Scientific Horizons

9-12

Authors: D. Ciolkosz, S. Kukharets, J. Tripath

Ukraine produces large amounts of crop residues every year, much which could be utilized to produce biofuel. However, efficient supply chains and system configurations are needed to make such systems efficient and cost effective. One option is to integrate torrefaction, power production and biofuel production into a single, coordinated system. This approach allows for high value product (i.e. biofuel), greater utilization of the energy content of the feedstock, and supply chain efficiency. Initial analyses indicate that revenues can be enhanced through this approach, and further analyses and optimization efforts could identify a sustainable approach to renewable fuel and power production for Ukraine. The question of scale and layout remains of interest as well, and a thorough logistical study is needed to identify the most suitable configuration. Agricultural operations often benefit from smaller scales of operation, whereas fuel production processes tend to operate profitably only at very large scale. Thus, a balance must be struck between the needs of both ends of the supply chain. The processing center concept helps to balance those needs. A system such as this also has potential to synergize with other agricultural production systems, such as the production of animal feed, fertilizer, and other bio-based products. The complexities of the Ukrainian agricultural market will need to be reflected carefully in any model that seeks to assess the system's potential. Presents a concept for coupling thermal pretreatment (torrefaction with biofuel and power production for the transformation of wheat straw into a value added product for Ukraine. Torrefaction provides supply chain savings, while conversion provides added value to the product. This paradigm has potential to utilize a widely produced waste material into a valuable source of energy and possibly other products for the country

21-30

Authors: Y. Khodakovsky, O. Prysiazhniuk, M. Plotnikova, O. Buluy

The essence, main tendencies of asymmetries and disproportions of development of territorial communities are considered. The basic mechanisms of activation of the internal potential of their revival are outlined. The purpose of the study is to substantiate management decisions regarding choice of business model that provides socio-ecological and economic development in its location. As a result of the research the following tasks were solved: 1) determination of social and ecological problems of the territory and the main priority life needs of its population; 2) justification of the mechanism for implementing the goals of entrepreneurship bases on the creative approach activation to innovation management decisions under the condition of balanced development of territories with appropriate motivation of both managers and employees and increasing their potential. The object of the study is the process of managerial decision making by business leaders on an innovation and investment bases. The research was conducted inductively (by collecting and analyzing qualitative data) and deductively (through generalization of theoretical questions based on a systems approach), which was made possible by analyzing of synergetic transformations of nonlinear self-organized dynamical systems such as society, economy and ecology. Measurement of variables was performed on the basis of sociological survey data. In 2013–2017, 15 small and medium-sized businesses in the northern, central and southern regions of Ukraine were surveyed in order to identify factors of their socio-economic development. The cluster sampling method was used to select the settlement. Socio-economic data was collected using verbal socio and psychological methods using unstructured and semi-structured approaches. The great flexibility of the method allows to obtain comprehensive information about the sociopsychological causes of behavior (for example, methods of management, motivation). Studies of the theory and practice of business management, development of social and industrial infrastructure are illustrated from the standpoint of their impact on small businesses and could be implemented in to the educational process and development strategy of the region. It is generally recognized accepted that the key factors for success in business are trend analysis, market research, long-term goals, business modeling, resource management, team building, and marketing planning, subject to appropriate staffing of business processes. The UN's proclaimed strategy for sustainable development outlined seventeen priority goals for the formation of society, which were reflected in the formation of corporate social responsibility of business entities. It needs to coordinate all activities of society with the surrounding space as a whole determine the level of organization of the business structure as components of smart-organization. Ensuring the sustainable development of the organization is based on the concentration of efforts of participants on the practical goals of the organization and the practice of understanding by management and employees of companies of the tasks facing it. People, their activities, enthusiasm and development is the basis of success of the organization. As a result of the introduction of the system of resource exchange, mainly due to the activation of human capital and attraction of innovation and investment potential in the form of technologies generated by individuals for communities, in particular in rural areas, the mechanism of internal institutionalization becomes involved. It is most active now in ancestral homesteads and ancestral settlements, which are founded by initiative educated youth (the average age of initiators of reverse urbanization is 35 years, 82 % of whom have higher education and activate the average investment flow to rural areas in the amount of 4 thousand US dollars annually per hectare). Thus, the entrepreneurial potential of the territory, estimated by the share of national wealth per capita for poor countries is 59 %, its activation through innovation, creativity and creative technologies can increase the share of human capital in national wealth to 80 %. The corresponding increase in human capital due to the development of tribal settlements will encourage an increase in the capitalization of the territory annually (in the case of revival in each region of one settlement with adjacent territories with an average area of 500 hectares, where 250 families will live) by 3.28 million dollars of United States, which is the source of the development of the newly formed united territorial communities

39-46

Authors: S. Davydchuk, D. Dema

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the formation of financial resources of enterprises in the united territorial communities of Ukraine. The purpose of the research is to reveal the essence of financial resources of enterprises and analyze their formation. To achieve this goal, theoretical and practical aspects of the formation of financial resources of enterprises operating in united territorial communities were studied. The research used an empirical method (for a comprehensive assessment of the formation of financial resources of enterprises that belong to United territorial communities), an analysis method (identified the main problems of ensuring proper financing of enterprises from the budget of United territorial communities), and an abstract-logical method (theoretically generalized and provided conclusions on the integration of agricultural enterprises with United territorial communities). The reasoning of the conclusions was based on a systematic approach, which provided a generalization of the theoretical provisions of the concept of rural development and the basic principles of decentralization, as well as an assessment of the interim results of the formation of united territorial communities in Ukraine. The advantages and potential risks of the impact of decentralization on the development of production enterprises in the united territorial communities of Ukraine are presented, which can be used to justify proposals for making adjustments to national plans for the formation of united territorial communities in order to further minimize the risks to the development of production enterprises. It is proved that the competitiveness of the agricultural sector depends directly on the management of financial resources. In turn, the availability of financial resources is a necessary condition for ensuring a continuous production process. The problems of formation and use of financial resources of agricultural enterprises in modern conditions are clarified. The indicators of economic development and investment attractiveness of the united territorial communities of Zhytomyr region in 2019 were analyzed and it was found that the communities have become able to Finance the resources of enterprises. The conclusion is made about the lack of proper state support for enterprises in the region. The main provisions set out in the article contain certain methodological and practical recommendations for the decentralization of power and its impact on the functioning and development of agricultural enterprises. In further research, attention should be paid to foreign experience in managing rural territories, united territorial communities for the implementation of public projects based on partnership between local authorities and businesses

57-64

Authors: I. Demyanyuk

Insurance is a powerful catalyst for development of economy around the world. The domestic market of insurance services promotes to the redistribution of risks in the economy and forms the social protection of the population. Constant changes in economic processes and improvement of the provisions of state regulation form the relevance of the study of changes in insurance market indicators. The purpose of the study is to establish the dynamics of development of the insurance market in Ukraine through the prism of the top rating of insurance companies, including analysis of indicators of Zhytomyr region and to identify major gaps in the insurance sector and ways to remove it. The key tasks include: analysis of insurance payments and payouts of the top rating of insurance companies of Ukraine; assessment of the insurance market of Zhytomyr region in terms of insurance types; analysis of risks and prospects of the insurance market in the conditions of COVID-19. General scientific and statistical methods became research methods, namely: system analysis and generalization; methods of scientific abstraction, observation and comparison. The level of insurance payments and insurance payouts according to the top rating of insurance companies in Zhytomyr region and in Ukraine in general is assessed. A tendency to reduce the number of insurance companies due to changes in government regulation is detected. The specific weight of insurance payments and insurance payouts of Zhytomyr region within Ukraine is determined. A need to restore public confidence in the insurance market in order to increase the percentage of life insurance is detected. Leading companies in risky types of insurance in Zhytomyr region are identified. The risks and prospects of the insurance market in a pandemic are studied. The types of insurance that will suffer mostly from COVID-19 are identified. Ways to solve the problems of the modern insurance market in Ukraine are offered. Prospects for further research in this area are to improve regulations and to evaluate the actual indicators of the insurance market in a pandemic

72-78

Authors: V. Bugaychuk, О. Opalov, І. Grabchuk, К. Razumna

Currently, there is a global trend to produce a variety of products, goods and energy using renewable organic raw materials based on the widespread application of biotechnology. That is, the bioeconomy creates bioeconomic advantages in the interaction between the economy, environment, technology and society due to the fact that it uses scientific and technological innovations that act as drivers. For PJSC Zhytomyr Butter Plant such measures are priority areas in production, organizational and technical activities. In particular, the new line “Straightline SL1100 F2 from Tetra Pak” will make it possible to reduce the production cost of 1 ton of ice cream and improve its quality. According to the enterprise’s estimates, in 2020 the sales turnover will be 51,840.0 thousand items; the unit cost will be UAH 30. As a result, the revenue will be UAH 1,554.0 thousand. Over the years, sales turnover and price will increase, so sales revenue will also increase and will amount to UAH 1,631.2 in 2021, UAH 1,675.6 in 2022, UAH 1,703.3 in 2023. The amount of profit will grow annually in the range from 6.4 % to 9.0 %. Thus, the enterprise can create bioeconomic advantages through high quality products, lower production costs, and most importantly, through the development of key competencies that create unique value for consumers

89-97

Authors: K. Utenkova

The economic security of the agricultural sector is related to the economic security of the state and the economic security of individual enterprises operating in this sector of the economy. The important component of economic security of agricultural sector is personnel and intellectual security, which should be ensured through the preservation and development of the intellectual potential of the enterprise and the effective work of the staff. The aim of the study is to develop theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of personnel and intellectual component of economic security of the agricultural sector. The following methods were used in the study: dialectical method of cognition of economic phenomena, abstract and logical, analysis and synthesis, generalization. The article uses the results of expert assessment, which was conducted in accordance with the Methodology of expert assessment of the impact of individual factors on the economic security of agricultural enterprises, which has been developed by the author. The obtained results show that among the internal threats to economic security, threats related to the personnel and intellectual component (nonprofessional management of the enterprise; low level of qualification of employees; low level of employee motivation; outflow of skilled workers) occupy a prominent place. Theoretical bases of forming the mechanism of regulation of personnel and intellectual safety of the enterprise are offered. Counteraction to the threats of the personnel and intellectual component of economic security should be based on the following measures: raising the professional level of management of agricultural enterprises; provision of qualified personnel; stimulating the staff to selfdevelopment; conducting an effective youth policy with the aim of attracting young professionals in the agricultural sector; forming a sense of a unified team in employees; creation of an effective system of social support for employees; introduction of an effective and transparent system of motivation and incentives for employees, based on clear criteria for evaluating the activities of employees. Further perspectives for research in this direction should be the formation of the strategy for economic security of the agricultural sector of Ukraine, which is based on the study devoted to the management of the mechanism of regulating personnel, intellectual and other components of economic security

104-111

Authors: О. Sydiakina, V.  Gamajuova

The results of the influence of pre-sowing seed treatment, the main application of mineral fertilizers and foliar fertilizing with ammonium nitrate, urea, organo-mineral fertilizer D2 or bacterial preparation Escort-bio on the formation of productivity and quality of spring wheat of the Elegia mironovskaya variety are presented. Experimental investigations were carried out on the Chernozem of the South during 2014-2016. In the conditions of the educational, scientific and practical center of the Nikolaev NAU. The results of research showed that the introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers before sowing and foliar fertilizing of spring wheat crops on average over three years provided an increase in grain yield by 1.00–1.58 t/ha in variants with water treatment of seeds and by 1.08–1.72 t/ha when processing seeds with microbial preparation Escort-bio. Pre-sowing treatment of escort-bio seeds contributed to the additional production of 0.14–0.28 t /ha of grain, depending on the fertilizer option. The highest grain yield was formed by applying N30P30 for pre-sowing cultivation, treating seeds with a microbial preparation and carrying out the phase of plant exit into the tube of feeding with ammonium nitrate with a dose of N30. Pre-sowing treatment of escort-bio seeds and foliar fertilizing contributed to an increase in the payback of fertilizers by increasing the yield of spring wheat. The maximum specified indicator is determined by the background of bacterial seed treatment, the main application to the sowing of N30P30 and carrying out two top-UPS with organo-mineral fertilizer D2 or Escort-bio. Application of fertilizers and foliar top-UPS on average over three years increased the protein content of spring wheat by 0.7–1.4 %, and gluten – by 1.2–1.9 %. The maximum both indicators of grain quality are determined in the version of the main application of N30P30 with making-up at the beginning of the earing phase with urea at a dose of N30 –14.9 and 28.1 %. The conditional yield of protein and gluten from a hectare of spring wheat sowing with an improvement in the background of plant nutrition grew and reached maximum values in the variants of N60P30 before sowing or N30P30 before sowing with fertilizing with ammonium nitrate at a dose of N30 in the phase of exit to the tube

119-124

Authors: V. Kyryliuk, V. Krychkivskyi, N. Kovalchuk

The results of researches of influence of the protracted application of the different systems of basic till of soil and fertilizer are presented on basic conformities to law and parameters of changes of the structural state that took place in an arable layer. It is educed that on a background a organic-mineral fertilizer for 20 years place improvement of structuralness of arable layer on 4,5-6,0 % by the greatest index for the moldboard systems. On a background a mineral fertilizer for this period the decline of amount of structuralness aggregates is marked from 0,1 % and chisel systems to 0,6 % and moldboard. In middle for 20 replacement of ploughing nonmoldboard tills on a background a organic-mineral fertilizer resulted in the decline of structuralness of arable layer on 2,0–8,0 %. On a background a mineral fertilizer a tendency was kept, though with some more subzero values, and to the organic-mineral background declines folded 0,1–3,7 %. Amount agronomical valuable aggregates in soil depended on the amount of debrises, evenness of their placing on an arable layer and from intensity of loosening. From time of sowing to the harvest the structuralness of soil got better with the greatest positive effect in sowing of mustard white, some more subzero, - to soy and most subzero - wheat winter-annual and at permanent advantage of background of organic-mineral fertilizer above mineral

133-140

Authors: N. Hrytsiuk, A. Bakalova, G. Ribitska, Ya. Denysiuk, O. Liubakivskyi

The epiphytotic development of the most dangerous diseases causes significant crop losses among grain crops, particularly oats. These diseases include root and crown rot, smut diseases, and crown rust. The grain shortage caused by these diseases can reach 15–40 %. Modern oats protection from diseases is considered to be an important condition for obtaining a high quality harvest. The pre-sowing treatment of seeds with fungicides is an integral part of intensive grain growing technologies. Our research was aimed at studying the effectiveness of pre-sowing seeds treatment with fungicides in combination with micro fertilizers, and their action on the disease resistance and oats productivity. The production experiment investigated into the impact of fungicides in combination with micro fertilizers on sowing qualities, seed damage, disease resistance and yield of oats. The complex treatment of oats seeds with Vincyt 050CS (6 l/t) and Oracul (solution, 1.0 l/t) as well as Fundazol (wettable powder, 2.4 l/t) and Oracul (solution, 1.0 l/t) led to the increase in germination energy by 4.2 % and 5 % and laboratory germination by 3 % and 4.2 % respectively. The pathogen damage decreased by 23–24 % (Alternaria spp. species), 9–11 % (Fusarium spp. species), and 4 % (Bipolaris soroziniana) compared to the control variant. The separate oats treatment with fungicides Vincyt 050CS (2.0 l/t) and Fundazol (wettable powder, 3.0 l/t) as well as in combination with the micro fertilizer Oracul (solution, 1.0 l/t) proved to be an effective means in controlling common root rot and crown rust of the grain crop. During the milk-wax stage of ripeness the technical efficiency of all examined preparations against crown rust was in the range of 13.9–37.5 % (disease spread) and 21.9–48.9 % (disease development). The combined application of seed treatment with fungicides together with the micro fertilizer promoted to an increase in oats yield by 1.0 and 0.78 t/ha compared to the untreated variant

149-157

Authors: L. Horalskyi, O. Kovalchuk, I. Sokulskyi

From among a great number of digestive system diseases in domestic animals there is pancreatitis which is caused by an early zymogenesis in the acinar cells. The problem of studying the structural organization of a pancreata in sick cats is topical because of a progressive spreading of pancreatitis in domestic animals. Thus, the purpose of the research was to study out the morphological changes of cats pancreata under acute pancreatitis. Working with vertebrate animals we were guided by “European Convention for the Protection of Vertebtate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes” (Strasbourg, 1986). The results of the histological examination of cats pancreata under acute pancreatitis show some pathological changes both in endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Such changes were manifested in necrosis of exocrine pancreatitis as well as in spreading and swelling of acinar space, that testified to the infancy of an inflammatory process. Some dystrophic changes, followed by karyolysis, were found in the focus of tissue nicrosis. Pancreatocyte cytoplasm was cloudy, its basal and apical zones were obscure, clearly defined interstitial tissue swelling was found between the particles and unequal swelling was found inside the particles. Intercellular space was exaggerated. Morphometrically in a group of sick animals was detected an increase in specific weihgt of stromal component (р<0,05),which equalled 22,44±0,24%, in a control group it equalled 17,78±0,15%. Some hemorrhage and distrophicvally changed hormone- active cells as well as nonregular distribution of cells were detected under a histological examination of Langerhans islets. In most islets the cells had swelled vacuolar cytoplasm. While analyzing the morphometric indices it was stated that the cats exocrine pancreas under acute pancreatitis was 1.12 as large and occupied 48258,05±135,07 mkm2 , (97,88±0,05%). The cats endocrine pancreas under this pathology occupied 6858,85±315,05 mkm2 , (2,12±0,05%). In cats of a control group this index equalled 6784,71±285,04 mkm2 (1,95±0,06 %). The diameter of sick cats acinus as well as of Langerhans islets equalled respectively 31,85±0,05 and 71,81±2,45 mkm, which reliably (р<0,001) was 1.13 and 1.15 as large. In clinically healhty cats these indices are 28,12±0,11; 70,20±2,48 mkm

164-170

Authors: O. Dunaievska, L. Horalskyi, N. Kolesnik, I. Sokulskyi, I. Horalska

Morphological study of the phylogenetic direction allows to determine the ecological conditionality in the nature of the development of related forms and deepens their characteristics. The work aimed to study the spleen of birds of the Phasianidae family (chicken, quail) and Columbidae (pigeon). The histological preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Their morphometry was performed for establishing the features of the morphological structure of the organ. The microscopic structure of the spleen in birds of the pheasant and pigeon classes was characterized by the presence of the same components: stroma and parenchyma. The musculoskeletal system consisted of trabeculae and capsules. The pulp was divided into white and red. However, each species of bird had its own histological and morphometric features. The pulpal trabeculae were found only in chickens. The capsular trabeculae were also present in quails and pigeons. A characteristic feature of the pigeon's spleen is the association of the connecting trabeculae with the vascular ones, in which a large number of vessels were located. The lymphoid tissue of the spleen of birds was predominantly structured. However, in the pigeon's spleen, there was also unformed lymphoid tissue of varying size of various shapes. The white pulp of birds consisted of lymphoid nodules and periarterial lymphoid sheaths. Additionally, ellipsoids were found in the white pulp of the hens' spleen, and they were almost non-existent in pigeons. In pigeons, lymphoid nodules were mainly located in the subcapsular zone of the spleen and often formed conglomerated structures by merging 3–6 nodules. The musculoskeletal system is best developed in pigeons (9%). The relative area of white pulp is the largest in chickens (18.6%), red pulp – in quail (82%).In this work, we have taken the first step in elucidating the features of the morphology of the spleen of birds of different classes, for detailed analysis, our further research will focus on the study of morphophysiology of the spleen of birds in age and breed aspects

180-188

Authors: L. Horalskyi, N. Hlukhova, I. Sokulskyi

In the article, following the results of complex methods (anatomic, histologic, organometric, histometric and statistical) researches are shown the features of morphological structure and morphometric parameters of the lungs of mature rabbits. It was found out, that macro- and microscopic architecture of rabbit lungs has similar histoarchitectonics, inherent in other species of farm animals of the class "mammals" and the characteristic features of morphological structures. Lungs in clinically healthy rabbits structurally reflect the shape of thoracic cavity and gradually expand ventrally. Subsequent to the results of performed organometry, the absolute lung mass of mature rabbits is 18,05±1,32 g, relative 0,624±0,013%. The Right and left rabbit lungs are surrounded by pleural sacs (right and left): in rabbits pleural spaces of the right and left lungs are not connected. According to morphological and organometric investigations the rabbit lungs are relating to VIII type – the reduction of the superior lobe of left lung is observed, consequently right lung is more developed than left ( the length of right lung is 6,40±0,45 mm, the width – 3,54±0,30 mm, the thickness – 3,28±0,30 mm; the length of left lung is 6,84±0,40 mm; 4,18±0,30 mm and 1,52±0,30 mm relatively) and the coefficient of lung asymmetry (right to left) according to their absolute mass is 1.16. Although, rabbit lungs have dilatated base and superior. Right lung divides into four lobes – cranial (the superior), cardio, diaphragmatic and ancilla, left one divides into three lobes – the reduced superior, cardio and diaphragmatic. Histoarchitecture of lungs is formed by lobes of the lungs, that are separated by connective tissue, which contains blood and lymphatic vessels. Lung parenchyma is created by airways and respiratory divisions that blood vessels accompany to. Respiratory lung parenchyma is formed by respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar saccules, in which walls the alveolus are located and shape the alveolar tree. According to the analysis of histometry results, respiratory (breathing) lobe of lungs of experimental rabbits is 52,3± 0,62%, connective tissue base – 69,6±1,27%, and the average volume of alveolus (small, middle and big) is equal to 42,3±4,35 thousand mkm3

195-200

Authors: I. Ivaniuk, T. Ivaniuk

Vegetation of oak forests of Polissia is a synthetic and very sensitive indicator of ecological conditions of habitats. After continuous fellings of the main use, there are significant changes in the floristic composition and coenotic structure of vegetation. To preserve biodiversity, the dynamics of soil moisture (Hd), soil acidity (Rc) and the amount of mineral nitrogen in the soil (Nt) were studied on the basis of complete geobotanical descriptions of time series of forest areas with oak forests using phytoindication methods (scoring). It is established that a sharp change in soil parameters occurs immediately after the completion of felling and removal from the plantation of the main edificator - the stand. In the process of vegetation restoration, after the creation of forest oak crops, there is a gradual restoration of soil parameters. Thus, soil moisture (Hd) has the lowest values in plantations before the period of crown closure – 10.70±0.21 points, which increases significantly after the stand formation. The best-formed vegetation in oak forests of wet soils is characterized by 90-year-old cenoses in which there is a decrease in soil moisture to a minimum value – 10.30±0.12 points. The lowest soil acidity (Rc) is characteristic of maternal 120-year-old biogeocenoses – 9.50±0.10 points, the highest – 7.90±0.20 points – for 3-year-old groups. The amount of mineral nitrogen (Nt) in the soil is in the range – from 4.50±0.15 (biennial forest crops) to 4.90±0.15 points (100-year-old and 120-year-old oak biogeocenoses). Thus, during the restoration period of oak forests, the return of soil parameters to the initial values’ level characteristic of the maternal subclimax plantations is observed. In the future, research on the main trends in the restoration of environmental parameters of soils after continuous fellings and the development of methods of their use for practical purposes are promising.