The International Asian Research Journal

11-17

Authors: 1 Gulfam Hasan, 2 Dr. Ijaz Ashraf, 3 Dr. Khalid Mehmood Ch., 4 Aqeela Sagheer, 5 Muhammad Qavi Irshad

Pakistan is included in those countries which have very low forest cover. Forests contribute 2.11% of total land area in Pakistan. Privately or communal ownership, state ownership are the ways in which forests are established. In 2009, the contribution of forests remained 205 thousand cubic meters for firewood and 83 thousand cubic meters for timber. Agroforestry is the growing of trees and shrubs on farm and pasture lands. Agroforestry emerged in late 1970s as an improved and modern land use system. The present study was conducted in Tehsil(Sub-District level) Noor Pur, District Khushab. Out of 10 union councils (2 urban and 8 rural) of TehsilNoor Pur,five rural union councils (each U.C consists of 6-8 villages) were selected through simple random sampling. From each selected union council, two villages were randomly targeted to select the sample respondents. From each selected village, 12 respondents (who practice agroforestry on their farms) were selected as sample for the study, thereby making a total sample of 120 respondents. The data wereobtained through a well-structured interview schedule. The collected data were analyzed with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for deriving conclusions and formulating recommendations. The results showed that majority of the respondents grewEucalyptus camaldulensis(Local name:Sufeda) on their farmlands to get economic benefits and wanted to increase number of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (sufeda) trees on their farms. On the basis of conclusions it was suggested that the Government should provide incentives and proper training to the farmers practicing agroforestry.

28-3

Authors: 1 Shumaila Ahmed, 2 Ali Hassan & 3 Rana Shahzad

Minority Rights have been considered important in every nation and in every age. The Present research is conducted to study the situation of media representation of minorities and their rights in Pakistan and content analysis of news reports of GEO News Channel of Pakistan during the period from January, 2013 to March, 2013. The objective of this descriptive and analytical study is to explore the positive / negative role of popular media in the protection or violation of Minority Rights in Pakistan. The technique of systematic sampling is used. By Using SPSS the descriptive method was used to represent the findings of the research the relationship among the data collected was also explored through statistical methods. The hypothesis about these phenomenon and linkages among them were tested through chisquare test. The findings of the study reveal that the most popular news network of Pakistan portrays the minority rights issues in a biased way and usually give a very little space to the issues of minorities in their daily news broadcast. A detailed discussion about the findings, demographic variable, acceptance and rejection of hypothesis was made in the relevant portion of the study after concluding it.

43-50

Authors: 1 Meigy Nelce Mailoa, 2 Meta Mahendradatta and 3 Natsir Djide

This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of tannin extracts from guava leaves against pathogens microbial. The method used for qualitative analysis with the tannins are formed by the intensity of the color is blackish green FeCl3 compounds. In the quantitative analysis of tannins used variations of organic solvent (ethanol with a concentration of 30 % , 50 % , 70 % ). Levels of tannins in the sample solution were calculated with Tannates Acid Equivalent (EAT). Test of antimicrobial activity using diffusion agar method. The results showed levels of tannins in leaves of guava with ethanol 30 %, the which is 2.351 mg /g , ethanol 50 % is 1.728 mg g , ethanol 70 % is 1.835 mg / g . The best solvent to extract the highest levels of tannins with ethanol 30 % by value of tannin levels 2.351mg /g. Tannin inhibitory activity on five different pathogens microbial. This is because the composition of the cell wall of the microbe fifth different. The results showed that the extracts rich in tannins can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Candida albican .