Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review

647–661

Authors: Hautala R.

Research objectives: To analyze the information contained in diverse written sources about the early Jochid conquests which preceded the start of Batu’s western campaign in Eastern Europe (1236–1242) and to discuss the role in the implementation of these military campaigns that each of these diverse sources ascribes to Chinggis Khan’s eldest son, Jochi, and his progeny. Research materials: The author exclusively used written and already published sources – namely: Arabic works of Ibn al-Athir and Qaratay al-Izzi al-Khaznadari (the work of the latter author is often mistakenly attributed to Ibn Wasil); Persian works of al-Nasawi, Juzjani, Juwayni, and Rashid al-Din; the Mongolian Secret History of the Mongols and the Chinese official annals Yuan Shi and Shengwu qinzheng lu; Latin accounts on two travels of the Dominican Julian to pre-Mongol Eastern Europe, subsequent Latin reports by John of Plano Carpini and C. de Bridia on the first European diplomatic mission to the Mongol Empire, as well as the bulls of Pope Gregory IX regarding the situation in the Balkans during the arrival of the first Qipchaq refugees from the Mongols; the Greek works of George Akropolites, Ephraim, and Nicephorus Gregoras regarding the same situation in the Balkans, as well as a fragment from the Life of St. Louis by Jean de Joinville. Research novelty: Based on Christopher Atwood’s successful results in comparing the pro-Toluid sources with those written outside the Toluid courts, a similar method is employed here for Jochi’s last campaign as well as for the early campaigns of his successor, Batu. Research results: A comparison of both types of sources allows us to trace the delibe­rate understatement of the role of the Jochids in the pro-Toluid sources. As well, we are able to restore their real role, based on information from parallel sources.

675–713

Authors: Dzhanov A.V.

Research objectives: To provide an introduction to the scholarly circulation of an improved transcription and Russian translation of the Tatar-Genoese treaties dated to 1380–1381 which were concluded between the Golden Horde’s rulers of Solkhat and representatives of the administration of Genoese Caffa. Research materials: The Tatar-Genoese treaties of 28 November 1380 and 23 February 1381. Results and novelty of the research: This paper introduces the improved transcription and translation into Russian of the Tatar-Genoese treaties signed during the most difficult period in the Golden Horde history which followed the defeat of Mamai’s troops at Kulikovo and the subsequent ascension of Toqtamïsh Khan. The texts of the agreements are literal translations from the Turkic original into the spoken Ligurian language (dialetto). Some elements of the text reflect the standard form of the yarliqs (decrees) of local rulers of the Golden Horde which have been preserved, particularly within Venetian documents. The treaty of 1380 contains the name of the previously unknown khan of the Golden Horde, Konak-Bey. The main concession to the Genoese was the transfer of eighteen casalias (rural communities) of Soldaia and an unspecified number of casalias of Gotia. In the treaty of 1381, three casalias of Cembalo were added to the previous concession.

737–752

Authors: Pochekaev R.Yu.

Research objectives: This article contains a characteristic of the jurisprudence in the Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi). The author considers basic stages of development of the Golden Horde’s jurisprudence and uncovers its scholarly centers located within its territory. Research materials: This research was carried out on the basis of the classical and most recent works on the history of the Golden Horde and its specific aspects (including those that began to be studied by specialist only recently). It was also based on the sources including those which were introduced into scholarly circulation relatively recently; for example, works of medieval eastern authors that were not previously known to a wide range of researchers or were not typically employed as sources on the history of the Golden Horde. Novelty of the research: Following the example of specific scholars (specialists and lecturers in law), the author characterizes basic directions of the development of the Golden Horde’s jurisprudence, while analyzing academic contacts of the Golden Horde’s scholars and the process of “academic mobility”. Also, the author pays attention to the Golden Horde rulers’ support of jurisprudence and the reasons behind its flourishing in the first half of the fourteenth century and its decline by the beginning of the fifteenth century. Research results: The author has found that the Golden Horde’s jurisprudence was undoubtedly part of jurisprudence of Islamic Eurasia in general, but at the same time had specific “Golden Horde” features. These determined the basic stages and directions of its development and even had an influence on the life and activity of specific scholars. It provides justification to speak of the original character of the Golden Horde’s jurisprudence and perspectives in regard to its further research: the study of the Golden Horde’s written monuments (legal and non-legal), biographies of specific scholars, etc.

771–783

Authors: Vorotyntsev L.V.

Research objectives: To study Russian-Horde relations in the period of formation of Russian principalities’ dependence on the Mongol Empire and the ulus of Jochi – a historical phase connected with a 1246 trip of a Russian prince and the widow of his elder brother to Batu. This elder brother, Prince Andrei, had been executed earlier by the Mongols. The aim of the work is to clarify the causes and consequences of the conflict situation that arose as a result of the refusal of Andrei of Chernihiv’s relatives to permit a marriage “according to the Tatar custom”. Research materials: Russian chronicles and collections of Church law (Just Measure, canonical answers of Metropolitan John II [1080–1089]), the so-called “Books of the Pilot”, princely statutes (Statute of Prince Yaroslav of the Church courts), religious letters, the Lyubetsky Synod, as well as some Latin and Muslim sources. Results and novelty of the research: Based on an analysis of the information contained in Old Russian sources of Church law, chronicles, princely religious letters, the reports of the papal diplomat John of Plano Carpini and accompanying representatives of the Franciscan mission, C. de Bridia and Benedict of Poland, as well as sources containing information about the legal norms and customary law of the Mongols (e.g. the travel accounts of William of Rubruck, Marco Polo, and Ibn Battuta), the author comes to the following conclusions: Batu’s demand for marriage between the widow and younger brother of the previously executed Prince Andrei Mstislavovich of Chernihiv “according to the custom of Tatars” fully corresponded to Mongol customary law. However, it came into sharp contrast with two canonical prohibitions of Russian Church law: the ban on marriages of closely related individuals and marriage without a Christian wedding. Possible practical reasons for the Mongol marriage demand could include the desire of the authorities of the ulus of Jochi to exclude the younger brother of Prince Andrei from the number of contenders to rule the Chernihiv Principality, the desire to test the political loyalty of applicants for the inheritance of the executed prince, and an aim to eliminate the dual rule which was ostensibly established in the Chernihiv Principality after the death of its previous ruler. The refusal of the brother and widow of Andrei of Chernihiv to comply with the Batu’s demand caused a strong reaction of the Horde’s authorities, ending in a ritual of forced marriage. This ritual was accompanied by a series of humiliating processes, one of the likely goals of which was to demonstrate to the Russian ruling elites the priority of Mongol legal norms over the legal norms of states that were politically dependent on the Jochids.

808–821

Authors: Salikhov R.R., Iskhakov R.R.

Research objectives: To study the migration of the serving Tatars of Meschera and their economic development of the “wild field” in the southern Cis-Volga region’s “Hill Bank Land” in the context of the military confrontation with the Nogais at the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries. Research materials: Bibliographic and archival materials about the military border service of the Meshchera Tatars and their colonization of the territory of the former Nogai nomads in the Volga region. Results and novelty of the research: The authors studied the military confrontation bet­ween the serving Tatars of the Arzamas and Alatyr districts and the Nogai detachments at the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries. This process became the reason for the resettlement of large groups of Tatars on the territory of the Volga region. The serving Tatars of Meschera began to populate lands on a massive scale in the southern Cis-Volga region after their military clashes with the Nogais in 1571, 1577, 1581, 1593–1594, 1612, 1614, 1620, and after the construction of the city of Simbirsk and the Karsun-Simbirsk defensive line. Today, these territories include the Drozhzhanovsky, Buinsky, Tetyushsky districts, and part of the Kaibitsky district in the Republic of Tatarstan. An important historical event in this process was the defeat of the Nogais in 1612 by the serving Alatyr Tatars and Mordovians under the leadership of Bayush Rozgildeev and Yamash Mangushev. It was during this period that the serving Tatars began to receive estates in the “Dikoe pole” (”Wild field”). The settlement of the region called “Gornaya storona” (“Hill Bank Land”) by serving Tatars continued during the seventeenth and first half of eighteenth century. At this time, there was a shift in the social status of the serving Tatars that was associated with their transfer to the department of the Kazan Admiralty. This was called the Lashman Service. Due to the economic activity of the Tatar landowners, the southern Cis-Volga region became a developed agricultural region in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, with a wide cooperative peasant trade and the establishment of various crafts. In conclusion, the military border campaign against the Nogais and other nomads in which the Meschera Tatars participated was a powerful stimulus for the formation of one of the key ethnocultural centers of the Tatar people.

838–843

Authors: Togabayeva G.

The seventieth birthday commemoration of the outstanding representative of Hunga­rian Turkic studies, Professor Mária Ivanics, was held 11 September 2020, at 11 a.m., in the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences building at the University of Szeged in Hungary. Professor Ivanics’s many friends, colleagues, and students gathered to congratulate her and pay tribute to her professional achievements. The Vice Dean of the faculty, Klára Sándor, Academician András Róna-Tas (in absentia), Professor Sándor Papp, and Professor István Zimonyi spoke in honor of Professor Ivanics. Among these presenters, Professor István Zimonyi, the head of the Department of Altaic Studies and the Department of Medieval History, spoke on behalf of the former department about Ivanics’ academic career and presented the volume Ottomans–Crimea–Jochids: Studies in Honour of Mária Ivanics, in which leading Hungarian and foreign scholars and young researchers published papers dedicated to her. This Festschrift presents various aspects of the development of Turkic culture and languages, Turkic­Hungarian relations (including Ottoman-Hungarian relations), as well as the history and culture of the Ottoman Empire and the Golden Horde. It contains 29 works by scholars from universities in Germany, Russia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, and Hungary. The collected articles are presented in five languages – English, German, Russian, Hungarian, and Turkish.