Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Experimental Therapeutics

456-472

Authors: Asmaa Abdel-Motleb, Mohamed Abdel-Aziz, Mosad Ghareeb, Maha El-Shazly

Fungal extracts are considered a promising source of bioactive compounds that represent the basic core of the drug industry. This study aimed at exploring the antimicrobial, antioxidant and larvicidal activities of three ethyl acetate extracts of three fungal isolates Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicilluim griseofulvum. These fungi were isolated from sediment samples collected in water courses of three Egyptian governorates; Giza, Qalubeya and Gharbeya, during a year from January to December 2019, molecularly identified using 18Sr RNA technique and were grown on rice medium for 14 days and extracted with ethyl acetate. GC-MS examination of the extracts led to identification of 15, 29 and 24 compounds, respectively. Hexadecanoic acid was detected as a main component in the investigated extracts. Moreover, in Folin-Ciocalteu’s assay, the tested fungal extracts showed noticeable total phenolic contents (TPCs) values of 115.84, 88.24 and 73.22, respectively for Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium griseofulvum and Fusarium oxysporum. Additionally, Aspergillus fumigatus extract exhibited strong total antioxidant capacity (TAC) value of 409.46 mg AAE/g dry extract, followed by Penicillium griseofulvum and Fusarium oxysporum extracts with TAC values of 299.28 and 281.31 mg AAE/g dry extract, respectively. All extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (G+ve bacterium), Escherichia coli (G-ve bacterium), Candida albicans (yeast) and Aspergillus niger (Fungus). Also, the extracts showed high larvicidal activity against miracidia and cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. In conclusion, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicilluim griseofulvum are excellent sources of bioactive compounds which have multiple biological effects.

487-496

Authors: Shumona Akter, Gobindo Kumar Paul, Shafi Mahmud, Md. Shamim Hossain, Md. abu Abu Saleh, Shahriar Zaman, Md. Salah Uddin

At a concentration of 4 g/L, an enteric polymer is utilized to target drug release in the small intestine and causes considerable toxicity in cells. Our ecology and ecosystem are also harmed by their non-biodegradable qualities. We isolated and identified polymer-degrading bacteria from industrial effluent in this work. The isolated strain’s morphological, biochemical, and antibiotic sensitivities were also examined. The isolated strain was found to be gram-negative, round-shaped, and non-motile in morphological tests, while biochemical tests revealed it to be negative in starch agar and TSI but positive in methyl red, mannitol salt, simmon citrate, urea agar, and catalase test. The isolated strain was highly resistant to ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. The isolated bacterium was identified as Acinetobacter sp. by 16S rRNA sequencing. Additionally, Acinetobacter sp. strains of Escherichia coli and Brevibacillus sp. were used separately to observe the degradation of five synthesized non-biodegradable polymers (maleic acid propane-1,2 diol glycerol co-polyester, maleic acid phthalic acid propane-1,2 diol glycerol co-polyester, maleic acid phthalic acid butan-1,4 diol glycerol co-polyester, phthalic acid succinic acid propane-1,2 diol glycerol co-polyester, and phthalic acid succinic acid buten-1,4 diol glycerol co-polyester. The capacity of all three strains to degrade the above-mentioned polymers was greater than 75%. E. coli, for example, had a rapid disintegration rate but was responsible for human gastrointestinal and urinary tract infections. As a result, our isolated Acinetobacter sp. can be employed to degrade synthetic polymers.

510-522

Authors: Shahnaz Siddiqua, Biswajit Sikder, Anayet Ullah, Farzana Akhter Sumi, Nasrin Akhter, Md Nurul Islam, Md Ashraful Alam

Angiotensin-II is considered as a peptide responsible for the vascular dysfunction and complications in various tissues including liver through inducing free radicle mediated oxidative stress. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ramipril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor), on oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In this investigation, rats were divided into four groups (six rats in each group): control, control +ramipril, alloxan, and alloxan+ ramipril. A single dose (90 mg/kg) of alloxan was given intra-peritoneally to induce type two diabetes. After the induction of diabetes, ramipril (10 mg/kg) was administered to each animal for 21 days. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. All animals were sacrificed at the end of the study. Blood and liver tissues were collected from each animal and stored for further biochemical studies. Liver marker enzymes and oxidative stress parameters were also assayed followed by histological examination in the liver. Alloxan administration in rats showed oral glucose intolerance and increased fasting blood glucose levels. Ramipril (10 mg/kg) treatment in alloxan administered rats improved the OGTT and lowered fasting blood glucose level. This study also revealed the elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes activities in the alloxan administered rats which were attenuated by ramipril treatment. Oxidative stress parameters such as advanced protein oxidative products (APOP), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also increased in alloxan administered rats which were diminished by the treatment of ramipril. Moreover, alloxan administration increased inflammation and fibrosis in the liver, which was further prevented by ramipril treatment. In conclusion, ramipril alleviated oxidative stress and fibrosis in the liver by suppressing oxidative stress. This investigation suggests that ACE inhibitors may be useful for treating diabetic complications and liver injury in alloxan-administered rats.

537-552

Authors: Rajeswari Gunasekaran, Samuel Jacob

A copious amount of rigid Aloe vera leaf rind (AVLR) has been produced from the aloe gel processing industries are majorly disposed as wastes since it has no commercial value. The cell wall compositional analysis revealed that significant quantity of cellulose (46% ± 0.76, w/w) and hemicellulose (18.5% ± 0.24, w/w) which justifies as potent source for bioethanol production. However, high lignin content (13.95% ± 0.45, w/w) hinders depolymerization of polysaccharides into fermentable sugars and subsequent fermentation for ethanol production. In the present study, microwave-assisted alkali (MAA) pretreatment of AVLR was performed by varying the power level (160 W, 320 W and 480 W) which showed a maximum delignification (66.38%) at 320 W. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) based characterization were performed to study the extent of delignification in AVLR biomass. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed for the liquid hydrolysate obtained after MAA pretreatment at 320 W indicated that the hydrolysate contained more of oxidized phenolic hydrocarbons that can be potentially utilized for other value-added product synthesis. A comparison of saccharification efficiency was performed using two different cellulase producers namely Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus sp. A 2.8-fold increase in sugar yield was achieved by Aspergillus sp., with a maximum saccharification of 68.5% ± 0.34 on comparing with untreated AVLR biomass. This indicates the feasibility of MAA pretreatment for AVLR biomass in order to improve the accessibility of fermentable sugars available for ethanol production.

562-576

Authors: Noor J. Al-Musawi, Suhayr Aesa Al- Qaysi , Suha J. Witwit

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous genetic disorder categorized by hyperandrogenism that affects early reproductive age in females. KISS1 has played role in regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis. It also plays a key role in human reproductive function. Imbalance-of-function mutations is often found KISS1 gene of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Blood samples were collected from 120 patients (60 control are divided into 30 normal weight and 30 obese) and (60 PCOS) females are divided into 30 normal weight and 30 obese. DNA was extracted and genotyped for KISS1 variants by HRM-PCR and measured the level of kisspeptin by ELIAS, while LH, FSH, DHEA and free testosterone by CLIA. The value of LH, Testosterone, DHEA-S and kisspeptin is elevated in the patient group, while the decline of FSH in serum level patients value, rs372790354 G > A and rs4889 G>A was associated with PCOS in dominant, recessive, co-dominant (P-value< 0.05), rs37279054 AA was not found the effect of obese group and linked with normal weight PCOS put present study no effect on the parameters, rs4889 GG/GA was the effect on all subgroups except the genotype GA not effected on obese female, the highly significant ( P-value<0.05) of rs4889 GA influenced on measured of WHR, LH/FSH ratio and DHEA-S in the patient compared to control, rs4889 GG/AA was influenced on normal-weight patient compare to an obese patient, the WHR was higher in an obese patient in both genotype. While the level of kisspeptin in normal weight with genotype AA was higher level compared to obese and (P-value<0.05). We concluded that the KISS1 levels were higher in PCOS females compared to controls and decreased with increasing BMI, KISS1 polymorphism rs372790354 G>A and rs4889 G>A may be associated with the pathophysiology of PCOS and lead to increased serum level of LH that due to hyperandrogenism.

590-604

Authors: Hayder Talib Mahdi, Rashad Fadhil Ghadhban

Chitosan nanoparticles are important materials that are widely used in many biological, engineering and food industries and are also used as plant growth stimulants as well as use as vectors for drug delivery to target cells. Whereas L-carnitine (LC) is a water-soluble compound that contributes to the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membranes and the oxidation of β-lipids. 60 male rats (Rattus Rattus) were divided into six equal groups. The first group (control group) received orally distilled water. The second group received 1ml lead acetate orally at a dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight daily for 30 days. Third group received 1ml lead acetate (30mg/kg B.W) + L-carnitine (100mg/ kg B.W. /daily). The fourth group received 1ml lead acetate (30mg/kg B.W.) + Nano L-carnitine (100mg/ kg B.W./ daily). The fifth group received 1ml of L-Carnitine orally at a dose of 100mg/ kg B.W /daily. The sixth group received 1ml of L-Carnitine-NPs orally at 100mg/ kg B.W /daily. Our findings demonstrated that exposure to lead acetate caused a significant increase in liver enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and renal function (creatinine and urea) in the lead acetate group. Whereas lead treatment increased oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Histopathological study showed significant changes in the brain (cerebellum) that disrupted the normal arrangement of the three layers, with large distances between the Purkinje cell layer and the molecular or granular layer. According to the study, we can conclude that the Nano L-Carnitine had a greater role in protecting against the effect of lead at the hematological parameters and a clear role in the protection against histopathology change of lead poisoning. L-Carnitine and Nano L-Carnitine had an active role in protecting against lead acetate toxicity.

615-622

Authors: Irawati, La Sara, Muliddin, Asriyana

This study aimed to analyze the distribution of phytoplankton abundance and its relationship with water quality in Lasolo Bay waters. The study was conducted during the West season 2020. The sample consisted of 9 stations located near the mouth of the Lasolo River (station A), coastal waters (station B) and the center part of Lasolo Bay (station C). Phytoplankton sampling was using plankton nets with 25 µm mesh size. Identification of phytoplankton used microscope and the abundance calculation by using Sedgwick Rafter Counting Cell. The results showed that there are 23 phytoplankton genera from 5 classes found, namely 12 genera of Bacillariophycea class, 5 genera of Dinophyceae class, 3 genera of Chlorophyceae class, 2 genera of Cyanophyceae class and 1 genera of Coscinodiscophyceae class. By abundance, phytoplankton compositions of the class Bacillariophyceae predominate with a percentage of 57%. The type of phytoplankton that has the highest abundance is Nitzschia sp. of 2,407 cells/l and the lowest abundance of Amphidium sp. of 1,368 cells/l. Phytoplankton abundance at station A is 41,093 cells/l, station B is 14,234 cells/l and station C is 14,735 cells/l. The distribution of phytoplankton abundance is also influenced by physical and chemical factors such as turbidity, TSS, Nitrate, and Phosphate.

634-641

Authors: Hiba Ghanem Hussain, Mohammed Isam Hasan Agha

Melia azedarach is a plant of the Meliaceae family, used worldwide in various medical fields. Because of the widespread incidence of thrombosis worldwide, especially during the coronavirus epidemic, this study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro thrombolytic effect of methanolic extracts of Melia azedarach leaves and fruits. Series of dilutions starting from 2 mg/ml to 20mg/ml were prepared from the methanolic extracts. The results showed that thrombolysis rates were between (18.7%-29.3%) for fruit extract in distilled water, (18.3%-30.1%) in phosphate buffer, (19.3%-35%) for leaves extract in distilled water and (20%-32.3%) in phosphate buffer for dilutions from 2 mg/ml to 20mg/ml. The streptokinase (positive control) had a thrombolytic effect of 47.54 % in distilled water and 44.36 % in phosphate buffer, compared to negative controls of 5.94 % and 6.34 %, respectively. Phytochemical screening found flavonoids and coumarins in leaves extract and only flavonoids in fruit extract, suggesting that the increase in thrombolytic effect may be attributed to these flavonoids and coumarins. The total phenolic content was 15.78 (mg GAE\1g) in leaves extract and 3.64 (mg GAE\1g) in fruit extract, while the total flavonoid content was 0.813 (mg QE\1g) in leaves extract and 0.17 (mg QE\1g) in fruit extract. In conclusion, these results showed that Melia azedarach has a thrombolytic effect.

654-666

Authors: Helen M. Kiti, Cromwell M. Kibiti, Cosmas N. Munga, Josiah O. Odalo, Paul M. Guyo, Samuel M. Mwamburi

The advent of resistant pathogenic bacteria and fungi across the globe is threatening the efficacy of antibiotic drugs. Thus, microbial infections are becoming a threat to life. Endophytic fungi remain a viable source of secondary metabolites with unique spectra of biological activities. This study isolated and characterized endophytic fungi from selected mangrove species of coastal Kenya and further ascertained their activities. A total of 18 fungal endophytes selected from mangrove species were investigated for antimicrobial activity against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli. Potato dextrose agar and potato dextrose broth were used for isolation, purification, and fermentation at 28oC for 7–15 days. Extraction of fungal metabolites was achieved using ethyl acetate (1:1 v/v) and ethyl acetate in 10% methanol (9:1 v/v). Solvents were recovered in a fume hood and extracts were dissolved in 1 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide. Molecular characterization completely identified 9 species, namely: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus tubingensis, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizophora nomius, Aspergillus awamori, Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus bravionivious, and Aspergillus welwitchiae. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ethyl acetate crude extracts of the most active fungal isolate, A. flavus (MT447532.1), was 0.91 ± 0.05 mg/ml and 0.82 ± 0.052 mg/ml against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. Results showed that some crude extracts of mangrove fungal endophytes from coastal Kenya are effective against bacteria, hence a promising source of novel organic natural metabolites with a possible wide range of biological activities.

676-686

Authors: A N M Rezvi Kaysar Bhuiyan, Md. Mubarack Hossain, Md. Naim Uddin, Md. Nurul Haider

Pangasius catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is popular among fish farmers of Bangladesh due to its hardy characteristics, fast growth, and its ability to survive in high densities. Many consumers love to buy this fish, especially as live condition, due to its low market price and delicious fleshy meat. Bacterial outgrowth in transport water is frequent consequence including some enteric groups like Salmonella spp. and E. coli. The study attempted to know the occurrence of Salmonella spp. and E. coli in water used during live transportation of Pangasius catfish in Bangladesh. Water samples were collected from three different Pangasius catfish transportation channels at 2 h interval on-board transportation vehicle. The collected waters were then plated onto SS and EMB agar plates and 15, 20, and 17 suspected isolates were obtained from channel 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The isolates were confirmed through PCR techniques; Salmonella spp. was found only in channel 1 while E. coli were found in all 3 sampling channels under investigation. Among the suspected isolates, 13 isolates were positive for E. coli in channel 1, while 16 in both channel 2 and 3. Among the suspected isolates, 86.54% was E. coli positive, 1.92% was Salmonella positive, and 11.54% isolates were unidentified. The results indicated that the fishes were contaminated with Salmonella spp. and E. coli species either in the culture systems or during handling and live transportation.

702-711

Authors: Tania Afrin, Md. Nazmul Haque, Md. Mohibbullah, Md. Afzal Hossain, Md. Golam Mortuza, A K M Mominul Islam, Raju Dash, Md Jamal Uddin, Il Soo Moon, Md. Abdul Hannan

In Ayurvedic system of medicine, a variety of medicinal herbs are being prescribed for brain disorders, including mental dysfunction, indifference, and memory impairment. Neuropharmacological mechanisms of these herbs are poorly understood. A total of nineteen indigenous medicinal herbs of Bangladesh were investigated for their neuropharmacological potentials, including antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and neurotrophic activities. The antioxidant activity of plant ethanolic extracts was determined based on their DPPH free radical scavenging capacity. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity was determined by the colorimetric assay based on Ellman’s method. The neurotrophic activity of plant extracts was measured based on their capacity to promote neurite outgrowth in a primary culture of hippocampal neurons. Of the herbs, Camellia sinensis, Terminalia chebula, Cinnamomum tamala, Terminalia bellirica, Phyllanthus emblica, and Curcuma longa exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity with IC50 values of <100 µg/mL. The highest anticholinesterase activity was shown by C. longa (IC50 9.37 µg/mL) followed by C. sinensis (IC50 86.01 µg/mL) and C. tamala (IC50 86.37 µg/mL). Notably, C. tamala showed the highest neurotrophic activity (an increase in the length of primary neurites by 82% compared to control), whereas C. sinensis and C. longa showed moderate activities. The neurotrophic activity of C. tamala was reported for the first time. The present findings indicate that these indigenous herbs, particularly C. tamala, C. sinensis, and C. longa possess a remarkable neuropharmacological potential and suggest that these neuroactive herbs could be used in disease-modifying therapies for brain disorders.

721-726

Authors: Abnoos Mokhtari, Roza Hasanizadeh

Gestational diabetes mellitus is a key pregnancy problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to compare the level of globulin binding hormone sex (SHBG) between diabetic pregnant women and healthy pregnant women in Kerman. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on diabetic pregnant women where diabetes was confirmed by a 2 h blood glucose tolerance test using 50 g and 100 g glucose. After completion of demographic information and midwifery records blood samples were collected from the patients and the blood glucose levels were measured. Also, SHBG was measured and finally all collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. The serum levels of SHBG were significantly lower in diabetic pregnant women as compared to the control group. However, this level reduction of SHBG in diabetic pregnant women was not significantly associated with other underlying factors and midwifery factors. Therefore, it is suggested that the serum SHBG levels can be used as an early factor in diagnosing the gestational diabetes.