Scientific Horizons

7-13

Authors: V. Moisiienko, O. Nazarchyk

During growing medicinal plants, the main condition is the correct selection of agricultural technology, because these plants require the correctness and accuracy of actions in the cultivation process. Nowadays, medicinal plants are becoming more relevant among Ukrainian agricultural producers, as sustainable profits can be obtained from the sale of medicinal raw materials. The aim of our research was to develop and improve the elements of technology for growing chamomile medicinal (Matricaria recutita L.) in the Pollyssya region of Ukraine. To establish the effect of changing the period of vegetation of the crop by sowing the plants at different sowing periods on the extension of flowering period. For these studies used a variety of chamomile medicinal Pearl Forest-steppe. We have established that the flowering period depends essentially on the sowing period, namely on the duration of the growing season. For the autumn sowing and sowing rate of 5 kg/ha, we obtained an average plant density of 710 pcs/m2, a plant growing season of 220 days and a long flowering period of up to 20 days. And with spring sowing the same norm – the density of plants was much lower – 640 pcs/m2, the growing season lasted 90 days, flowering period reached only 14 days. In terms of productivity, the autumn sowing period showed the highest yields of both the raw mass of inflorescences and the air-dry, respectively. The yield of the crude mass of autumn sowing ranges from 1.1 to 1.3 t/ha and the dry weight, respectively, from 0.5 to 0.7 t/ha. As for spring sowing, the yield was slightly lower than the previous one, as the flowering period and the growing season of the plants were generally shorter. In the future it is planned to carry out more research on the impact of agrotechnical measures on the yield of medicinal chamomile in the conditions of the Pollissya zone, where this issue has not been sufficiently studied.

22-28

Authors: G. Kotelnytska

The article presents the results of the optimized plant nutrition effecting the economic efficiency of blue lupine growing to produce grain. The purpose of our studies was to conduct the economic evaluation of the use of basic fertilizer and foliar feeding of blue lupine on sandy-loam sod-podzolic soils. The field experiments were conducted during 2016–2018 under the conditions of the Institute of Agriculture of the Polissia NAAS of Ukraine. It is established that the investigated factors have a positive effect on the productivity of blue lupine and economic indicators of the cultivation efficiency of the crop. On average, during the years of research, the yield of blue lupine was 0.98–2.54 t/ha, depending on the nutritional background and foliar nutrition. The yield of blue lupine, depending on the optimization of the main fertilizer, increases by 10.3–25 %. Depending on the foliage application in the budding phase with micro- and micro-fertilizers, the yield increase of grain varies from 0.1 to 0.74 t/ha, depending on the nutrition background. According to the results of the calculations, it is determined that the cost of blue lupine per hectare increases by UAH 18.6–6.18 thousand compared to the variant without fertilizer depending on the background of the main fertilizer and foliar fertilization. The highest net profit for growing blue lupine to produce grain was obtained by complex foliar fertilization with organo-mineral fertilizers against the background of N30P60K60 introduction into the main fertilizer. Basing on the analysis of the obtained economic indicators it is established that in the conditions of Polissia of Ukraine on sandy-loam sod-podzolic soils, the use of basic fertilizer and foliar fertilization are economically advantageous elements of the technology of growing blue lupine. Further studies should focus on the study of the optimization influence of nutritional background on blue lupine grain quality in Ukrainian Polissia.

39-45

Authors: M. Kravchuk, R. Kropivnitsky, T. Klimenko, A. Jarmolowicz, V. Kropivnitsky

The winter rye, as well as to other crops of continuous sowing which effectively suppress weeds in organic farming possesses a special role. This culture is sensitive to the competition of weeds only at early stages of development. Starting from phase of shooting it acts as an important factor of counteraction of a weed invasion in the field. The problem of our researches consisted of studying the contamination degree of a winter rye crops which was grown up without use of fertilizers and means of plants protection, depending on main ways of tillage in a crop rotation. On the basis of 3-year-old observations it was established that at prolonged use of moldboardless main ways of tillage the contamination of crops at a seedling stage of a winter rye significantly grew – by 55.1 % at usual and for 36.7 % at small moldboardless tillage in comparison with moldboard tillage. At the same time, the air-dry mass of weeds was higher on 27.7 and 43.0 % concerning control, respectively. For harvesting period of culture on option of usual moldboardless tillage to depth 18–20 cm quantity of weeds for 46 %, and on option of small moldboardless – for 30.2 % was higher, than on plowing. The greatest contamination by weeds of crops for observation years is recorded at continuous moldboardless tillage on depth of 18–20 cm. The analysis of group structure showed significant dominance of the wintering and winter weeds over other groups irrespective of a main tillage way, though the increasing tendency of summer late and rootstock weeds part at usual moldboardless is traced. The winter rye successfully competed with weeds. Phytosanitary inspection of fields did not record oppression of culture before grain-harvesting works. On the best areas of soil fertility which were created at prolonged use of usual and small moldboardless main ways of tillage the productivity was higher on 1.7 and 3.9 c/hectare or 9.3 and 21.2 %, respectively in comparison with control. Perspectives of further researches are connected with specification of a winter rye productivity models which is grown up in the system of traditional and organic farming.

54-60

Authors: V. Palіychuk, V. Kulykivskyi, V. Borovskyi

Improving the quality of short flax fiber produced by domestic flax processing enterprises is an urgent scientific and technical task for the entire flax industry of the country. The aim of the article is to study and improve existing processes of scrapping waste processing by quantifying the influence of technological factors on the quality indicators of short flax fiber. The main tasks are to intensify the scrapping waste treatment process to develop an optimal technological scheme for producing short flax fiber. The methods of mathematical planning of the experiment were used to determine the influence of the main process parameters on the quality of the resulting short fiber. To control the percentage of scutch, the processed material, in the shaking part of the tow scutcher flax unit, the rotation speed of the scutching drums was changed using a variation, as well as by setting pulleys of different sizes. At the same time, the rotation frequency of the drive shaft of the feed conveyor was changed by replacing the sprockets. The mathematical models have been obtained of the dependence of the content of the scutch in the short fiber and the breaking load of the twisted tape on the number of repeated treatments of the scrapping wastes of the tow scutcher flax unit, the departure of the needles and their magnitude on the shaking machine, the number of needle vibrations, the moisture content of the raw materials after the drying machine and the speed of the scutching drums. To increase the strength of the twisted ribbon of short flax fiber, you need to strive to reduce the sweep angle of the needles and higher rotational speeds of the scutching drums. The degree of removal of weed impurities and scutch is growing, which improves the grinding of fibers, which means that in per unit section of the tape there will be more pure flax fibers. In order to achieve the smallest value of the content of the scutch in the short fiber, which is produced, it is necessary to choose large values of the number of oscillations of the needles of the shaker machines, the departure of the needles above the surface of the grate, the number of revolutions of the scutching drums and the moisture content of the raw materials should be minimal. The number of repeated treatments of scrapping wastes has a positive effect on reducing the content of scutch in short flax fiber. An increase in the rotation speed of scutching drums and the number of repeated processing of the material adversely affects the breakage of the yarn obtained from short fiber. The resulting flax fiber can be in its pure form processed into bulk insulation, cellulose, technical wool or composites with their corresponding physical and mechanical properties. The prospects for further research include the modernization of technological equipment with differentiation of scrapping waste by the content of the scutch when they are received and pneumatically transported to the next processing stage.

71-78

Authors: O. Galatyuk, T. Romanyshyna, A. Lakhman, O. Lysenko, V. Shimanska

The activity of experimental disinfectant against pathogenic bee enterobacteria is shown in the article. Since the use of antibiotics in beekeeping is prohibited in Ukraine, the main task for epizootologists is to prevent the occurrence of infectious bees diseases. The use of new disinfectants and increased veterinary measures on apiaries will contribute to the prevention of bees enterobacteriosis. It has been established that the main causative agents of bee enterobacteriosis are bacteria of the species Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Enterobacter Aerogenes. The aim of our work was to determine the effect of iodine-containing disinfectant on bee cultures of enterobacteriaceae. We found that the disinfectant under study has a significant bacteriostatic effect on Klebsiella Pneumoniae microorganisms at concentrations from 1:100 to native, and a slight bactericidal effect at concentrations from 1:10 to native state. It was also investigated that the present agent has a bacteriostatic effect on Enterobacter Aerogenes microorganisms at concentrations from native state to 1:10, but no bactericidal effect was found. It is known that an important condition for disinfectants is to maintain its activity for a long time. That`s why the next stage of the research was to determine the resistance of the disinfectant depending on the storage time of the drug. We found out that after 14 days of storage of the disinfectant its antimicrobial activity plummets, especially to microorganisms of Enterobacter Aerogenes species, where both bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity were absent. And on bacteria of the Klebsiella Pneumoniae species the drug retained a slight bacteriostatic effect and the diameter of the growth inhibition zone was 10 and 8 mm (in dilutions from native to 1:5). It was shown that the experimental disinfectant effect had both bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects, but it is insufficient for the beehives, frames and beekeeping equipment disinfection in case of enterobacteriosis on apiaries. The activity of the major disinfectant components needs to be improved and investigated. We also recommend to pay attention to the factors that determine the antimicrobial potency of iodine and selenium compounds.

89-95

Authors: І. Ligomina, V. Sokolyuk, S. Furman, D. Lisogurska, O. Lisogurska

The article is presented many scientific papers, which comprehensively covered violations of D-vitamin and phosphorus-calcium metabolism devoted to pathology of metabolism in young cattle. A characteristic feature of most of these diseases is that they are mostly hidden the stage of flow at which the developing pathobiochemical disorders, back even to the stage of pathognomonic symptoms. The aim of the work was to study the distribution, etiology, clinical and biochemical status of calves with D-hypovitaminosis in one of the farms in Zhytomyr Polissya region. As the materials for the study there were used clinically healthy and 1-3 months old calves with clinical signs of rickets. There were studied keeping and feeding conditions of animals. There were conducted clinical and experimental studies. Diagnosis and distribution of D-hypovitaminosis in 1–3 months old calves have been studied using clinical and laboratory methods. It was established that D-hypovitaminosis in calves is widespread on the farm. There was found that 45.8% of animals showed subclinical course and 24.1% – clinical course of the disease. The pathology was more often recorded during the winter and spring time. The main etiological factors of the disease in calves there were hypodynamia and insufficient insolation of animals, low availability of cholecalciferol (25.8 %), impaired calcium-phosphorus ratio (2.7–4.2: 1 vs. normal values 1.5–2.0:1), deficiency of trace elements – Cobalt, Zinc, Copper, which were provided 57,6, 85,6 and 96,2 % of the need, respectively. Characteristic symptoms of the disease in calves are suckering, allotriophagia, thickening of the wrist joints, partial resorption of the last ribs and tail vertebrae, shaky teeth. The most informative laboratory tests for the diagnosing of the rickets are the determination in blood serum of cholecalciferol, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase activity and its bone isoenzyme.

105-114

Authors: V. Borschenko, O. Lavryniuk, S. Farafonov, D. Kucher, V. Daniluk

The article deals with the use of parameters of fodder behavior of cattle and productive characteristics of herbage for the purpose of rational use of pasture. As a result of the review of literary sources on technological aspects of feeding of ruminants, an analysis of the current status of the study of issues related to the organization of the use of pastures in dairy cows during the summer is made. In particular, the main parameters and factors that determine the conditions of their nutrition on the pasture are analyzed: productive characteristics of the grass, peculiarities of feeding behavior of animals, duration of grazing of animals, etc. It was found that only the maximum consideration of the abovementioned parameters in the planning of grazing can provide a high level of productivity of animals in pastures. Analyzing literary sources in the direction of technological aspects of the use of natural lands with ruminants, it has been established that pasture is an integrated system whose rational use requires special knowledge and skills that provide an assessment of animal nutrition conditions and, if necessary, the planning of their feeding. This paper examines the results of experimental studies on pastures that allow a clearer idea of the relationship between animal feed behavior, grass field performance, feed consumption and animal productivity, and also discusses the main models used to predict feed intake. The article notes that in most studies, attention is focused mainly on qualitative indicators of herbage, on the indicators of its nutritional value, and practically does not pay attention to the supply of feed, productive indicators of herbs (considering that in the presence of high–quality pasture grass the animals will be able to eat enough feed), which ultimately leads to an underestimation of animal feed intake, and therefore to a decrease in their productivity. That is why, under such a traditional approach, it is not possible to adequately assess the conditions of feeding animals, and therefore rationally organize their feeding. In this regard, the article analyzes in detail the influence of the productive indices of grassland pastures on feed consumption and animal productivity. Thus, estimation of feeding conditions of cows on pastures should be carried out precisely through the prism of features of animal feed behavior, productive characteristics of herbs, which will allow to provide effective recommendations for the rational use of such kind of grounds by animals.