Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Experimental Therapeutics

541-551

Authors: Afrina Mustari , Mahabub Alam , Mohammad Alam Miah , Khaled Mahmud Sujan , A.G.M.Sofi Uddin Mahamud , Emdadul Haque Chowdhury

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a potentially hazardous substance and is extensively used in manufacturing industries as a plasticizing agent. The current research intended to determine the revival actions of zinc (Zn) and folic acid (FA) on hematological parameters and hepatorenal function in BPA-exposed male albino mice. A total of 75 adult male mice, aged 25 to 28 days, were split into 5 groups. Group A (control group) received a normal diet, while a daily dosage of 50 mg BPA/kg body weight (BW) in the diet was provided to groups B–E. Groups C, D, and E received daily supplementation of 10 mg Zn/kg BW, 3 mg FA/kg BW, or both in the feed. After 12 weeks of treatment, serum was prepared by collecting blood, and the kidney and liver were taken for a histotexture study. The results demonstrated that hematological values dropped significantly (p< 0.05) in the BPA-treated group and increased following Zn and FA supplementations, while no significant alterations in erythrocyte indices were observed among control and treated groups. The BPA group used to have significantly (p< 0.05) higher liver and kidney biomarkers levels, which were restored by Zn and FA. The effects of BPA administration included severe hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis, as well as renal tubule epithelium loss, all of which were improved by Zn and FA. Hence, the findings suggest that combination of Zn and FA could be potential preventative agents against BPA-induced toxicity.

564-574

Authors: Sayedatun Nesa Sumaia , Riyan Al Islam Reshad , Fawzia Tabassum , Sabrina Khan Mim , Mohammad Golam Rob Mahmud , Chowdhury Muhammad Omar Faruque , Gokul Chandra Biswas , Md. Faruque Miah

Newborn screening (NBS) plays a crucial role in identifying and managing congenital disorders, ultimately leading to improved infant health outcomes. This study aims to assess the current practices of newborn screening in Bangladesh, focusing on the perspectives of healthcare professionals, and identifying potential implications for enhancing infant health. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with healthcare professionals involved in newborn care across various healthcare settings. Findings indicate that newborn screening practices in Bangladesh face several challenges, including limited awareness among healthcare professionals, inadequate infrastructure and resources, and the absence of a comprehensive national screening program. Furthermore, financial constraints, cultural beliefs, and social barriers contribute to the low utilization of screening services by families. The perspectives of healthcare professionals shed light on potential strategies to address these challenges and improve newborn screening practices in Bangladesh. These strategies include enhancing healthcare professionals' knowledge and skills through training programs, increasing public awareness about the importance of newborn screening, strengthening healthcare infrastructure and accessibility, and implementing a comprehensive national screening program. The implications of improving newborn screening practices are significant. Early detection of congenital disorders through NBS enables timely interventions, leading to reduced morbidity, mortality, and long-term disabilities in infants. Enhanced screening practices can also contribute to reducing the burden on healthcare systems by preventing complications associated with undiagnosed conditions and enabling more cost-effective management. This study highlights the need for comprehensive efforts to address the challenges faced in newborn screening practices in Bangladesh. By incorporating the perspectives of healthcare professionals, policymakers can develop targeted interventions to enhance newborn screening programs, thereby improving infant health outcomes and ensuring a healthier future for Bangladesh's newborn population.

584-596

Authors: Tasbir Amin , Fahd Bin Zahed

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the major heterogeneous clinical manifestations of severe respiratory failure developing in response to pathogenetic mechanisms and several inflammatory insults. The translocation of gut microbiota has a crucial impact on the pathogenesis of ARDS. Hence, a deeper understanding of the interplay of the gut microbiota would allow shedding valuable insights into both the pathogenesis of ARDS and the development of effective therapeutic interventions. Moreover, the modulation of gut-lung axis could also play a pivotal role in minimizing the lung dysbiosis with gut microbiota. There is little question that greater study of the gut-lung axis in critically ill patients is required to establish causal links between the shifted microbiota, infections, inflammation, and acute lung damage. It is worth mentioning that the lack of effective preventative measures is one of the main reasons for the increased mortality rate of 30-40% in ARDS patients. Some antibiotics and nanosized drugs showed positive results in ARDS management to some extent in pre-clinical or even first stages of clinical trials but large-scale results had been controversial. However, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) showed hopeful results in ARDS patients by facilitating both systemic and endothelial integrity. Numerous investigations have shown the immunological connection between the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory system. As the SphKs /S1P /S1PL metabolic pathway is associated with a wide variety of human illnesses (including respiratory diseases), it should come as no surprise that influencing intracellular S1P levels would have therapeutic promise in reducing the severity of lung diseases like ARDS.

610-621

Authors: Jaloliddin Abdurakhmanov , Sobirdjan Sasmakov , Shukhrat Khasanov , Oybek Ashirov , Farkhod Eshboev , Khayotjon Dolimov , Saodat Gaynazarova , Tulkin Sadullaev , Oygul Yarilkaganova , Khusan Nasriddinov , Asadali Baymirzaev , Artyom Makhnyov , Shakhnoz Azimov

Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is an enzyme involved in biosynthetic pathway of purine nucleosides. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase catalyzes the cleavage of the glycosidic bond of ribo- or deoxyribonucleosides to form the purine base and deoxyribose- or ribose-1-phosphate. The reversible reaction catalyzed by recombinant PNP of E. coli (EcPNP) has been successfully used for the synthesis of nucleoside analogues. The aim of this study was to clone and expression of recombinant PNP in Pichia pastoris. For expression of recombinant EcPNP in Pichia pastoris, a new recombinant plasmid DNA pPICZαA-PNP (4256 bp) containing the deoD gene (720 bp) amplified from E. coli strain RKMUz-221 has been cloned. The substrate specificity of the recombinant EcPNP expressed in yeast cells was studied by hydrolysis of inosine (9-beta-D-ribofuranosylhypoxanthine) to hypoxanthine and 2-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl. The fraction containing the obtained recombinant EcPNP (≈28 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE) demonstrates significant hydrolytic activity, resulting in up to a 51% hydrolysis of inosine within a 5 h timeframe. These findings suggest that the recombinant enzyme holds a promise for applications in enzymatic transglycosylation of purine-type nucleosides.

638-647

Authors: Rand Farhad , Eman Saadi Saleh , Ahmed Zuhair Alsammarraie

Excision repair cross-complementing group 2 gene (ERCC2) polymorphisms have been linked as being a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC) emergence. However, data from several studies are contradictory. To validate genetic biomarkers of the CRC, the impact of the following ERCC2 polymorphism (rs1799793 and rs238406) was examined on CRC susceptibility among sample of Iraqi population. A total of 126 subjects were enrolled in this case control study; 78 CRC patients and 48 apparently healthy individuals who are matched for age, gender, smoking status, and BMI. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for genotyping, followed by sequencing then the association between genetic polymorphisms and CRC risk was investigated. No associations were detected between ERCC2 genotypes or haplotypes and CRC susceptibility. Even though there was strong linkage disequilibrium (D′=0.82). After stratification according to demographics of the participants, no effects were observed for age, gender, smoking status, and body mass index (BMI). Taken together, the results suggest that ERCC2 polymorphisms do not influence CRC development.

659-672

Authors: Tuli Samayeta Sarkar , Shehreen Saadlee , Khan Abira , Akhteruzzaman Sharif , Sajib Abu Ashfaqur

The rise in popularity of non-caloric sweeteners (NCS) among obese and diabetic patients is due to their ability to provide a sweet taste without any caloric input. However, NCS consumption may be linked to metabolic disorders. The mechanisms behind these adverse effects are still unclear, which suggests that NCS may alter the metabolic activity of the gut microbiome, leading to enteric environmental perturbation and resulting in physiological anomalies in the host. This study investigates how Escherichia coli, a common gut microbe, reacts to three NCS, two of which come from nature (glycyrrhizin and stevioside) and one that is made artificially (sucralose). To assess the impact of these NCS, this study investigated the growth, gene expression, and metabolic pathways of E. coli under different sweetener loads. Compared to the untreated control, low amounts of glycyrrhizin made E. coli grow faster, while similar amounts of sucralose and stevioside had no or a less noticeable effect. At higher concentrations, these sweeteners slowed down or inhibited the growth of the bacteria. Thus, NCS may have dose-dependent impacts on gut microbes. After treatment with amounts that corresponded to the acceptable daily intake, the expression of key metabolic genes showed altered expression, which may potentially affect their metabolism. At different concentrations of the NCS, there were clear differences in the global metabolomic profile between the control and the different NCS treatments. Under in vitro conditions, glycyrrhizin and sucralose appeared to have a less divergent impact on E. coli growth, gene expression, and metabolism, which may suggest that these are relatively safer sugar substitutes for humans.

686-700

Authors: Dilruba Afrin , Milad Ahmed , Anik Banik , Md. Nazmul Islam Bappy , Md. Salman Sayem , Md. Masudur Rahman , Shamsunnahar Mukta , Kazi Md. Ali Zinnah , Mohammad Mehedi Hasan Khan , Sudeb Saha

The occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria is concerning the scientific community since it confers multiple drug resistance (MDR). The study investigated the prevalence of MDR-ESBL-producing Salmonella strains from shrimp in, Bangladesh. A total of 165 shrimp samples were processed from 55 shrimp specimens from different retail shops. The presence of Salmonella was confirmed by standard methods followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing. Isolates exhibiting resistance to third-generation cephalosporin were considered as Salmonella positive isolates which was later proven by the double disc synergy test. Out of the total of 39 isolates tested, 18 were found to be Salmonella positive and originated from 7 departmental stores. The remaining 21 positive isolates were obtained from the local market. The body had the highest rate of positive samples (30.91%), followed by the head (23.63%), and the tail (16.36%). Additionally, isolated Salmonella were resistant to rifampicin and cefixime but 100% susceptible to co-trimoxazole, ofloxacin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, and chloramphenicol, while ciprofloxacin showed intermediate resistance. Among the drugs tested, vancomycin, cephalexin, ampicillin, and colistin exhibited extreme resistance. Finally, while 6 of the tested isolates demonstrated resistance against the recommended cephalosporin, three of them (7.69%) were Salmonella ESBL positive in the double disc synergy test. In conclusion, the rising incidence of MDR and the developing prevalence of ESBL-positive Salmonella may put a burden on the healthcare system by limiting access to effective antibacterial drugs.

711-727

Authors: Rony Ibne Masud , Naeem Ahammed Ibrahim Fahim , Md. Liton Rana , Md. Saiful Islam , Md. Tanvir Rahman

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), also known as antibiotic resistance, is a global health crisis. Many people die from diseases caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. Artificial intelligence (AI) involves creating computer systems that can perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and language translation. AI has been successfully used in various fields, from single-cell study to space science. There is huge potential for using AI in medical science, including fighting against MDR to combat AMR. In this review, we have highlighted some of AI’s successful uses and potentiality to combat AMR for the betterment of the human race, including the basic principles of AI, available AI resources, use and scope, advantages and limitations. In addition, in this review, we also have highlighted new research areas such as AMR detection, new drug development etc. to control of AMR.