History of science and technology

297-306

Authors: S. V. Hurinchuk

The article analyzes and summarizes the objectivity of reasons and prerequisites for a scientific-technical journal’s appearing on the territory of Transcaucasia at the beginning of the XXth century. Having studied a vast range of scientific materials the author has all the grounds to assert that the beginning of the XX th century demanded the appearance of a qualitatively new journal, which would keep a close watch on the national and foreign technique development and would promote implementing of new technical ideas in engineering and construction matters as well as participate in training of engineering technical talents, and primarily serve the progress in the field of national engineering. Applying the method of historical and scientific analysis in the article it is highlighted that the journal Engineering has focused constructive, creative, and organizational efforts on uniting around the editorial board the best creative forces. At various times, the editors of the journal were outstanding Russian scientists and engineers who, developing the problems of the country's technical development, sought to combine scientific and technical achievements of that society with achievements in the field of railway engineering and structural mechanics, thereby increasing the effectiveness of the journal and constantly strengthened ties with readers. It is noted that taken as a whole, the materials of the journal “Engineering Matters” vividly reflect the state of Russian and world science and technology of that time, tell us about the actual contribution of scientists, technicians, engineers and practitioners to the treasury of world science, make a decisive step towards bringing science to solving problems of industrialization of the national economy, develop a number of problems of capital industrial and transport construction, mechanization of mining operations, problems of improving the quality of industrial products. It has been proved that the creation of technical periodicals of the Caucasus branch of the Russian Technical Society was dictated by the requirements of Transcaucasia which acutely needed a quick and competent solution of technological challenges in upbringing scientific and technical staff.

319-327

Authors: M. M. Kryukov, O. V. Liashko

The chronological sequence of the main stages of the development of Institute of Mechanics of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences named after S.P. Тymoshenko and process of its scientific directions formation during 1941-1968 are depicted in this article. The data of the structure and trends of the institute activities, theoretical and experimental researches, relations with industry and personnel training are represented. At the end of 1968 at Institute of mechanics the following departments functioned: a rheology (H.M. Savin), thermoelasticity and thermoрlasticity (A.D. Kovalenko), loudspeakers and stability of continuous environments (O. M. Huz), construction mechanics of thin-walled designs (I. Ya. Amiro), pilot studies of designs (P.S. Polyakov), plastic deformations in designs (A.I. Strelbytska), plasticity of materials (M.I. Cherniak), computing methods (Ya.M. Hryhorenko), theory of fluctuations (V.O. Kononenko), hydroelasticity (M.O. Kilchevskyi), physics and technology (S.V. Malashenko), experimental methods of a research of fluctuations (M.P. Hotyaintsev), mechanics of composite environments (H.A. Vanin), methods of calculations and designing of products from composite materials (O.A. Horoshko), modeling of designs from composite materials (V.Р. Besonov), a research of properties of new materials (I.I. Ishchenko), static durability (F.P. Beliankin), fatigue of designs (M.E. Harf), dynamics and firmness of the movement (A.N. Holubentsev). Over time reorganization and merges of some subsections was carried out. Scientific activity of institute was directed to development of fundamental research of mechanics of the solid deformed body and the general mechanics which have applied value, and participation in the solution of practical tasks. At the same time works were conducted at such main scientific directions: in the field of basic scientific research (the mechanic (statics, dynamics and stability) of elements of designs and materials at complex (power, thermal electromagnetic, etc.) influences; analytical mechanics, nonlinear fluctuations of systems of bodies and multiphase environments) in the field of applied research works (development of methods of calculations and means of a research of objects of the new equipment, development of methods of designing and creation of skilled products from high-strength composite materials, development of methods and technical means of program tests for fatigue of materials and natural elements of designs taking into account features of their operation. The powerful kernel of the Kyiv school of mechanics which concentrated and developed the activity at Institute of mechanics is created.

340-352

Authors: I. Yu. Lyashuga

The article is devoted to the determination of the state of scientific elaboration of the problem of forming the system of metrological support in Ukraine during the 20th century - the beginning of the XXI century. The system of metrological support is scientific and organizational bases in combination with technical means, norms and rules is an effective means of achieving the necessary accuracy and quality of measurements in all spheres. During the ХХ century a network of research institutes in the field of metrology has been formed in Ukraine and a number of standards have been created. The most fruitful for the development of the reference base was the period of 1991 – the beginning of the XXI century. Despite a certain amount of scientific literature on metrology and metrological support, the process of deploying research and development of metrology in Ukraine during the ХХ century – beginning of the XXI century not received proper coverage in the historical literature. A classification of the main directions of research problems by subject-thematic basis. It is proved that the first chronological stage of historiography of the selected problem (1900 – the beginning of the twentieth century) was characterized by a small amount of scientific literature on the history of the formation and development of metrological support in Ukraine. The second stage, which began at the turn of 1917 – 1991, was observed a revival of interest in publications on the history of metrology, but the overwhelming majority of them are developments of an anniversary character. At three at the stage (after 1991), scientific works appeared directly devoted to the development of metrological support and the formation of a technical regulation system and the creation of standards in Ukraine. The initial bases of the problem under study are analyzed, the classification of attracted sources is carried out, their information potential is determined. As a result of processing a number of sources from the central and regional archives of Ukraine, a historical reconstruction of the formation of the system of the metrological service of Ukraine during 1901 – 1991 was carried out. As a result of the analysis of the well-known and little-known works of metrologists, museum collections, the article highlights the problem of creating a unique national reference Base Ukraine at the end of the ХХ – beginning of ХХІ centuries. The involvement of the current paperwork of the scientific departments of the NSC “Institute of Metrology”, educational institutions, patent statistical information made it possible to more accurately clarify the reorganization processes that occurred in the context of globalization of the world economy in the sphere of standardization and conformity assessment and integration of Ukraine into the world economy. A number of personal documents are brought to the source base, namely: autobiography, memoirs, correspondence, interview materials.

368-375

Authors: N. V. Pisarskaya

The Kharkov Tractor Plant was and remains the leading center of tractor construction in Ukraine. An important activity of this enterprise was the release of tracked vehicles for both the national economy and military needs. For more than half a century, the plant developed unique tracked vehicles, which were constantly improved thanks to the fruitful activities of the design bureau of the enterprise and individual inventors. This applies not only to civilian tracked vehicles, but also military equipment. It is noted that the creation of tracked vehicles equipment on the territory of Kharkov began before the emergence of the Kharkov tractor plant, but this enterprise played a significant role in the manufacture of this type of machines. During the studied period there was a gradual evolution of samples of tracked vehicles equipment, its continuous improvement made it possible to reach a sufficiently high level of production. In order to improve detailed analysis tracked vehicles process analysis and comparison of different models of machines. This made it possible to reveal how the technical indicators changed and to trace the gradual evolution of this type of machines. In preparing the work, a method of comparative analysis and systematization of available information on the manufacture of tracked vehicles at the Kharkov Tractor Plant was used. The influence of individual designers and inventors on the development and improvement of models of tracked vehicles was also noted. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of engines used for both types of tracked vehicles, as well as the continuous improvement of agricultural crop tractors. Analysis of some types of engines it possible to investigate what kind engines were more suitable for use in tracked vehicles. It was specified that in order to separate the design and production of equipment for military purposes from agricultural tractors, two separate design bureaus were created. This has allowed to focus on the features of each type of technology.

389-405

Authors: L. M. Soloviova

The article highlights the social, scientific, organizational and practical activities of Vsevolod Yevhenovych Timonov – a well-known railway engineer, hydraulic engineer, railway worker and constructor of ports and water routes. The knowledge and experience acquired by national scientists in the United States on the construction of canals and international forums were later successfully used in practical work in tsarist Russia V.Ie. Timonov and V.Ie. Lokhvytskyi participated in the reconstruction of a number of waterways of the country directly by the implementation while dredging works. The experience of foreign countries, primarily the United States, influenced the views of local hydraulic engineers. Massive remedial works, for example, on the Mississippi River, made it possible to increase its depth. That is why V.Ie. Timonov, who was well acquainted with such experience, became a strong supporter of the use of dredging technology on navigable rivers and theoretically proved the possibility and feasibility of using dredgers to provide the necessary depth for navigation. Thus, the foreign experience was directed by local engineers to the practical course of their activities. V.Ie. Timonov had an impeccable record. The diverse activities of the scientist testify the recognition of his authority in the scientific and administrative circles of the Ministry of Communications. Wherever he applied his knowledge and qualifications of an engineer, these were the most important areas of state policy in the field of water transport and hydraulic engineering. V.Ie. Timonov is the founder of the original direction in the construction industry, one of the founders of the doctrine of ports, the founder of the theory of the structure of hydraulic structures, the developer of the doctrine of port infrastructure and improvement of navigability of the great years, the historian of science and technology. Vsevolod Yevhenovych took one of the honorary places in the world of hydraulic engineering, water and partly rail transport. Established on the basis of his numerous and original works, as well as the works of his students, the patterns in the problems developed by him, made a significant contribution to the further development of hydraulic engineering, not only in our country, but also in the world. In the light of his original beliefs, he analyzed the previously accumulated scientific material and showed it in a new and correct coverage. His works, his ideas, theories and views revealed before the hydraulic engineering unprecedented opportunities previously available.

417-424

Authors: O. L. Khramova-Baranova, I. O. Yakovets

The article reveals the importance of the development of graphic techniques as means of artistic and figurative expressiveness in art and design in Ukraine. The study examined some graphic techniques as a means of graphic expressiveness and analyzed the use of these techniques in order to use them in various types of design, as well as to uncover the creative potential of the artist, the graphic designer. It is worth noting that to date there is little research on this issue, and individual studies do not fully reflect the influence of graphic techniques on the development of visual art and design. The purpose of the research is the need to revive and popularize graphic techniques, effectively selecting them as means of graphic expression in art and design. The lack of knowledge of the formation and development of graphic techniques, their great importance and role in asserting the expressiveness of the artistic image determine the relevance of the topic. Analyzed the historiography of the problems and proved that the research of the formation and development of graphic techniques involved several scientists. A great contribution to the development of these issues was made by such specialists as A.A. Leshchinsky, V.A.Favorsky, M.Yu.Miroshina, N.N.Samoylova and others. The research methodology is based on the universal principles of scientific knowledge - historicism and scientific objectivity, as well as on the wide use of comparative historical, systemic methods. Graphics is a type of visual art that uses line, stroke and spot as the main graphic tools, and the compositional nature of the linear-graphic form depends on the material and technique of the performance. Depending on the method of implementation and the possibilities of replication, the graphics are divided into author's (original works of unique graphics), printmaking (types of artistic printing), and massively printed products. It can be argued that the graphics technology has undergone significant changes compared with the time of their formation. At the beginning of the XXI century, their technology becomes more complex and the texture of the print and the color scheme become more complicated. Today uses abstract, futuristic forms, the most inherent improvisational art. The development of graphic techniques in this direction provides bright creative solutions. Modern artists continue to search for new tools and techniques for enriching graphic techniques. Today, easel graphics is not a process of mechanical mass prints, it requires a live direct participation of the creator from the first to the last minute of the birth of the artwork.

436-445

Authors: V. M. Gamaliia

The article is devoted to the study of the life and activities of the wife and friend of the prominent Ukrainian scientist-botanist Oleksandr Aloizovych Yanata – Natalia Osadcha-Yanata. The role of this woman in the development of Ukrainian science, culture and education was shown, as well as its contribution to the study of the problems of the development of the botanical nomenclature and the terminology of medicinal plants. Osadcha-Yanata's scientific work began after graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Kiyv higher women’s courses. The significance of Natalia’s acquaintance with her future husband O. A. Yanata on the formation of her scientific interests and further work in the fields of science is stressed. The data on the activity of a scientist in the commission on the preservation of monuments of nature and antiquity of the Crimean Society of amateurs and researchers of nature, it’s role in the implementation of the Ukrainian language into all spheres of public life is given. The importance of Natalia’s work as the secretary of the terminological commission of the botanical section of the Ukrainian Scientific Society, and then her role in the development of native terminology in academic institutions is emphasized. The periodization of N. Osadcha-Yanata’s scientific activity is proposed, the foreign stage of her work after leaving abroad is outlined. The contribution of N. Osadcha-Yanata to the creation of the manuscript of the dictionary of the botanical nomenclature, as well as the preparation of the fundamental works “Ukrainian Botanical Terminology” and “Ukrainian Botanical nomenclature” are shown. Unfortunately, these researches have not been published. The facts, which prove the devotion of N. Osadcha-Yanata to the scientific work, are presented. So, even after his husband was repressed in 1933, all his work was banned, and Natalia herself was dismissed from work, she continued studying the plant life of Ukraine. This activity Osadcha-Yanata also continued after her forced emigration (first to West Germany, and later to the United States). The article tells about the difficult life of Ukrainian emigrant scholars, as well as their devotion to science, which helped to continue research activities far from the Motherland. In particular, materials collected by N. Osadcha-Yanata in Ukraine were published almost 40 years later as a monograph entitled “Ukrainian Folk Names of Plants”. And many of her manuscripts are still stored in the Archives of Columbia University.

462-474

Authors: T. S. Kletska

The article is devoted to the review, analysis and systematization of the generalization of materials that characterize the development of algebraic research and teaching of algebra at the beginning of the life of the University of St. Vladimir in Kyiv. Particular attention was paid to the research of the members of the Kyiv Physical and Mathematical Society, as the most active faculty of natural sciences scientists of the time in Kyiv. Historical, systematic and biographical methods were used to prepare the work, which allowed to systematize, classify and evaluate the sources used, compare the evaluation of the results of the members of the Kyiv Physical and Mathematical Society with various authors, highlight the main directions and state of coverage of the topic, as well as the results of other historians of science, review previous work on this issue and clearly identify issues that have not been resolved. The analysis of the sources allowed the author to give an objective assessment of the contribution of members of the society to the development of algebra and methods of teaching it. It was shown that despite the lack of trained specialists and other problems, the level of teaching of this discipline was quite high. Various researches of Kyiv mathematicians are analyzed. It was shown that algebra was one of the most popular directions of the mathematicians of the Kyiv university, although not the most effective one. On the basis of comparison of the characteristics of various researchers who studied the work of the Kyiv Physical and Mathematical Society, his role in creating a system of higher mathematical education in the territory of Ukraine is shown. It was established that due to the personal contribution of the members of the society, the foundations for the future Kyiv algebraic school were laid. Detailed works on the algebra of the time printed in Kyiv are considered in detail. It was shown that the society itself became the center around which the most active scholars and teachers met, in which the directions of research of the Kyiv mathematicians were formed. It should also be noted that the company's activities contributed to the birth of the Kyiv Mathematical School.

489-499

Authors: O. V. Korzun

It is set that an analysis of activity of agricultural research establishments and menage in a period Second World War is a necessity for the objective recreation of the past, correct planning and scientifically-methodical prognostication in agriculture, improvement of integration of scitech in an agricultural production. On the basis of the use of principles of historical authenticity, objectivity, system and complexity, problem-chronologic and comparatively historical methods the features of development of the agricultural experiencental business are found out in Ukraine in the years of Second World War. It is found out, that in a pre-war period agricultural research establishments attained certain successes in working of scientifically-agronomical description of the ground cover of country and on its basis the construction of rational soil tillage systems, chemical melioration and the basic agrotechnical principles that were introduced in the collective farms of the USSR. Certainly, that scientists settled considerable problems both in the direction of the organizationally-economic strengthening of research institutes, experimental stations and fields and in relation to further development of the agricultural experimental business. Scientists gave large value to strengthening of help to the collective farms and state farms of Ukraine in the direction of liquidation of consequences of predatory management of fascist invaders. The employees of research establishments developed effective agrotechnical measures: inculcated scientifically reasonable grain-growing and cultivated crop rotations, as basis of effective agriculture. A large value was given to effective till of soil and bringing of organic and mineral fertilizers. For further renewal stock-raisings in collective farms created a powerful feed base. In this direction the activity the scientists of research establishments sent to working of measures in relation to the improvement of meadows and pastures, applying in industry of productive grass mixtures in the field and forage crop rotations. In a post-war period scientists made great strides in the direction of development of agricultural science, basic from that were: increase of raising the culture of farming and аssistance to the agricultural organs, to the collective farms and state farms in applying introduction of the production of scientific achievements of science and front-rank experience, development of measures on the increase of the productivity of agricultural cultures and productivity of stock-raising.

515-526

Authors: O. M. Sirenko

For the modern historical science, the actual task is to study the history of the becoming of new directions of social and humanitarian sciences, in particular in the field of psychology. The article is devoted to the analysis and systematization of the main events that led to the constitution of positive psychotherapy in an independent direction of modern psychology. Methodological basis of the work are methods of classification and systematization of sources, which allowed to generalize and systematize the main views on the role and place of positive psychotherapy in psychological science, as well as chronological, typological, comparative methods of historical knowledge, which allowed to distinguish the main stages of the development of positive psychotherapy on the path from the author psychotherapeutic method Nossrat Peseschkianto an independent direction of psychology. The analysis of the sources allowed us to give an objective assessment of Nosrat Peseschkian's activity of the German neurologist, psychiatrist and psychotherapist of Iranian origin as the founder of the method of positive therapy and its contribution to the dissemination and popularization of the method. It has been established that thanks to the personal contribution of Nosrat Peseschkian, positive psychotherapy has been recognized by scholars as a separate line of psychology, and it has many followers among practicing psychologists and psychotherapists. Among other areas, positive psychotherapy is positioned as humanistic transcultural psychodynamic therapy, which is based on the positive concept of human nature. It is founded on three main principles: hope, balance, and counseling, and is a conflict-centered, integrative short-term therapy that allows you to address the psychological problems of an individual taking into account the cultural characteristics of patients. At the present stage of development, psychology as a science is characterized by the active integration of psychological theories into psychotherapeutic and counseling practice. Positive psychotherapy should be regarded as an illustrative example of the effectiveness of this trend, and therefore the study of the main stages of the formation of the method and its institutionalization as an independent direction of psychological science is the purpose of this work.

536-544

Authors: O. P. Stolyar

The scientific contribution of рrince V.O. Kudashev on soil moisture preservation, determination aimed at optimizing the physical parameters of the soil, for obtaining the stable harvests of winter crops in conditions of insufficient moisture. A specific plan for agro-measures applying was proposed by V.O. Kudashev and it is predicted an optimizing the physical parameters of the soil, to obtain sustainable winter crops in conditions of insufficient moisture. He noticed that it is not necessary to loose the soil until dry weather is established or the soil does not dry up to the possibility of its loosening. He recommended not to defend after plowing, as well as during rooting it is necessary to do it deeper than the previous one and not use harrowing. When applying the last agro-measure, we should not pay attention to the intensive growth of weeds in fallow, because in years with high rainfall, they mitigate the harmful effects of excess rain on steam. Thus, on the one hand, the consolidation of soil from the rain was mechanically weakened, and this is not much: at 400 ml of precipitation – 300 thousand pounds per tithing; but on the other hand, the deposition of soil actually took place. It has been established that the best conditions for preserving soil moisture are achieved in the case of shallow, rather than deep cultivation of soil: in spite of the widespread opinion that softly cultivated soils, when adverse conditions occur, spend not only soil moisture but also a lot of useful soil substances; to better preserve and to accumulate more moisture, the early harvesting of soil in fallow is too important for obtaining a higher winter crop; black fallow are not the best way to prepare a field for sowing winter; The use of seedlings under winter conditions in summer fallow is associated with additional drying, and therefore can’t be promising for the Poltava province. The researcher warned against too early terms of winter sowing, arguing that overgrown plants can’t withstand the entire set of climatic problems in autumn, winter and especially early spring. He stressed that the same conditions, the same heat and moisture precisely contribute to the infinite reproduction of various plant parasitic organisms, which negatively affects the quantity and quality of crops. In addition, Prince V.O. Kudashev also found that to maintain soil moisture, all subsequent agrotechnical measures to treat the winter field for the sowing of winter plants subordinate to the principle of preservation of soil moisture, which means – with the restoration of the burrowing ground of the winter field of its capillary structure, new looseness to destroy the new capillaries of its upper layer, adjusting the onset of the moment of ripeness of the soil to the day of sowing of seeds.

560-572

Authors: O. V. Chervonenko

Ulisse Aldrovandi was a famous Italian naturalist, the first full professor in the history of natural sciences, who made a large contribution into the establishment of museums and the science of natural history in Europe. The paper presents detailed information on Aldrovandi’s biography and the tangled path of formation of his scientific interests. A special attention is paid to the little known information on features of Aldrovandi’s natural history collections and unique museum, which were studied by the author personally in the University of Bologna, Italy in 2018. The museum, which was conceived and created by Aldrovandi, has been preserved practically unchanged with only insignificant losses. Collection catalogues, complied by the scientist and analysed by us, show Aldrovandi’s ambition to account, catalogue, and classify available natural items and other objects that, in his opinion, reflect the role of nature in humans’ life. A detailed survey of Aldrovandi’s illustrated multi-volume (400 volumes) encyclopedia, which was based on his collections, is presented in the paper. It is highlighted that, despite Aldrovandi’s progressive views and high level of education, naive interpretations with descriptions of fantastic creatures such as mermaids, sphinxes, dragons and others are given in his works along with scientific facts. Nevertheless, the scientist saw and noted the boundary between empiric investigation of the nature and its symbolic interpretation. Aldrovandi was the first scholar who involved a large deal of original and direct research into natural history and gathered a scientific collection of natural items. The majesty of his plan, the volume of his collections and scientific interests impressed the scientist’s contemporaries, who acclaimed Aldrovandi’s Museo Naturale as “the best cabinet of Europe and the largest micro cosmos of nature” in that time. It is emphasised that Aldrovandi’s natural history collection became part of the social and cultural context of the emergence of natural history as a scientific discipline. The extremely huge role of Aldrovandi’s museum in popularisation is also noted, since it proposed “wisdom” for the spread of scientific information in forms appropriate for sensation at that time.