Animal Research International

2979 – 2988

Authors: OLUDE, Oluwagbenga Olanrewaju, ALIMI, Adam Mubarak, BALOGUN, Rofiat Adefunke and BADAMASSI, Tolulope Joel

The potential of blending soaked moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf and fermented moringa kernel as a substitute for fishmeal in the diet for Clarias gariepinus was investigated. The leaves were soaked overnight while the seeds were defatted and subsequently fermented with Rhizopus stolonifer. Four approximately isonitrogenous (40 % crude protein) and iso-energetic (20 kJ/g) diets were formulated to contain graded levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 %) of a mixture (1:1) of soaked leaf and fermented kernel of moringa. The diets were fed to triplicates group of C. gariepinus (average weight, 8.87 ± 0.02 g) for 56 days. Growth performance in terms of weight gain and specific growth rate in the group that received control diet was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those that were reared on diets containing 40 and 60 % mixture of soaked moringa leaf and fermented kernel but statistically similar (p>0.05) to the group fed with 20% of the mixture. The feed conversion ratio was statistically similar (p>0.05) in the control and dietary treatments. The haematological profile of the control group was similar (p>0.05) to all other treatment groups in all the parameters examined; suggesting that there were no deleterious health effects arising from the incorporation of processed moringa leaf and kernel in the diets for C. gariepinus.

2994 – 3002

Authors: EKAYE, Sese-Owei, UWAGIE-ERO, Edwin Aihanuwa, ODIGIE, Eugene Amienwanlen and AGHAYEDO, Cosmos Oghogho

This study reports the effect of untreated refinery effluents on female albino rats ameliorated with Shea oil. The experimental set-up included three treatment groups (effluent only, effluent abated with Shea oil and the control) of adult, albino rats 6 – 7 weeks old. Rats were acclimatized for 2 weeks before being orally administered 2 ml of untreated refinery effluent by oral gavage and were sacrificed at 3, 6 and 9 weeks intervals. After 9 weeks, rats were left for 21 days post-exposure to recuperate. Body, organ weight and morphology, heavy metal concentration in ovaries and histopathology of ovaries were estimated across the groups. There was a significant increase (p>0.05) in body and organ weight of treated rats compared to control. Organ morphology of treated rats varied from control but was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Lead and chromium concentrations in ovaries were high in concentration in rats treated with effluent only. Histopathology of ovaries showed evidence of pathological changes in rats treated with effluent when compared with control and the Shea oil ameliorated group. Rats ameliorated with Shea oil showed an early return to normal histological architecture in their ovaries. Shea oil was effective in ameliorating the effects of untreated refinery effluent toxicity on the ovary of intoxicated female albino rats.

3013 – 3019

Authors: AMADI, Anthonia Nnenna, UBIARU, Prince Chigozirim, UGAGU, Gerald Mmaduabuchi, IBEDIUGHA, Briandavis Nnaemeka, OBEAGU, Innocent Amaechi and NJIKEONYE, Ann

A study of gastrointestinal parasites of pigs was studied to identify and estimate the burden of parasites of pigs managed and slaughtered in Umuahia North LGA of Abia State, Nigeria between April to June 2017. Faecal samples from freshly passed faeces and from the rectum of 150 pigs were collected randomly from two pig farms and three slaughterhouses and analyzed in the laboratory using the formal-ether sedimentation method. Microscopic examination was done using x10 and x40 objectives. Out of the 150 faecal samples collected from 92 females and 58 males, 36(24 %) and 28(18.7 %) were infected respectively giving a total prevalence of 64(42.7 %). Chi-square analysis showed that the prevalence was not sex-dependent (p>0.05). Eight parasites species were observed; Ascaris suum (14.7 %), Balantidium coli (9.3 %), Taenia solium (1.3 %), Trichuris suis (0.7 %), Entamoeba sp. (0.7 %), Strongyloides sp. (2.0 %), Oesophagostomum sp. (2.7%) and Globocephalus sp. (11.3 %). A. suum was the most prevalent parasite. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was higher in adult pigs (≥12 months) (26.0 %) when compared to the growers (7 – 12 months) (10.0 %) and piglets (<7 months) (6.7 %). The prevalence recorded in this study was age-dependent (p<0.05). Proper management of pigs in both farms and slaughterhouses should encourage enhancing productivity, maximizing profit and reducing the rate of infection among people eating pork. Pork should not be exposed to flies when slaughtered and must be cooked thoroughly before consumption.

3034 – 3040

Authors: LAWAL-ARE, Aderonke Omolara, ADEKUGBE, Adeola Lydia and ODUSOGA, Aishat Wuraola

Fishes are known for their ability to concentrate heavy metals in their muscles and since they play important role in human nutrition, they need to be carefully screened to ensure that unnecessarily high levels of some toxic trace metals are not being transferred to man through their consumption. The study was to evaluate heavy metals (chromium, lead, iron and cadmium) in imported and local species of shrimps, crabs and fish using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The selected imported species were horse mackerelkote fish (Trachurus trachurus), mackerel - titus (Scomber scrombus), croaker (Pseudotolithus typus), smooth swim crab (Portunus validus) and pink shrimp (Farfantepenaeus notialis) while the local species used were; Sole fish (Cynoglossus senegalensis), Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), brackish water catfish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus), freshwater catfish (Clarias gariepinus), lagoon crab (Callinectes amnicola) and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium macrobrachion). It was observed that there was no significant difference in the metals (Cd, Pb and Cr) between the imported and local fish species and between imported and local crustacean species. However, these metals are concentrated more in the local fish species, O. niloticus (1.846 ± 1.00 mg/100g). The mean heavy metals concentration occurred in the following decreasing order: Fe > Cd > Pb > Cr for all the samples. The mean concentrations of the analyzed heavy metals in the samples were below the maximum permissible limits as recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) for heavy metals in fish.

3048 – 3054

Authors: ADETIMEHIN, Adeyemi Daniel and UYI, Osariyekemwen Osa

This study investigated the potency of the cold and hot water leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) against the third instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera: Culicidae), the vector of lymphatic filariasis. Ten actively swimming third instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus were exposed to different concentrations of 0.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 % (w/v) of cold and hot water leaf extracts of A. indica, after which percentage larval mortality was monitored for 24 and 48 hours. Results from this study revealed that both extract types (cold and hot water) of A. indica demonstrated excellent larvicidal activities against the larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus at all tested concentrations (excluding the control – 0.0 % w/v). Percentage larval mortality was slightly a function of both concentration and exposure duration. Following a 48 hour exposure period of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae to different concentrations of A. indica cold and hot water leaf extracts, the highest concentration (3.0 % w/v) of both extract types were observed to demonstrate a perfect larvicidal activity (100 %) against the test insect. In conclusion, this study recommends the application of A. indica cold and hot water leaf extracts in the control of Cx. quinquefasciatus specifically at their potential breeding sites and also in areas where lymphatic filariasis is endemic.