, 1869a). Although the idea of founding one's own magazine was interesting, in addition to motivation, it was necessary to find financial resources, without which Nikoloz Avalishvili's initiative would have remained only a dream. Two figures, Nikoloz Avalishvili's brother - Davit Avalishvili and Ivane Eliozishvili, were the guarantors of financial support for the magazine, which was still in its infancy. Davit Avalishvili dedicated his own house to the editorial office and printing house of "Mnatobi" magazine, organized a printing house at his own expense, and his companion Ivane Eliozishvili became the guarantor of the financial security of the magazine. This was even reflected on all issues of "Mnatobi", where it is written together with the editor - "Publisher Iv. Eliozishvili". It should be noted that with this fact, for the first time in the history of Georgian journalism, different persons were recorded as editors and publishers. According to Prof. Al. Kalandadze, Iv. Eliozishvili participated in setting up a printing press, managed economic affairs and was legally responsible before the government. It must be said that none of the above-mentioned persons had any material interest in this case, they used Georgian literature free of charge and were ready to systematically cover the inevitable losses. (Kalandadze, 1986: 9) Iv. Eliozishvili actively cooperated in his contemporary periodical press and tried not to ignore any important problem, especially if it concerns his native corner - Tskhinvali and its surrounding villages.

105-121

Authors: Maia AZMAIPARASHVILI, Tsitsino DAVITULIANI

The tourism industry appears as a socio-economic phenomenon that can solve many economic problems facing the country. Employment remains an acute national problem in Georgia, the development of the tourism industry has a directly proportional effect on this indicator of economic importance. The level of quality of tourism products and services largely depends on labor capital. A significant problem in the hospitality sector is the lack of skilled labor, especially in the recovery from the pandemic. The paper describes the assessment of the current situation in the labor market, the needs and problems of the tourism sector, and the issue of demand and supply of tourism professions. The purpose of the study was to analyze the dynamics of the employment market, to reveal the professional skills demanded by employers on the human capital skills. Study of difficulties related to filling vacancies. Education and the achieved level as the main criterion for employment in the tourism sector and determining the compliance with the required skills in the labor market, identifying the reasons for unfilled vacant positions, identifying existing challenges and formulating individual recommendations. In order to present the problem in a complex way, within the framework of the research, three categories of subjects were distinguished: employers, existing official sites offering jobs and the field of education. The identified manpower shortage is caused by various aspects such as environmental change and even deeper roots such as the education system. Qualitative, quantitative, qualitative, statistical analysis methods were used in the research process. The research itself included the processing of existing literature, the search for statistical data with the direct help of the National Statistical Service of Georgia, the use of various employment sites, conducting surveys and interviews, sorting and quantitative analysis of the retrieved data.

1-12

Authors: Tamuna KHETAGURI - Mzia ZANGALADZE

Meaning, Form, Pronunciation and Appropriacy (MFPA) of lexis is a tool based on which it can form vocabulary skills. There is every reason to consider the problem of developing the vocabulary skills based on the MFPA of lexis as unresolved and requiring detailed research, which determined the relevance of this work and the choice of the research topic. The work aims to develop a scientifically grounded and experimentally tested methodology for forming students' vocabulary based on the MFPA of lexis. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption that the formation of students' vocabulary based on the MFPA of lexis will be successful if it is carried out based on the development and implementation of such a methodological system, which takes into account the methodological conditions necessary for the successful formation of students' vocabulary based on the MFPA of lexis (1) formation of students by the time of learning foreign language communicative competence; (2) use in teaching tasks (a) to determine the meaning of words, (b) to study pronunciation, (c) to identify differences between words that are close in meaning, (d) to differentiate words that are similar in spelling; (3) following an explicit learning algorithm with separate stages and steps. To test the validity of the hypothesis, the following research methods were used in work: analysis and generalization of research results; modeling of the pedagogical process of forming the vocabulary skills based on the MFPA of lexis and experimental learning.

35-60

Authors: İlkyaz YILDIZ

Turkish folklore products have changed, transformed and sometimes even forgotten, depending on many political, social and economic reasons throughout history. In order to prevent these losses, many expert researchers, both at home and abroad, have recorded folklore products and conducted important folklore studies. Apart from expert researchers, there are also local folklore researchers who are interested in folklore studies and conduct voluntary studies. When the relevant literature is searched, it is possible to come across various books, theses, articles and papers about expert researchers. However, studies on local folklore researchers are unfortunately negligible. For this reason, many researchers who have spent years in folklore studies, compilation studies, and cultural studies are forgotten after their death and their studies are lost. In this study, the life of Hayrettin Günay, one of the important local folklore researchers, and his studies in the field of folklore are emphasized. Hayrettin Günay’s works on folk literature, folk music, kemenche tradition, folk dances, transition periods, traditional hunting, festivals, children's games, folk language, folk botany, handicrafts published in various publications, especially in Yeşilgiresun newspaper, have been examined by considering. In this direction; The aim of the research is to present the folklore studies of Hayrettin Günay, a local folklore researcher, to examine these studies and thus to bring the researcher's contribution to Turkish folklore into the literature.