NPunto

6

Authors: García Molina, Cristian

Background: The 11th of March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the global pandemic by COVID-19 and it has become a serious threat to global public health. A variety of skin manifestations have been observed in patients with COVID-19 infection. Methodology: The aim of the present work is to provide a general description of skin manifestations in patients with COVID-19. A bibliographic review was carried out in the Medline database through Pubmed. Articles published from January 2020 to July 2020 were selected. Articles that were not available in full text or the language was other than Spanish or English were excluded. Results: There are five main skin manifestations associated to COVID-19: erythema of acral areas with some vesicles or pustules (pseudo-chilblain), vesicular eruptions, urticarial lesions, maculopapular eruptions and livedo reticularis. Conclusions: The knowledge of skin manifestations related to COVID-19 can facilitate doctors the diagnosis and detection of this infection.

18

Authors: Corte García, Paula

Listeria is a food-borne infection caused by Listeria Monocytogenes bacterium. Listeria Monocytogenes is a facultative anaerobic bacterium capable of surviving in the presence or absence of oxygen. Its optimal growth temperature varies between 30-37ºC and can withstand a wide PH range. Its ability to grow at low temperatures allows multiplication at 4ºC and greatly increases its ability to survive in salty environments and in food preservation process such as smoked foods. This bacterium can be found in soil, vegetation and some animals. The main source of contamination is to eat poisoned food. Listeriosis can cause fever and mild gastrointestinal symptoms similar to vomiting and diarrhoea when affecting healthy adults. It varies depending on the host. When it comes to seniors and children, it could lead to more severe consequences suchlike septicemia and meningoencephalitis. During pregnancy, whereas maternal illness resembles mild flu-like symptoms, foetal and neonatal infections are severe and frequently fatal. Listeria can cause miscarriages, preterm labour due to chorioamnionitis, stillbirth, neurological alterations, sepsis and meningitis. This infection is usually diagnosed when a bacterial culture grows Listeria monocytogenes from body tissue or fluid, such as blood, spinal fluid or amniotic fluid. Antibiotics have been used most extensively in the treatment of Listeriosis to prevent the aftermath of the infection. Beta-lactams specifically or combined with others as Gentamicin. To help prevent Listeria is essential to provide accurate information from the Community Service. To make sure women know it is important to take special precautions in pregnancy regarding diets and habits in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning. Remember to avoid certain foods; all raw and undercooked meat, seafood and poultry, unpasteurized milk and foods made with unpasteurized milk and smoked products. Encourage proper hand washing during and after handling food. In addition, to make sure always to clean and disinfect cutting boards, countertops and utensils where bacteria can linger.

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Authors: Diz Mellado, Olga María

Microbiology has been for many years a very manual discipline, based on cultures, performing biochemical tests, or observing physical and staining characteristics. The diagnosis of infectious diseases has changed dramatically in recent years due to advances in diagnostic techniques based on molecular biology. These techniques make it possible to establish the early and reliable diagnosis, while allowing the monitoring of the disease, establishing its prognosis and increasing survival. Among molecular biology techniques, there are many variants to amplify, detect and sequence nucleic acids (DNA or RNA based on clinical suspicion). The basic technique is the polymerase chain reaction and different modifications have been developed on this to improve the diagnostic and interpretation process, including real-time PCR or quantitative PCR, RT-PCR, microarrays and sequencing. Different techniques that allow the analysis of different samples for one or multiple microorganisms (through the use of panels) are detailed in this work.

16

Authors: Rodríguez González, Pelayo

Se puede promover una mayor educación de la salud al paciente diabético sobre la cetoacidosis, enseñarle a entender y comprender mejor su enfermedad. Es importante informarle sobre el tipo de tratamiento y orientarle en las buenas pautas a seguir para su vida diaria que promuevan la autonomía y una buena calidad de vida en el paciente. Las investigaciones futuras deberían orientarse hacia la identificación de los pacientes que padecen un mayor riesgo de poseer efectos secundarios, además de promover la optimización de la farmacoterapia para disminuir el riesgo existente entre pacientes. También se deberían llevar a cabo más estudios científicos acerca de la prevención de la cetoacidosis.

23

Authors: Alonso Rubio, Pablo

Los sistemas de monitorización continua de glucosa (MCG) son dispositivos que miden la glucemia intersticial (GI), a diferencia de los medidores convencionales que cuantifican la glucemia capilar (GC). La medición de la GI que proporcionan los actuales dispositivos de MCG, puede diferir de la GC fuera de los periodos de estabilidad, cuando se producen fluctuaciones rápidas de la GC, ya que existe un retraso de origen fisiológico en la medida proporcionada por la GI respecto a la GC. Por norma general cuando la GC se encuentra estable, los valores de GI coinciden con la GC (1). Existen distintos tipos de dispositivos de monitorización de la glucemia, entre los que se incluyen los sistemas de monitorización de la glucemia retrospectiva, los dispositivos de monitorización continua de glucosa en tiempo real y los sistemas de monitorización de la glucosa tipo flash. Cada uno de ellos tiene diferentes particularidades. La principal aplicación que se busca con el uso de la MCG en niños es conseguir mejorar el control glucémico de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo1 (DM1), aunque estos dispositivos pueden utilizarse en otras patologías menos frecuentes en este grupo de edad que cursen con alteración de la glucemia como la diabetes relacionada con la fibrosis quística y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (2).

34

Authors: Juárez Jiménez, Mª de la Villa

El estrés puede desencadenar diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en individuos predispuestos. En pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, el estrés puede aumentar sus niveles de glucosa en sangre. El estrés crónico asociado a la diabetes, va a depender de: vulnerabilidad previa, capacidad de protección individual, recursos de adaptación, autoestima y soporte social. Las técnicas de control del estrés (atención en la respiración, relajación muscular, imaginación guiada, reestructuración cognitiva, actividad física y apoyo social) tienen un impacto importante sobre el control de la glucosa a largo plazo y constituyen una herramienta útil en el control de la diabetes. Los tipos de estrés psicológico en la diabetes son: estrés emocional, estrés relacionado con el régimen de tratamiento, estrés con el médico y estrés interpersonal con el control metabólico. Existen diferentes test para valorarlo: Escala de Estrés Percibido, Cuestionario de Afrontamiento del Estrés, La Escala de Estrés en Diabetes. En su abordaje se disponen de medidas de prevención y de intervención.

8

Authors: Garduño Sánchez, Sara

Spring 2015, a 45-year-old female starts a progressive dyspnea with an associated continuous and irritating cough with secretions that she is unable to expectorate. It is initially associated with a possible respiratory infection or seasonal allergy. However, and after observing its progression, they decide to go to the Emergency Department, where anamnesis, exploration and complementary tests are performed. A decreased vesicular murmur with abundant hoarseness and wheezing scattered throughout both hemithorax revealed a pulmonary auscultation. She was admitted to the Pneumology Department where, after performing chest CT, findings were detected probably in relation to osteochondroplastic tracheobroncopathy, without being able to rule out other etiologies, among which, recurrent polychondritis or Amyloidosis would be included. A biopsy was performed during the fiberoptic bronchoscopy and idiopathic tracheobronchial secondary amyloidosis was diagnosed. The treatment that we explain below will be performed using endobronchial brachytherapy.

17

Authors: Ranera Díaz, Félix Francisco

Primary care represents the main link towards the prompt cure of a certain pathology that an individual possesses. Nursing care could be considered in various ways, but within its classifications it can be specifically addressed with emergencies and emergencies where they depend on the patient´s vital commitment. When it comes to emergencies in pediatrics care is more thorough and more if this emergency is related to complications of pathologies of metabolic origin, such as the case of type 1 diabetes mellitus, or insulin dependent, this disease has a genetic origin within its etiology, such complications could occur when the patient does not yet know that he has the disease. This is a qualitative design study, and a systematic bibliographic review by quantifying effects in a summarized way. Whose objective is to identify nursing care in patients with pediatric Type 1 Diabetes. Different scientific databases related to health sciences subjects were used, and the final sample was 10 articles that fit the objectives set. Among the conclusions, it is determined that nursing care is vital and of great clinical importance in the care of pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes, and with the application of protocols and primary assessments. However, it is necessary to encourage more future research on the subject in question since there is not enough scientific literature that refers to the medical scientific contribution of nursing professionals with diabetic children in the emergency area.

21

Authors: Antón Grández, María Pilar

The gestational diabetes (DG) is a carbohydrate (glucose) intolerance disorder whose intensity and extent may vary and that can appear or be diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy, especially in the second half. If there is an inadequate hygienic-dietary counselling, a late diagnosis and/or an inappropriate control, the evolution of the pregnancy might be affected. It may have consequences in the mother’s health (increase of caesarean sections, obstetrical complications, arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia or cardiovascular diseases) as well as in the fetus welfare (miscarriage, fetal death, congenital malformation, macrosomia, labour dystocia, prematurity, etc.) or in the new-born’s adaptability of living outside de womb (hypoglycemia, polycythemia, hyperbilirubinemia, etc.). Moreover, DG’s antecedent is considered a risk factor in the development of diabetes mellitus in the future or in suffering DG in the next pregnancies. For that reasons, it is convenient to make literature review about the possibilities regarding DG’s diagnosis, control and treatment. By doing so, we could avoid such maternal, fetal and neonatal complications and we could update key knowledge on prevention, early diagnosis and, last but not least, on treatment of the disease.

5

Authors: CABAÑERO MOLINA, ESTIVALIZ

The prevalence of infections in hospitals has declined considerably over the past few years. The decrease is due to the research and work of the health team to reduce their incidence, as they have a high mortality rate, as well as an increase in the patient´s hospital stay and a considerable increase in hospital expenditure. Intensive care units have an increased risk of infections from the vulnerability of patients who are admitted and invasive techniques performed. Unifying criteria and acting with appropriate prevention measures, the incidence of these infections will be decreasing. Therefore, it is important to continue updating knowledge in this field.

18

Authors: LORENZO VILLENA, JUAN ALBERTO

INTRODUCTION In the world there are about 500 million diabetics, of which more than half a million are under 15 years old, it is also a disease that is increasing its prevalence annually, for them a continuous analysis of the situation worldwide is necessary. OBJECTIVES Describe the current situation of the disease, analyze influencing factors and whether school nursing can improve the evolution of the disease. SUBJECTS AND METHOD A bibliographic review of the last 5 years is carried out in the PUBMED database with studies related to the topic worldwide RESULTS Globally there are 451 million diabetics, of which between 7-12% are DM1, of which 587,000 are under 15, with an annual incidence of 3%. 96% of school-age diabetics are DM1 Diabetic ketoacidosis in children under 5 years can be reduced by up to 65.6% of cases with educational campaigns that can be taught in schools. CONCLUSIONS The planning of self-care by nurses in the school environment improves therapeutic adherence, the satisfaction of both children and their families. There is a need for more homogeneous global studies on diabetes and more extensive

21

Authors: SORIANO MARTÍNEZ, ALBA

Introduction: In recent years there has been an increase in the number of reported cases of bullying and interventions by associations and foundations, as well as by the schools themselves and their families. The present study aims to know the effectiveness of preventive actions and the type of existing programs at national and international level. Methodology: The reference documents of the main associations related to bullying in Spain and in the international sphere were reviewed and a search of the bibliography published in the last 5 years on the interventions against bullying in the main databases was carried out. 40 articles were finally selected. Results: The totality of the reviewed studies obtained positive results in favor of the preventive programs of bullying. There was a reduction in the incidence of bullying in schools intervened and violent behavior in schools. There was variability in the forms of intervention. Discussion and conclusions: Preventive programs are effective in most contexts. It would be interesting to develop a unified tool to assess the impact of these interventions, since there is currently no uniformity in the evaluation.

7

Authors: Quiles Mateo Antonio

Introduction: Obese people are a population that may require respiratory physiotherapy due to the postoperative pulmonary complications that they can present. Among them are atelectasis and pulmonary postsurgical complications, situations where the incentive spirometer is indicated. The objective of the study was to analyze the possible differences regarding the maximum volume obtained between obese subjects and subjects with normal weight. Methods: The study that was carried out was of a cross-sectional observational type. Lung functions were recorded by a spirometer, to which the volumetric incentive spirometer and the flow incentive spirometer were connected (raising 2 balls and 3 balls) to calculate the maximum volume reached. Results: Data from 30 paired obese were analyzed. The differences in the maximum volume obtained, expressed as a percentage, were statistically significant between both groups, both with the volumetric incentivized spirometer and with the flow incentive (ascending 2 balls). Conclusion: The results obtained would indicate that there would be no statistically significant differences between the maximum volume obtained, expressed in liters, with both devices between subjects with obesity and normal weight, although there would be a difference in the percentage.

16

Authors: Barba Cabañas, Francisco-Santos

Introduction: It is necessary to review all scientific publications and analyze them so that little by little they promote school nursing and there is an emerging role of nursing in educational centers. Each time the figure of the school nurse is more important in society, and extends to the school community. The main objective of this publication is to show a bibliographic review, and thus include all the publications that we have been able to find about school nursing and show how important the role it plays in the school environment. A series of inclusion and exclusion criteria have been taken into account when conducting the search and selection. All the information we have available shows us the need for a school nurse to exist in the classroom. Having a nursing professional in schools is of great importance and effectiveness, because with his assistance and health prevention work, he improves the quality of life and the knowledge that students have about health, and thus acquire their habits healthy at this stage of your life. Having a nurse in the educational centers is a fundamental instrument of work, because they can guide and train all the workers of the center, the students and even their families. Analyzing all aspects of school nursing, and therefore the role of the nurse is essential. The objective of this work is to carry out a bibliographic review, in order to analyze publications on school nursing and highlight the importance of the role it plays school environment. A series of inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken into account when conducting the search and subsequent selection. The information available demonstrates the need for a school nurse in the classroom. The work of both health care and health promotion and prevention is very effective for students in schools, improving their quality of life and health knowledge in a stage of life essential to acquire healthy habits. The role of the nurse ins fundamental in the orientation and training of students, family members and non- teaching staff of schools. There are many aspects that nurses treat in schools, becoming a fundamental and indispensable work tool. The implementation of School Nursing in School Centers is considered important due to the effectiveness of health intervention at an early age. Stage in which they begin to acquire important healthy habits, which impact on the health of each person. Nurse being one of the professionals that generates more confidence in the general population an especially the school population Therefore, a basic health education can be started to acquire good habits since an optimal state of health is based on a correct Health Education. This training should be carried out through a health professional such as Nursing. Allowing giving complete information and being able to verify the effectiveness of said activity.

18

Authors: Cabañero Molina, Estívaliz

Objective: To know the main features of epilepsy to identify what the symptomatology is, as well as knowing how to differentiate between a febrile process, since it is the most frequent type of seizure in infants and, in an epileptic state, the most serious situation within seizures caused by epilepsy. Methods: This is a systematic review carried out in different databases with the data collected in the last five years until nowadays. Results: Taking into account all the reviewed articles, it is clarified which the main signs and symptoms that characterize epilepsy are, developing in a clear and brief way what the symptomatology which has to put us on alert in school nurses or collective that is part of a school in different situations is. This different situations make reference to parents, other students, teachers, etc. Conclusions: The found findings coincide with some of the same opinions expressed in the review articles. The importance of school nursing is reflected in the official and/or scientific papers but it is not developing in practice despite the benefits that are being shown in countries where this figure has been implemented for years. There are still many steps to take to reach a situation in which the end is the welfare of the population. The knowledge and the health education for the population are basic pillars of a good health system. The way is being built based on small steps over the years, although much work remains to be done and many policies to be implemented to make it possible for the population to have a better access to health and with it, to their physical, mental and social well-being. The final goal is the pursuit of healthy populations and managers of their own health states. Nowadays, the fear and the ignorance of epilepsy is not something that has changed so much in comparison to previous years. It is true that no divine causes are attributed as in the beginning of history. However, we will see how there are diffuse ideas and confusing knowledge on the part of the population. A minimum percentage, outside the health field, is trained for it.