Scientific Horizons

17-27

Authors: Volodymyr Kassich, Oksana Kasianenko, Volodymyr Zazharskyi, Ivan Yatsenko, Zhanna Klishchova

Allergic examination using PPD-tuberculins is the main method of life-time tuberculosis diagnostics in farm animals and poultry. However, it is known about a decrease in the diagnostic value of allergic reactions after irradiation of animals, the occurrence of non-specific, pseudo-allergic reactions. One of the reasons for the manifestation of non-specific reactions may be autosensitisation (autoallergisation) of the body by the breakdown products of personal tissues, which is especially pronounced with radiation damage. Ionizing radiation affects the manifestation of tuberculin sensitivity, the course of tuberculosis and autoimmune processes in the body. Differential diagnostics of non-specific tuberculin reactions remains not yet a fully solved problem, although there are many tests for its implementation. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, a considerable number of animals remained in the adjacent territories contaminated with radioactive substances, including those infected with the causative agent of tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria. It is known that irradiation leads to autosensitisation of the body by the breakdown products of its own tissues and the development of non-specific pseudoallergic reactions to heterologous allergens. Therefore, work was carried out to study the allergic reactivity of tuberculosis patients and laboratory animals sensitised with atypical mycobacteria irradiated with gamma radiation (200 guinea pigs). It was established that 14-60 days after infection with tuberculosis pathogens, 90-100% of cavies developed allergic reactions to PPD-tuberculin for mammals and poultry, mainly to a homologous allergen. Allergic reactivity persisted until 90 days of the study. After exposure to sublethal (non-lethal) doses of gamma rays, infected and intact cavies developed non-specific reactions to tuberculin and heterologous allergens: mallein and brucellin. In cavies uninfected with the causative agent of tuberculosis, 7 days after gamma radiation exposure, non-specific reactions to mycobacterial allergens were observed at a dose load of 200 R in 16.6%; 150 R – 5.3% in the group, and after 27 days in irradiated doses of 50 R and 100 R in 25% and 33% of the studied animals, respectively. Isolated reactions to brucellin and mallein occurred in animals infected with the causative agent of tuberculosis and intact animals 60 days after irradiation with doses of 50 R, 100 R and 150 R. The manifestation of non-specific allergies in irradiated animals depended on the radiation dose rate and radiosensitivity of the animals

35-42

Authors: Oleksiy Gurmanchuk, Nataliya Plotnytska, Olga Nevmerzhytska, Iryna Pavlyuk, Alyona Moshkivska

To obtain high yields of winter wheat, it is important to control the contamination of crops with weeds. It is known that yield losses can be 30% or more due to the presence of segetal vegetation in wheat crops. With intensive technology of growing winter wheat, the chemical method of protection against weeds is an extremely important element. The paper highlights data on the species composition and class of contamination of winter wheat agrocenosis. The effectiveness of herbicides and their tank mixtures in winter wheat crops to reduce the presence of the weed component, increase grain yield and quality in the conditions of Luginsky District of Zhytomyr region on sandy loam soils during 2019-2021 was studied. It is established that the structure of the weed component of agrophytocenosis of winter wheat in farm conditions is dominated by dicotyledonous weed species, namely: field mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), wild pansy (Viola tricolor L.), shovelweed (Capsella bursa-pastoris L.), toadpipe (Equisetum arvense L.), and blue bottle flower (Centaurea cyanus L.), the share of which is 64.8%. Graminaceous species of weeds are represented by silky bent grass (Apera spica-venti L.), couch-grass (Elytrigia repens L.), rye brome grass (Bromus secalinus L.). The technical efficiency of the studied herbicides with the separate and joint application was in the range of 60.8-94.6%. The highest indicator of technical efficiency of herbicides in winter wheat crops, which is 94.6%, was obtained in an experiment using a tank mixture of Granstar Pro 75 + Apiros 75 preparations, with norms of 0.025+0.013 kg/ha, as well as an increase in wheat grain yield by 2.0 t/ha compared to the contaminated control. Spraying winter wheat crops with herbicides during the growing season allows improving the quality indicators of the grain yield structure. In particular, the content of protein and fibrin increases by 1.1 times; the moisture content of grain decreases by 1.0-1.1 times, and the content of dirt impurity decreases by 2.8-6.7 times, compared to the control version

52-57

Authors: Rustamjon Allaberdiev, Tura Rakhimova, Nilufar Komilova, Manzura Kamalova, Nurbek Kuchkarov

Studying the ecological and biological features and water regime of plants of the mountainous semidesert of Uzbekistan to determine their stability in these conditions, we concluded to use an integrated approach to solve the problem of adaptation. Functional, structural or other biological features can equally determine the resistance of a species to extreme factors, such as, for example, the rhythm of development. The purpose of the work is to identify a complex of elements of plant adaptation to arid zone to xerothermic conditions and to characterize ecological groups by the generality of adaptation systems. Based on the system analysis, the biological and structural-functional adaptive features of plants were analyzed, and the studied species were classified into ecological groups as adaptive systems and according to the generality of adaptations to the experience of the dry period. The original data obtained, which relate to the characteristics of the elements of biomorphological adaptation and adaptation of the water regime, the remaining adaptive elements were identified based on the analysis of literary data. Along with structural and behavioral signs, we focus on those features of the water regime that ensure a positive water balance among representatives of various environmental groups. Each of the selected ecological groups of plants is characterized by a certain combination of adaptive features of a physiological and biomorphological plan. With a variety of adaptive features in different plant species to drought and the absence of an integral indicator of drought resistance, it is impossible to focus on any one of them, of course, it is necessary to take into account the whole complex of signs. The complex of features will allow determining more accurately the nature of a particular combination of biomorphological and functional features peculiar to a particular ecological group

72-82

Authors: Andrii Shpakov, Sergii Stetsenko, Hanna Shpakova, Lesya Sorokina, Roman Akselrod

The article is devoted to solving the urgent issue of identifying factors to stimulate staff that will best provide flexibility and the ability to manage changes in the operating system of the enterprise. The purpose of the study is to identify the correlation between the transformation ability of enterprises and the adaptive capabilities of the main driver of change management – personnel, and to identify internal factors that are the drivers of change. The study was conducted on the example of data from Ukrainian construction companies. The McKinsey “7S” model is used as a conceptual framework to identify such factors. According to the model, all factors are grouped by the following components: strategy, skills, shared values (corporate culture), structure, staff, systems, and style. Since the purpose of the study is to identify the impact that adaptive capabilities of staff have on the flexibility and ability to transform the company, the paper describes a model of the impact of factors of the group “staff” on the flexibility and effectiveness of change. The simulation was performed using tools of fuzzy logic. As a result, it was determined that the effectiveness of transformations is influenced by the following indicators: productivity (output), the administrative burden on wages (the ratio of administrative expenses to wages in operating expenses), the availability of employees with higher education among management staff, the experience of management staff, the ratio of labor costs to wage costs. The proposed evaluation system allowed to identify key factors for the transformational ability of enterprises, which will, if necessary, purposefully influence them, achieving the desired level of flexibility and providing adaptive capabilities of the enterprise system. Prospects for further research should be the creation of models based on fuzzy logic, which take into account the influence of factors in the formation of strategy, skills, corporate culture, structure, systems, and style on the transformation ability of enterprises in construction

97-108

Authors: Natalia Sirenko, Inna Baryshevska, Olha Melnyk

The relevance of the article is due to the need for a comprehensive analysis of the latest processes in the global financial system, as well as a complex development of a methodological approach to its study. With the transition to digital technologies in the global financial market, in particular, when processing and storing data in electronic format, there is a change in the form of financial circulation, which can lead to a number of problems and risks. In this context, special attention should be paid to the international credit market and the international bond market, which are, in fact, circulating in cyberspace and are evolving through info-communication technologies. The purpose of this research is an in-depth analysis of the main globalisation processes of the world economy and their impact on the development of competition between exchange and over-the-counter trade. The study used general scientific methods of analysis, theoretical generalisation, and synthesis, as well as methods of mathematical, statistical, and economic analysis. According to the study of the dynamics of capitalisation of the global stock market, the authors of this article identified a trend towards dynamic growth in the use of alternative trading systems, which is a factor in the development of exchange and over-the-counter securities trading. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the directions of impacts of digitalisation on the global monetary and financial system, among which the positive and negative effects are considered in detail and substantiated. The negative effects of virtualisation of the global monetary and financial system are identified, as well as perspective directions of modification of the economic system and finance with the introduction of digital technologies are formulated. The information presented in this paper can be used to further consider the dynamics of stock market capitalisation in the world, as well as to develop methods to improve the efficiency of digitalisation of operating processes for individual enterprises and the global economy as a whole