Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review

14–28

Authors: Nikolov A.

By the end of the 13th century, when the Tatar-Mongols were already well-known in Latin Europe, several experts in the Near East affairs tried to specify the real place of the Tatars of the Golden Horde and the Ilkhan Horde in the complicated geopolitical complex, related to the struggle for the liberation of the Holy Land and the Holy Sepulchre from the “yoke of the Saracens”. The experts had to explain to the Western European elites how they should perceive the two Western uluses of the formerly united Mongol Empire of the Chinggisids. The relations with the Golden Horde and the Ilkhans of Iran appeared to be of crucial importance for the liberation and preservation of the Holy Land. Thus, two images of the Tatars took shape gradually: that of potential enemies in the case of the Golden Horde, and the possible allies in the case of the Ilkhans. This text is dedicated to several treatises of these propagandists, unified under the title and the slogan De Recuperatione Terrae Sanctae. The main focus is on the treatises of Hayton of Corycus (“Flower of the Histories of the Orient”) and of Marino Sanudo Torsello (“The Secrets of the Faithful to the Cross”), where we could find extremely interesting information on the Western European image of the Tatars. Several other excerpts are included in the text, namely passages from the treatises of William Adam (“How to exterminate the Saracens”), Pseudo-Brocardus (“A Guideline of Organization of a Crusade”) and the founder of this genre – Fidenzio di Padova (“A Book for the Recovery of the Holy Land”), where the political and military tendencies are defined very clear. The evolution of the image of the Tatar-Mongols developed from “children of the Tartar” to “bonnes sauvages” and “global rulers”, that are able to handle even the holy cause of the liberation of the Promised Land of the Christian people.

54-70

Authors: Zilivinskaya E.

The article analyzes the religious monuments of the Golden Horde. It addresses such categories of buildings as mosques, minarets, madrasahs, khanaka and mausoleums. Objects monumental architecture quite clearly reflect the different traditions in the addition of multi-component urban culture of the Golden Horde. Analysis plan of the mosques, the main structures of the Muslim city, showed that all the currently known Juma Mosque of the Golden Horde had a basilica plan. Such a plan which has been adopted in Asia Minor, namely, in Anatolia, where similar mosque became widespread in the Seljuk period. Asia Minor had the appearance and minarets. Disposition of the mausoleums is quite diverse. They were built under the influence of architectural schools of Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Khorezm and nomadic traditions. In spite of the presence of various building traditions and innovations, principles of cult institutions’ planning were uniform all over the Golden Horde, which implies the elaboration of a single, though eclectic in details, architectural style.

92-106

Authors: Trepavlov V.V..

Lithuanian Metrica contains a lot of information on the Turkic khanates of Eastern Europe of the 15th–16th centuries. It consists mainly of documents related to foreign relations of the Polish-Lithuanian State and covers its contacts primarily with the Crimean Yurt. In Lithuanian Metrica can be also found valuable information about the Great Horde and the Nogai Horde. Information reflecting contacts of Vilna and Cracow with Kazan and Astrakhan khanates is also presented in metrica although very fragmentary. The Polish-Lithuanian State inherited policy of Vilnius rulers in relation to the khans. This policy emerged in the era of the weakening and disintegration of the Golden Horde during the reign of the Grand Dukes Algirdas and, especially, Vytautas and was expressed in the form of patronage of deposed Tokhtamysh and his children. Later it continued in contacts with the Crimean Girays and (until the beginning of the 16th century) with the khans of Great Horde. In respect of the Golden Horde, the documents of Lithuanian Metrica contain separate memories of participants of diplomatic correspondence concerning order that once existed in this State. In general, such memories occur both as references to the deeds and decrees of the former Horde’s “tsars” justifying the legitimacy of the current policies, and as norms of relations adopted at the time, presented as a model to be followed by descendants. The memory of the Horde-Lithuanian relations of the 13th – the first half of the 15th centuries are reflected in the materials of Lithuanian Metrica in the form of an equally abstract references to the relationship that existed in the times of ancestors. Tatar and Polish-Lithuanian side constantly referred to the relationship of the “brotherhood”, i.e. status equality, which were established between the Grand Duke Algirdas and Vitautas and king Casimierz on the one hand, and the Horde khans on the other. The documents contained in Lithuanian Metrica seem to be a necessary element of the source base for the study of the later Golden Horde and ‘post-Horde’ khanates of the 15th–16th centuries (and of the 17th century for Crimea).

117-134

Authors: Maslyuzhenko D.N.

In 2014, I.M. Mirgaleev published a part of the work of Ötemish Hajji’s Continuator. This part is devoted to the history of the Siberian Shibanid dynasty whose activity is known only by very few written sources. So, the introduction of a new work requires a source analysis undertaken in this article. A significant part of this work is devoted to the genealogy of the Shibanids, where special attention is paid to descendants of Bek Konda oglan. All rulers of Tyumen and Siberian Yurts originated exactly from these descendants. The author often confuses the degree of relationship, and also distorts the names of some representatives of the dynasty. Despite this, the majority of these names correspond to other sources on this issue. At the same time, Continuator leads a genealogical list not only up to the children of Tyumen khan Ibrahim but also includes his grandchildren and great grandchildren. A detailed listing of the recent descendants indicates that Continuator got information from one of the representatives of the dynasty. His informants could be the descendants of khan Kuchum, who proved to be on the territory of the Moscow State in the beginning of the 17th century. Continuator’s narrative is also similar to the content of Siberian chronicles in relation to such details as the reign in Kazan of khan Ibrahim and the degree of relationship between Kuchum and Muhammad Kul. At the same time, the author does not always adequately describe the specific borders of Shibanid uluses. He attributes the power in the territory of Volga-Oka interfluve to both khan Haji Muhammad (ruled in 1420s) and his distant descendant Kuchum. In general, Continuator was not familiar with the history of Siberian possessions of this dynasty and the events of the 15th century paying special attention to the affairs of the Volga region and Central Asian. Simultaneously, the author reports such unknown historical events as the Hajji Muhammad’s capture of the city of Tura, future center of Tyumen khanate. However, for the middle of the 16th century, a series of reports by this author are of unique nature. This concerns information both on submission by khan Murtaza of Maverannahr territory and about the wars of Kuchum on the Syr Darya in the region of Otrar. This information highlights the Central Asian policy of Siberian Shibanids and points to the considerable extent of their possessions during the 15th–16th centuries. Unlike other Tatar authors, Continuator relates the collapse of the Siberian Shibanids state and seizure of its territory by the Russians not to Kuchum but to his son Ali.

151-168

Authors: Khrapunov N.I., Khrapunova S.N.

The paper analyses the account of Tataria collected by famous English adventurer John Smith. In 1602, Smith, a mercenary in Transylvania, was captivated by pillagers and, later, sold into slavery. In spring of 1603 he found himself a slave somewhere in the Azov Sea Area, in the land of the Crimean Khanate. A few months later, Smith succeeded to escape, he reached the Moscow czar’s country, and whence returned to Transylvania. Twenty years after, Smith published his life story in short (1625) and then long version (1630). A considerable part of the story was the account of the author’s adventures among the Turks and the Tatars. Smith widely used other travellers’ accounts (William Biddulph, Antony Jenkinson, William of Rubruck, and Martin Broniovius), collected by famous Samuel Purchas, the first publisher of Smith’s own story. Now we can determine original materials by Smith, based on his personal experience, which describe the Crimean Khanate’s daily life and warfare.

188-206

Authors: Zaytsev I.V.

The article considers the contents of the letter addressed by Nogai biy Urus (1576) to the Tsar Ivan IV. The letter refers to the lands that paid to the Nogais some “compensation” before they ended under the power of Moscow. According to the author of the present article, this text refers to a division of the Kazan Khanate in the number of administrative units with unequal status: the core of the Khanate – the “yurt of Bulgar tsar” (that is, apparently, actual Kazan, the khan’s domain), and two princely yurts – the Arsk principality and lands of the principality, which belonged to princes Ali-Bey and Altyn-Bey before the arrival of Ulugh-Muhammad. Most likely, these lands were situated south of Bolghar at the left bank of the Volga, on the territory of modern Ulyanovsk region and, possibly, partly at the right bank, near Tetyushi. The Arsk land enjoyed a special independent (or semi-independent) position during the Bulgar time (Arsaniya land). This division of the Kazan Khanate into three parts is reflected not only in the analyzed text, but also elsewhere, particularly, in the Russian chronicles.

216-225

Authors: Seleznev Yu.V.

This article contains a review of two monographs by A.G. Yurchenko. In both monographs Yurchenko explores religious situation in the ulus of Jochi in the 13th–15th centuries. The author of duologue analyzes the structure of everyday life in the Horde State during the 13th–14th centuries, reflecting the ratio of its religious and administrative bases. Yurchenko comes to a conclusion about the existence of a more complex structure of the Horde society in terms of the confessional and political structure of the ulus of Jochi. According to the arguments presented by Yurchenko, one can conclude that the complex social structure preserved even after the Uzbek’s adoption of Islam. At the same time, the imperial “vertical of power” based on nomadic tradition and corresponding rituals changed slowly and reluctantly. However, at the highest administrative level, among the Horde elite, belonging to the Muslim faith became mandatory, and only this affiliation allowed to occupy senior posts in the State. This status of religious doctrine within the political system can justifiably be called a State ideology or religion of the State. At the same time, aspects highlighted by Yurchenko (a model of nomadic State, where religious institutions are separated from the State, and sacral-religious, philosophical discourses of sources on the history of the Horde) deserves attention and further development. To understand the current of social processes within the ulus of Jochi during the 13th–15th centuries, to get closer to scientific knowledge of the real history of the Horde, one should critically deal with the sources and consider the Horde’s reality through the prism of ideologico-religious and philosophical doctrines of the time, especially, in the Middle Ages. This article provides additional arguments both in favor of conceptual constructions of the author and in their rebuttal as well. Author of the review finds it necessary to carefully and critically deal with information of medieval sources on the history of the Horde, taking into account conclusions proposed by Yurchenko.

227-230

Authors: Aksanov A.V.

The round table “Princely ‘Yurts’ of the Kazan Khanate” took place in Kazan on May 19, 2015. The round table was organized by the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates (Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan) and the All-Russian State library for foreign literature. I.M. Mirgaleev (Cand. Sci. in History), Head of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates (Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan), acted as the moderator of the event. I.V. Zaytsev (Dr. Sci. in History), Research Associate of Institute of Oriental studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Deputy Director-General for Science of Bakhchisaray historical, cultural and archaeological museum-reserve (Moscow, Bakhchisaray), submitted his report on the subject: “Princely ‘Yurts’ of the Kazan Khanate”. The discussion of the report was attended by: R.S. Khakimov, Doctor of Historical Studies, Academician of the Academy of Science of RT, Director of the Sh.Marjani Institute of History of AN RT; D.M. Iskhakov, Doctor of Historical Studies, Leading Research Fellow of the Sh.Marjani Institute of History of AN RT; I.M. Mirgaleev, Cand. Sci. in History, Head of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates of AS RT; I.A. Mustakimov, Cand. Sci. in History, Head of the Sector of scientific use of archival documents and international relations of the Main Archive Department under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan; employees of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates of AS RT: B.R. Rakhimzyanov, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; A.V. Aksanov, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; T.F. Khaydarov, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; E.G. Sayfetdinova, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; L.F. Baybulatova, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; and also graduate students of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates. The text of the report is included, with some additions, in the present issue of the Golden Horde Review (see: Zaitsev I.V. Princely “Yurts” of Kazan Khanate). Generally, the roundtable participants criticized the thesis presented by I.V. Zaytsev of a three-part structure of the Kazan Khanate. According to opponents, the Khanate had a more complex structure, as evidenced by the chronicles and diplomatic documents. For example, report of the official chronicles for 1469 was presented as a counterargument, which recorded names of six eastern uluses of the Kazan Khanate. The roundtable participants did not agree with identification of “Ardabaev yurt” with the Arsk land, but they found a compelling correlation of “Alibaev and Altybaev yurts” with lands located south of Bolghar. As a result of the discussion the participants came to the conclusion that the problem of administrative-territorial organization of the Kazan Khanate requires more detailed study, involving the widest possible range of sources.