Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Experimental Therapeutics

256-264

Authors: Fahim Alam Nobel, Sharmin Akter, Ruksana Akter Jebin, Titash Chandra Sarker, Md. Mizanur Rahman, Saad Al Zamane, Khairul Islam, Saima Sabrina, Nishat Akther, Ashekul Islam, Md. Rakibul Hasan, Mohammod Johirul Islam

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is considered as one of the major bacteria causing urinary tract infection (UTI) affecting millions of people worldwide. UPEC rates of high resistance towards antibiotics have increased dramatically in recent years and made treatment difficult in Bangladesh. The study intended to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of E. coli from suspected urinary tract infections in Bangladeshi patients. A single cross-sectional retrospective observation was carried out in the Department of Microbiology at the Popular Diagnostic Centre, Mymensingh city, Bangladesh from August 2019 to August 2020. We collected data on urine culture from diagnostic reports of 4000 patients from which positive urine culture data were analyzed using SPSS software. During the study period, 453 positive urine cultures were identified from 4000 suspected UTI patients. Among them, 300 (66.2%) were female and 153 (33.8%) were male with their mean age of 45.50 (47.94 for male and 44.27 for female). According to the findings, Escherichia coli was the only uropathogenic bacterial species found in the patient’s urine culture. The highest antimicrobial resistance was seen among patients aged between 41 and 50 years. In an antimicrobial susceptibility test, 99% of isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 92% were multidrug-resistant (≥3 classes).

276-289

Authors: Md Sohel, Md. Arju Hossain, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, Anonna Haque, Md. Shoriful Islam, Md. Shahadat Hossain, Mohammad Nurul Amin, Talha Bin Emran

In the 21st century, any pandemic, especially, SARS-CoV-2 is a global burden due to high incidence, mortality, and mutation rate. Although several techniques have already been identified to control the pandemic or treat patients and causes of adverse impact on mental health, relatively only, fewer researchers have little concern about finding effective mitigation strategies to improve mental health. Therefore, this study aimed to find some common and unique approaches to manage mental health during a pandemic. Some strategies for the better management of mental health induced by SARS-CoV-2 infections are required for all classes of peoples. Early management is vital, and those must be associated with frontline workers and people staying at home, particularly in isolation centers and already identified as active cases. Experts have pointed out the need to pay specific attention to proper daily life. To manage abnormal mental conditions, such as anxiety, mood, personality, and psychotic disorder during the pandemic; social media, meditation, and psychological motivation with adequate diet, exercise, and sleep have significant roles in regulating some biological mechanism, incredibly immune, hormonal, and neural process. Management of mental health is mandatory for all at the time of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We can consider all of the strategies mentioned above to treat mental health during and after the COVID-19 pandemic condition.

298-304

Authors: Anindya Das, Ahmed Faisal Sumit, Debasish Bhowmick

Cigarette smoking is considered as one of the main factors of developing chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), but very few studies had been performed showing comparative association between different CRDs and cigarette smoking. This study attempts to determine and compare the association of cigarette smoking with different CRDs including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis (CB), and asthma altogether in the context of Bangladesh. This case-control study was conducted among 406 subjects, where 297 were cases of chronic respiratory illness and 109 were controls. The diagnosis of each respiratory diseases (either asthma or CB or COPD) was confirmed by registered physicians. Of 98 COPD patients, 100 CB patients, 99 asthma patients and 109 controls, current smokers were found as 67.3%, 58%, 41.4%, and 33.9%, respectively. Current smokers with Brinkman Index (BI)≥ 400 were 43.9%, 39.7%, 26.9% and 8.2% for COPD, CB, asthma, and control group, sequentially. Regarding unadjusted association between cigarette smoking and different CRDs, current smokers with BI≥ 400 had 4.55, 21.75 and 13.14 times significantly higher chances of developing asthma, COPD and CB respectively than non-smokers. Logistic analysis revealed that after adjustment with age, body mass index (BMI) and gender, current smokers with BI≥ 400 had 6.01, 15.63 and 33.47 times more likelihood of developing asthma, CB, and COPD respectively than non-smokers; and these findings were significant as well. Thus, it can be concluded that cigarette smoking affected COPD more pronouncedly followed by CB and asthma among the study population.

311-321

Authors: Aura Rahman, Arittra Bhattacharjee, Tahmina Tabassum, Mohammad Ariful Islam, Maqsud Hossain

Streptococcus uberis is a predominant causative agent of both clinical and subclinical varieties of bovine mastitis, an economically significant infection affecting dairy industries around the world. Yet, the genetic and evolutionary relationships among S. uberis strains from different countries are poorly understood. In this study, we used S. uberis’s multilocus sequence typing (MLST) method of genotyping to decipher country-wise prevalence of sequence types (STs) and ST complexes and to delineate genetic relationships among them. Dataset collected from PubMLST database for S. uberis was subjected to clonal cluster and phylogenetic analyses using BURST, globally optimized eBURST (goeBURST) and neighborhood joining algorithm tools, respectively. Whereas certain countries showed clear trends of strain prevalence, others had a more equally weighted, diverse population. Occurrence of different severities of disease varied among countries and displayed no direct correlation with ST. Clonal cluster and phylogenetic analyses predicted the ancestral roles of certain prominent STs and indicated possible strain migration and reticulate and convergent evolution occurring within the S. uberis population at a global scale. Furthermore, genome comparison of selected strains revealed the absence of SUB0822-SUB0826 response regulator proteins from ST-5 and ST-6 indicating their preference for contagious transmission. Information generated from this study would be crucial for monitoring infection outbreaks and directing further genomic investigations.

334-348

Authors: Gervason Apiri Moriasi, Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti, Mathew Piero Ngugi

Persistent hyperglycemia is the hallmark of diabetes and is accountable for the devastating complications, which cause high morbidity and mortality. Conventional anti-diabetic agents are only palliative and characterized with limited efficacy, adverse effects, high costs, inaccessibility, prompting the need for better alternatives. Therefore, we investigated the in vivo hypoglycemic activities, elemental composition, and qualitative phytochemistry of the aqueous leaf extracts of P. zanzibarica and O. europaea subspecies africana as potential sources of affordable, safer, accessible, and potent anti-diabetic therapies. In vivo hypoglycemic activities of the studied plant extracts were evaluated at three dose levels of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight (bw) in Alloxan-induced hyperglycemic Swiss albino mice. The elemental composition of the plant extracts was analyzed using the energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF System) and the atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Qualitative phytochemical screening was done following standard procedures. In this study, the aqueous leaf extract of P. zanzibarica, significantly (p<0.05) reduced alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in mice from 163.26±2.24 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 52.12±1.16 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight, 166.98±1.56 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 48.90±1.40 mg/dL (at 4th h) at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, and 168.64±2.96 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 42.46±1.80 mg/dL (at 4th h) at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Similarly, the aqueous leaf extract of O. europaea subspecies africana significantly (p<0.05) reduced hyperglycemia from 165.74±3.66 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 65.26±1.46 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight, 158.14±3.49 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 53.68±1.48 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight, and from 161.66±2.19 mg/dL (at 0 h) to 44.48±1.35 mg/dL (at the 4th h) at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Furthermore, the extracts contained chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), among other elements, and phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids, among others. Generally, the studied plant extracts exhibited significant hypoglycemic efficacy in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice, indicating their antidiabetic potential, and possess pharmacologically active phytochemicals and valuable minerals.

365-375

Authors: Oleksandr Kyrylovych Frolov, Raisa Oleksandrivna Lytvynenko, Lyudmyla Valeriyivna Makyeyeva

Immunological methods that objectively reflect the lymphogenetic processes in the examined organism are needed to assess the effectiveness of prophylactic or therapeutic agents that modulate regenerative processes in the immune system. Such requirements are met by the cytomorphometric method of analysis of circulating blood lymphocytes, the size (small, medium and large) populations of which reflect their proliferative processes in the lymphoid organs. However, the cytomorphometric characteristics of lymphocytes have species features that have to be determined experimentally. In the model of fecal peritonitis in white non-linear sexually mature male laboratory rats, the limits of statistical size classes of lymphocytes were determined, which were the same in control and experimental animals, namely: small – with a diameter of 8.5 μm and less, medium – with a diameter of more than 8.5 μm and less 11.0 μm, large – with a diameter of 11.0 μm and more. Acute infectious process significantly changed the levels of cytomorphometric classes of lymphocytes according to their functional activity in immunogenesis: small, medium and large size of lymphocytes as 42.5 to 7.0%, 45.0 to 54.0%, 10.5 to 30.0%, respectively, in the control and experimental groups of animals, which demonstrates the informativeness of the method. In this case, small and large lymphocytes belong to the activated lymphocytes, which determine the state of the immune system, while medium lymphocytes mainly make up the pool of memory cells. Based on the ratio of these size classes in the peripheral blood, a conclusion about the proliferative reaction of lymphocytes in the experiment is made, followed by the extrapolation of the results and in clinical practice.

388-404

Authors: Amrita Pal, Ribhu Ray, Krishnendu Acharya, Santanu Paul

Mushrooms are enriched with a plethora of bioactive molecules that play a vital role in the prevention of human diseases. The balance between ROS generation and cancer growth is one of the main prerequisites for efficient cancer treatment. In this study, to testify the aforesaid theory, five wild edible mushrooms were initially screened based on their anti-proliferative efficiency, and the best mushroom extract was selected for the assessment of their antioxidant potentialities in vitro in various artificially generated free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS+, and by FRAP experiment. The reason behind the antiproliferative potentiality and antioxidant capability of the most potent extract was also correlated by profiling its metabolites through GC-MS analysis. The study reveals, that the methanolic extract of Astraeus hygrometricus is the most potent anti-leukemic extract (IC50 22.7 ±0.23 µg/mL) followed by Serpula sp. (75.7 ±0.44 µg/mL), Phallus sp. (60.53±0.36 µg/mL), Tricholoma sp. (53.76±0.46 µg/mL), Lentinus sp. (58 ±0.13 µg/mL) against the Jurkat cell line with negligible effect on normal PBMC cells isolated from healthy donors. The assessment of the antioxidant profile Astraeus hygrometricus reveals its moderate antioxidant efficacy against several artificially generated free radicals, such as DPPH (76.9±0.16 µg/mL), ABTS+ (142±0.66 µg/mL) and moderate iron chelating efficacy (32.37±2.31µM). The GC-MS analysis of both methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Astraeus hygrometricus have found 53 and 52 compounds respectively, with wide diverse ranges of chemically classified biomolecules such as alkane, alcohol, fatty acid, organic acid, polycyclic and heterocyclic compounds, amino acid, vitamin, and hormone, etc. with a wide array of biological activity such as anticancer and antioxidant potentiality. In conclusion, it can be said that these wild edible mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus are a repository of novel biomolecules that can be used in the treatment of Leukemia in the future.

415-423

Authors: Most. Tania Akter, Md. Eftakhar Jahan Bhuiyan, Khaled Mahmud Sujan, Ziaul Haque, Sharmin Akter, Md. Golzar Hossain, Md. Kamrul Islam

Obesity is a pandemic which adds greatly to health care costs through its association with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancers. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of different concentrations of butyric acid on changes of body weight, blood biochemical parameters, and liver histotexture in mice. Total twenty Swiss albino mice were divided into 4 groups viz Group A, B, C and D. Group A act as control while Group B, Group C and Group D were received 3, 5, and 7 mM/kg body weight butyric acid respectively, throughout the experimental period. On the 60th day, blood and liver samples were collected for biochemical analysis and histopathology respectively. Results showed that body weight increased significantly (p<0.05) in Group C and D compared to control. The total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were significantly higher in Group B (p<0.05) and D (p<0.01) compared to the control group. The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was increased significantly (p<0.05) in Group D whereas no significant changes were found in low density lipoprotein (LDL) level compared to control. The serum glucose was significantly higher in Group B, C (p<0.05) and D(p<0.01) than control group. In histopathological studies, liver of group B showed slight hepatocellular degeneration whereas group C and D showed vacuolation of hepatocytes. From the above findings it can be concluded that higher concentration of butyric acid may cause rise in body weight, the lipid profile and degenerative hepatocellular changes in mice, whereas lower concentration did not make significant changes.

114-119

Authors: Asura Khanam Lisa , Most. Sumya Alam, Abdullah-Al- Jubayer, Fabia Hannan Mone

The bacterial resistance over antibiotics has gained significant concern worldwide for the last few decades. This study aimed to isolate and characterize antibiotic producing bacteria from different water sediment sources in Bangladesh. A total of 9 samples were collected from three different sediment sources from Gopalganj, Bangladesh. Bacterial isolates grown in nutrient agar with cycloheximide were tested for antagonistic activity following disc-diffusion assay. Based on preliminary careening, three isolates namely LIS01, LIS02 and LIS03 showed antibacterial activity against six clinical isolates: E. coli, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus sp., and Staphylococcus sp. The isolate LIS01 with the highest (P<0.05) zone of inhibition was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. According to phylogenetic analysis, the isolate was identified as Exiguobacterium indicum with more than 99.7% sequence similarity to previously characterized strains. The results of our study are very promising considering the antibiotic resistant bacteria and could be helpful in treating diseases associated with drug failure caused.

133-148

Authors: Nafisa Ahmed, Yusha Araf, Md. Asad Ullah

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is supposed to cause Vitamin D deficiency in many people by a direct effect of home quarantine in the affected countries. Generally, vitamin D provides the human body with significant health benefits including bone development, specific gene regulation, and protection against different diseases. However, deficiency of the optimal amount of vitamin D inside the human body may result in susceptibility to multiple infectious diseases. Therefore, with vitamin D levels gravely decreased by reduced movement and activity, a number of possible negative outcomes are expected in COVID-19 patients, pregnant women, and children during this ongoing pandemic. Vitamin D has a direct inhibitory effect on post-infection through a number of mechanisms that promise to make vitamin D a future adjunctive therapy for COVID-19 treatment. Besides, clinical evidence also supports its role in preventing pregnancy complications and improving pregnancy outcomes. Consistent with the manifold role of vitamin D, an increasing number of studies suggest its role in improving the mental health of children who have been adversely affected throughout this pandemic. This review article discusses the potential roles of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients, pregnant women, and children focusing its scope to become a supplementary candidate for these vulnerable groups to combat the ongoing pandemic.

161-170

Authors: Plabon Kumar Das, Saharia Yeasmin Asha, Mst. Ayesha Siddika, Ayesha Siddika , A. R. M Tareq, Farhadul Islam, Jahan Ara Khanam, Md. Abdur Rakib

Cancer is one of the vital causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and recognized as the second most leading cause of death. Considering the side effects and high cost of synthetic anticancer drugs, plant might act as a source of novel anticancer agents with better host safety. In this investigation, Moringa oleifera leaves methanolic extract (MOLME) was subjected to evaluate its anti-proliferative effect with molecular mechanism in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in Swiss albino mice. MOLME inhibited EAC cell growth approximately 64% at the dose of 200mg/kg body weight. DAPI stained cells had shown nuclear condensation and fragmentation in treated cells. Up-regulation of pro-apoptotic gene, Bax and tumor suppressor gene, p53; and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 confirm the induction of EAC cells followed by MOLME treatment. Moreover, MOLME inhibited NF-????B activity and enhanced ROS generation. Results suggest that the anticancer effect of MOLME is associated with the induction of apoptosis through activation of p53 and reciprocal expression of Bax and Bcl-2. The apoptosis might be triggered by the inactivation of NF-????B and generation of ROS. GC-MS analysis revealed that MOLME contains several bioactive compounds, thus it is assumed that the anticancer properties could be attributed by the active leads and could be potential resource of chemotherapeutics.

178-186

Authors: Md. Rashel Mahmod , Asadullah Junayed, Chaity Bhowmick, Sagarika Adhikary Sompa, Tania Sultana, Tanjina Akter, Md. Zainul Abedin, Md. Abu Zubair, Mohammad Ariful Islam, Md. Roman Mogal, Marina Khatun, Md. Asaduzzaman Sikder

Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are progressively exercised as an antimicrobial agent among myriad applications. The rapid emergence of microbial resistance to conventional antibiotics by multidrug-resistant pathogens has become a threat to the global health community. Traditionally used herbal plants are good sources of bioactive phytochemicals and Galinsoga formosa is one of them. Thus, Ag-NPs are biologically synthesized, intending to evaluate the antibacterial activity of G. formosa. Disc diffusion assay was used to assess the antibacterial activity of leaf and flower crude extracts distinctly as well as of green synthesized Ag-NPs in vitro. The biosynthesis of Ag-NPs was primarily confirmed by brownish color solution and later by UV-visible spectrophotometer. Ag-NPs synthesized from G. formosa leaf, and flower extract showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive (S. aureus, S. mutans, and S. epidermidis) and gram-negative (K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa) bacteria, where gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive than gram-positive bacteria. The highest zone of inhibition was observed against P. aeruginosa (13.33±0.58 mm) by applying Ag-NPs synthesized from G. formosa flower extract. In contrast, the lowest zone of inhibition was observed against S. epidermidis (6.33±0.58 mm). Antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs from flower and leaf extracts was considerably higher as compared to their respective crude extract. Further, Ag-NPs from the flower extract was exhibited more growth inhibitory response than the leaf extract. Hence, the findings of this research suggested that the synthesized Ag-NPs from G. formosa leaf and flower extract were exhibited antibacterial activity. Such synthesized Ag-NPs might help to develop new drug for combating against various diseases.

200-209

Authors: Akshay Bairapura Manjappa, Shama Rao, Siddharth Shetty, Veena Shetty, Ananthram Shetty Asode, Molahalli Shantharam Shetty, Basavarajappa Mohana Kumar

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading pathological condition resulting in the degeneration and destruction of articular cartilage. The presence of inherent mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) within the articular cartilage has led to explore the possible reparative mechanisms to regenerate and restore the functional and mechanical properties of hyaline cartilage. The present in vitro study was aimed to identify and characterize the MPCs derived from OA cartilage. MPCs derived from the explant culture of OA cartilage were analyzed in terms of cellular and biological properties, and multilineage differentiation abilities. Upon cell surface marker analysis, MPCs were CD73+, CD90+, CD166+, CD146-, CD34-, CD45-, and HLA-DR-, whose expression defines stemness and chondroprogenitor status. MPCs exhibited a higher proliferative index and limited or no senescence activity till later passages. Trilineage differentiation towards osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and chondrogenesis was observed with cytochemical staining and also by mRNA expression of lineage-specific markers by RT-qPCR. The results showed that OA cartilage harbors a viable pool of MPCs with greater chondrogenic potential. These cell niches could serve as a superior cell source for cartilage regeneration due to their committed progeny and hence could prevent heterotypic cartilage formation.

215-222.

Authors: Hezron Mutisya Muindi, Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti, Mathew Piero Ngugi

The effects of Croton megalocarpus Hutch and Lantana camara Linn plants leave on blood coagulation has not been scientifically tested despite their common use in bleeding control. The current study investigates the effects of the plants’ leaves extracts on mice plasma coagulation time. Leaves of C. megalocarpus (H.) and L. camara (L.) were harvested, washed, air dried, crushed, extracted in absolute methanol and concentrated to dry powders. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical screen of both extracts was done. A total of 55 mice plasma samples were mixed with solutions of leaves extracts of both plants, before prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were determined. Data was analyzed using one – way ANOVA. Phytochemical screen on separate extracts of C. megalocarpus (H.) and L. camara (L.) revealed the presence of tannins, phenols, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids. Moreover, C. megalocarpus (H.) extract contained steroids and flavonoids while that of L. camara (L.) had saponins. Solutions of the various concentrations of methanol leave extracts of C. megalocarpus (H.). L. camara (L.) and leaves blend extracts from both plants reduced aPTT and PT significantly (p<0.05) when mixed with normal mice plasma. Significant reduction of aPTT and PT of normal treated plasma was associated with the activity of tannins, phenols, flavonoids and saponins detected in the plant extracts.

238-247

Authors: Md. Mahbubur Rahman, Sung-Jin Park, Ha-Young Jeon, Sokho Kim

This study was performed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of exercise and oral melatonin on metabolic syndrome (MS), anxiety and depression-like behavior (ADB) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model in rat. Rats were allocated into five groups: non diabetes group, diabetes group, three treated group; diabetes rats disciplined with swimming exercise (40 min, 5 days per week) or oral melatonin (10 mg/kg bwt per day at 19.00 PM) alone or with combination. Exercise and oral melatonin significantly attenuated MS evidenced by improvement of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hyperleptinemia, and hypoadiponectinemia level in comparison with diabetes group. The ADB also markedly improved in exercise and oral melatonin treated rats as represented by decreased anxiety index, increased open arm entries and time spent in elevated plus maze, and reduced freezing behavior, increased entries and time spent in center in open field test. To know underlying molecular mechanisms, hippocampus tissue was analyzed. Interestingly, exercise combined with oral melatonin synergistically reduced serum corticosterone and hippocampus tissue level inflammatory cytokines and improved ATP level. Furthermore, this combination up-regulated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial biogenesis related proteins, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) in hippocampus tissue. Exercise and oral melatonin synergistically attenuated ADB in T2DM rats by attenuation of MS, neuroinflammation and normalizing corticosterone level via up-regulation of PGC-1α, mitochondrial biogenesis, BDNF, GLUT4, expression and ATP level. Thus, this treatment combination can be a promising tool in the management of MS, anxiety and depression in T2DM patients.

: 17-24.

Authors: Dinh Toi Chu, Duong Thi Anh Dao, Le Thi Duyen , Bui Nhat Le, Vu Thi Hue, Vu Tri Quang, Dang Tien Truong, Thang Nguyen Manh

A double nutritional burden (DBM) has increased rapidly in Vietnam. Finding a solution to reduce the rates of overweight & obesity and thinness was necessary, especially at the age of 15-17 years. This study aimed to investigate nutritional status and elucidate the associated factors in children aged 15-17 years in the suburban of Vietnam. A cross-sectional study was carried out from November to December 2019 in Vietnam. Total of 424 students aged 15-17 years (153 boys and 271 girls) from Hong Thai Highschool using a randomized sampling method. The nutritional status of studied subjects was determined based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria of sex and age specific BMI cut-off points for children between 5 and 19 years old (2007). Rates of overweight and obesity was 8.96%, thinness was 8.02%, there was a statistically significant difference between boys’ and girls’ group (p=0.02). Correlation between BMI and WC, HC showed that WC or HC could be another indicator to determine the nutritional status of children. Having milk or a light meal before going to bed was also found to decrease the risk of being overweight by 66.4% (OR = 0.336, 95% CI: 0.116 – 0.972). Eating as much as possible increases the risk of overweight and obesity 2.2 times (p=0.017). Moreover, fast food consumption and physical activity time were no significant difference between the obesity & overweight and non-overweight groups. Especially, compared with the walking group, the group with adults taken had the risk of overweight and obesity 14 times higher, the group traveling by motorbike had the risk of overweight and obesity 5.056 times higher (with p=0.018 and p=0.04, respectively). The results suggest that there was the DBM for children in suburban, nutrition status was not similar among boys and girls. Public health programs should therefore be developed or improved in order to promote good eating habits and physical activity, especially how to move to school among children in Vietnam.

09-16.

Authors: Anowar Hossen, Mohammad Arman, Syed Al Jawad Sayem, Mohammad Rifat Alam Maruf, Md. Ahsan Ullah, Mohammad Nazmul Islam, Naureen Banu, Najmul Alam, Shahenur Alam Sakib

The methanol extract of the leaves of Tabernaemontana pauciflora (METP) was screened to investigate the qualitative phytochemical, in vivo anti-depressant, anxiolytic and in vitro thrombolytic activities. The in vivo antidepressant activity of METP was examined by force swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), whereas anxiolytic activity was examined by using hole-board test (HBT) and elevated plus maze test (EPM) on mice model. Additionally, qualitative phytochemical assay was performed to identify some secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids. The in vitro thrombolytic model was used to evaluate the clot lysis effect of METP. In the antidepressant assay, METP (200 and 400 mg/kg) exhibited significant anti-depression activity (P < 0.001) on FST (45.64% and 58.31%) and TST (38.67% and 63.62%) whereas the notable anxiolytic effect was observed in EPM (67.67% and 56.06%) and HBT (35.53% and 50%) in dose dependent manner which compared with control. In in vitro thrombolytic assessment of METP exposed 22.66% inhibition of clot. The current results proposed that METP might be effective in neuropharmacological and thrombolytic response due to the presence of alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids, which required further studies to investigate the mechanism.

35-43

Authors: Md. Khasrul Alam, M Mizanur Rahman, Abu Hena Mostafa Jamal, Md. Rezuanul Islam

Fungal phytopathogens cause serious losses of crop production worldwide, which causes serious losses of crop production. Bacteria play a role as the biocontrol agents for plant disease control. For this reason, the present study was conducted to determine the antagonistic potential of rhizosphere soil bacteria against selected phytopathogenic fungi. The screenings of potential antagonist isolated bacteria were applied by the dual culture technique with fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum melongenae. Molecular characterization was performed through 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. Sixteen (16) out of fifty (50) isolated bacteria showed different degrees of antagonism (25-67%) against both fungi F. oxysporum and C. melongenae. Among them, four (4) isolated bacteria (isolates A4, C1, C2, and E2) exhibited strong antagonism (more than 50% mycelial growth inhibition) against both fungi. The 16S rDNA sequences of the isolated bacteria A4, C1, C2 and E2 were 99-100% similar to Providencia sp. TT14, Bacillus subtilis 168, Bacillus subtilis RKP-2, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IBSDG-11, respectively. Based on the capability for the control of mycelial growth against both fungi, B. subtilis IUBTC2 was selected for optimization of growth characteristics and identification the bioactive metabolites which can enhance plant growth and disease control capacity of plants against the phytopathogenic fungi.

53-59

Authors: Ashika Ruaida, Kazi Muhammad Rezaul Karim

Aspergillus flavus NSH9 is a potential source of α-amylase and glucoamylases. Between two of its glucoamylases, one can digest the raw starch granules, while both being pH and thermostable. The purpose of the study was to enhance the production of amylases (α-amylase and Glucoamylase) from A. flavus NSH9 by random mutagenesis using Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and Ethidium bromide (EtBr) treatment. Glucoamylase and α-amylase activity were evaluated by 3, 5-dinitrosalicyclic acid (DNS) method and starch-iodine method, respectively. Mutated A. flavus NSH9 by EtBr treatment (10µg/ml) in PDA plate produced highest amount of both crude glucoamylases (GA) (1.47 ± 0.087 U/mL/min) and raw starch degrading glucoamylase (RSD-GA) (0.839 ± 0.036 U/mL/Hour). The highest value was 1.6 and 1.5 times higher compared to control for GA and RSD-GA, respectively. Here as, UV induced radiation produced about 1.3 and 1.4 times more GA and RSD-GA compared to control, respectively. The activity of α-amylase was about 1.7 times higher in the treatment group with 5µg/ml EtBr in sublethal condition than without the treatment group. In conclusion, both UV and EtBr treatment increased the amylases production from A. flavus NSH9. As the single mutation process of A. flavus NSH9 enhanced all three enzymes, the strains could be used for the commercial production of amylase.

67-73.

Authors: Anti Islam, Chanchal Mandal, Ahsan Habib

Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are among the most widely used nanoparticles that show a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. Green synthesis of Ag-NPs from plant extract is the most popular method in vitro. In this study, Ag-NPs were biologically synthesized from the leaf extract of Moringa oleifera and the antimicrobial activity was observed. Furthermore, a comparative assessment of antimicrobial activity of biologically synthesized Ag-NPs and crude plant extract was performed. Initially, 11 pathogenic bacterial strains were used to evaluate the antibacterial potentiality of crude leaf sample. However, the result showed that the crude leaf extract exerted maximum potential against Proteus vulgaris. Additionally, the application of biologically synthesized Ag-NPs was assessed against the same pathogenic strains and observed enhanced antibacterial activities with larger inhibited zones. Thus, our results suggest that the biological synthesis of Ag-NPs significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity of M. oleifera leaf extract against selected pathogenic bacterial strains. M. oleifera could be a potential source of Ag-NPs for successful use as an antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.