International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science

15-32

Authors: Pankaj Sharma

In Spray forming processes, a continuous molten metal stream is atomized by impinging a very high speed inert gas jets. The velocity of jet is very high to atomised the molten liquids. In the generated spray cone, the resulting metal droplets are rapidly cooled by the huge temperature difference to the surrounding gas phase and thereby partly solidify. After a certain flight and residence time inside the spray cone, the droplets impinge on the substrate and form the product sometimes called deposit. The material properties of this product depend on several process parameters and especially on the thermal state of the deposited droplets at impingement. Smaller droplets cool very fast and may impinge onto the product in a completely solidified state as solid metal powder particles. Larger droplets contain a higher amount of thermal energy and impact during the state of phase change or even still completely liquid. In this contribution, a mathematical model is introduced to describe the cooling and solidification of individual metal droplets in the spray cone during the droplet–gas interaction in flight. By introducing this model into a standard two phase flow simulation model for the spray cone description, it is possible to calculate the transient droplet temperature and solid fraction contents of individual particles depending on overall process parameters and flight path.It is very important to study mathematics involved in the metal forming processes only because of it we enable to predict the thermal behaviour of the spray formed products

39-49

Authors: Mohammad Reza Mobaraki, Mohammad Ali Adelian

Fracturing fluid has a very important role in hydraulic fracturing treatment. Viscosity of hydraulic fracturing fluid affects transporting, suspending, and deposition of proppant, as well as flow back after treatment. It should also be capable of developing the necessary fracture width to accept proppants or to allow deep acid penetration. Compatibility with formation fluids and material has to be taken into account [11]. Rheology of the fracturing fluid is fundamental for hydraulic fracturing design, i.e. prediction of fracture growth and geometry. Accurate measurements and a good understanding of rheological properties of hydraulic fracturing fluids are essential for designing and executing an optimum treatment. Failure in the selection of fracturing fluid will result in unsuccessful treatment in term of reservoir conditions, oil production, and net present value. Borate cross-linked fluids have been widely used as a fracturing fluid in the oil industry. An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the rheological properties of borate cross-linked fluids and the results are presented in this paper. Many oscillatory measurements have been conducted to investigate the behaviour of the rheological properties of the fracturing fluid samples under different conditions and the possible relationship among them. Results of the oscillatory measurements of certain borate cross-linked fluids are shown in this paper. It was demonstrated that the linear-viscoelastic limit and flow-point frequency are dependent on temperature. Keywords— Stimulation, Acid, Hydraulic Fracturing, Matrix acidizing, Polymer Concentration, Time test oscillation, Amplitude sweep, Frequency sweep, Temperature test oscillation

58-70

Authors: Pankaj Kumar Kandpal, Ashish Mehta

In this paper, Multiplicative Neuron Models is used for classification of nonlinear problems using three different datasets, namely; Iris, Mammographic dataset and Brest Cancer Original. The conventional neuron model Multi Layer Perceptrons (MLP) is used for comparative analysis with Multiplicative Neuron Model. It is found that Multiplicative neuron model with single neuron is sufficient for classification than the conventional neuron network which require number of neurons in different hidden layers. For comparative analysis of three models, various parameters of Artificial Neural Network like learning rate, execution time, number of iteration, time elapse in training, mean square error, etc., are considered. After comparing various performance evaluation parameters, it is found that execution time, number of iteration, time elapse in training is minimum in case of Multiplicative neuron model. On the basis of results from the study, it is observed that performance of Multiplicative neuron model better than the MLP for classification. Keywords- Multiplicative Neuron, Multilayer Perceptron, Classification, Iris, Mammographic Mass, Brest Cancer Original, analysis

77-81

Authors: Ripple Sahni Ravneet kaur

During the transmission process, the transmitted signals pass through some noisy channel. Due to noise interference, some errors are introduced in the received data. These errors can be detected and correcting using coding technique. The error correcting codes are very useful for transmitting information through noisy channels. Convolutional code is the most reliable method for transmitting or retrieving the error free data. Convolutional code encoder consists of shift registers and mod-2 adders. The performance of convolutional code depends upon the connections between shift registers and mod-2 adders. In this paper a method is proposed for convolutional code encoder structure with code rate 1/3 using particle swarm optimization which is an efficient optimization technique. Keywords: Convolutional code, PSO (particle swarm optimization), Mod-2 Adder, Shift register, coderate

86-95

Authors: Parvathy Sunil A 1, Amritha E.K 2

This paper deals with the shear behaviour of self compacting concrete (SCC) beams reinforced with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars. Fifteen concrete beams were, respectively, made with steel and BFRP shear reinforcements. The beams were tested in a static two point bending load setup by kept the shear span-to-depth (a/d) ratio as 1.952. The test results are presented in terms of crack patterns, failure modes, load-deflection, load-strain behaviour, and shear capacity. It was observed that the shear capacity and ductility of SCC beams increased by using BFRP reinforcements. The test results were compared with predictions of different available codes and design guidelines. Standard provisions predictions were conservative. Keywords— Basalt rebar, BFRP, Crack pattern, deflection, Self Compacting Concrete (SCC), Shear failure, Stirrups

106-110

Authors: Md Rahan Chowdhury*, Malik Quamrus Samawat, Irtiza Ahmed Salman

An Ultra-Wide-Band Low Noise Amplifier is designed in this work. The designed LNA is of two stages that may be used in various applications in communication systems. The designed LNA is simulated by HSPICE in 0.18-μm CMOS Radio Frequency technology. This LNA has a gain of 20 dB which stays there from 3.06 GHz to 3.21 GHz and noise figure of 3.78 dB. HSPICE simulation shows the bandwidth as 1.09 GHz with a center frequency at 3.13 GHz. It consumes 13.4150 mW from a 1.8 V supply and has a 1 dB compression point of -16.2 dBm. Characterization of the designed LNA exhibits a high gain and considerably low noise figure with good impedance matching. Keywords— LNA, CMOS_RF, Circuit and Systems, HSPICE, High Gain, S Parameters, Noise Figure & 1-dB compression point.

119-123

Authors: Anthony Anyakora

Overtime, protection of fishing nets was sought by dipping in hot pine tar. The tars were effective because their constituents were toxic to microbial growth including the protection of fibre from moisture penetration, thereby retarding microbial growth. Probably, these stimulated the quest for surface treatment of natural fibres for composite utilization. In the current work, the use of age-long hand lay-up method was adopted in the production of oil palm empty fruit bunch reinforced polyester composites for the study of effect of fibre loading and silane treatment on the flexural properties for loss prevention and reliability in process selection for sustainable development. The result showed that flexural strength values of both green and treated fibre composites increased with increased fibre content, but started to drop after 40% loading. The effect of silane treatment as overcoming the inherent limitations of the fibres was significant. The issues of wettability preceding 40% fibre content as influencing the flexural properties was established, especially for the use of intended applications in automobile, building and packaging industries. Keywords: oil palm, empty fruit bunch, composites, loading, treatment, flexure, strength, modulus.

134-141

Authors: Asawari P. Jirapure1

In this paper a new classification algorithm is proposed for the Wood Defect Identification Using Generalized Feed Forward Neural Network. In order to develop algorithm 50 captured wood defect images of plywood have been considered, With a view to extract features from the plywood captured images after image processing, an algorithm proposes (DCT) discreet cosine transformed 128 coefficients. The Efficient classifiers based on Generalized feed forward (GFF) Neural Network. A separate Cross-Validation dataset is used for proper evaluation of the proposed classification algorithm with respect to important performance measures, such as MSE and classification accuracy. The Average Classification Accuracy of GFF Neural Network comprising of one hidden layers with 8 PE’s organized in a typical topology is found to be superior (100 %) for Training. Finally, optimal algorithm has been developed on the basis of the best classifier performance. The algorithm will provide an effective alternative to traditional method of plywood captured images analysis for Classify the six type plywood defect. Keywords—Signal & Image processing, neural network, Transformed domain techniques, MATLAB, Microsoft Office Excel etc.

150-159

Authors: Nancy1, Nitin Goel2

The problem of voltage dip due to load is common in the system where wind farm based on SCIG is connected to a weak network and the main reason of problem , reactive power capability of network is insufficient to meet the demand of wind farm. Now a days power electronics based FACTS devices are more popular for reactive power compensation in power system network to provide voltage stability. This paper analysis the application of FACTS devices in wind farm using squirrel cage induction generator. FACTS devices are used to enhance the voltage stability of wind farm based on squirrel cage induction generator and thereby protecting SCIG-based wind farm interconnected to the power system from isolating during and after disturbances. Here we are using STATCOM and SVC to provide reactive compensation for maintaining voltage stability in power system having wind farm connected to a grid system. The power system model is simulated in MATLAB / SIMULINK. Keywords- Wind Farm, Grid, SCIG, Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS), STATCOM, SVC, voltage stability

164-171

Authors: Fiaz Ahmad Bhatti and Munir Ahmad

A more flexible quadratic hazard rate-geometric (QHR-G) distribution having four parameters is characterized through the hazard function, Mills ratio, the reverse hazard function, Elasticity function and ratio of truncated moments. The applications of characterizations of QHR-G distribution will be constructive for scientists in diverse areas of science. Keywords: Quadratic Hazard Rate; Mills Ratio; Elasticity; Geometric Distribution; Characterization,

176-181

Authors: Sourav Debnath1, Akshay Kumar Pramanick2

— In the present scenario, considerable research have been carrying on towards the development of ceramic based insulating materials for high voltage (HV) applications. To meet such demands, we made an attempt to develop ceramic based brick composites through conventional powder metallurgy technique from natural mud for using as a substitute of high strength conventional ceramic based insulator for HV applications. This research is directed towards the development of brick based composites from local mud with optimizing its sintering temperature based on its physical as well as mechanical properties. The surface morphology of the developed composites were observed and reported. Keywords— Brick based composite, Ceramic matrix, Powder Metallurgy, Surface morphology, Shrinkage, Density, Porosity, Hardness.

189-200

Authors: Mr.R.M.Khandagale1, Mr.B.G.Marlapalle2

World energy demand rate is continuously increasing due to the more industrialization and demands in developing countries for the rural electrification so the usage of conventional sources has increased. To avoid the bad effect of fossil fuels and to meet the demand of world energy more emphasis is given on Non conventional sources of energy. Wind energy is one of the good sources of energy. Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, for example to make electrical power, mechanical power, wind pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships etc.There are mainly two types of wind turbine i.e. Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine and Vertical Axis Wind Turbine. The objective of this project is to design and analysis of Savonius VAWT for the rated 50W power output due to its advantages over the other wind turbine like it require low wind speed to rotate, low manufacturing cost and Survive in all weather condition. A prototype rotor blade was fabricated, tested and efficiency checked. The blades are designed by the use of Pro-E software and analyzed by the use of Ansys-14 software. Keywords— Wind turbine, HAWT & VAWT, Savonius VAWT, design parameters, Glass fiber, PRO-E, Ansys-14, efficiency of rotor blade.

209-214

Authors: Miss. Suwarna Jape

Technology plays vital role to improve construction efficiency and productivity, hence resulting in project time line reduction. There are numerous factors which caused delay, however it is practically not possible to work on each and every factor. So more focus is required on those factors which contribute maximum delay. These factor may differ countrywide for example say due to environmental effects, environmental laws, and safety norms. Any kind of delay due to dispute, can lead to bad effects viz. entering in court of law for various parties, productivity loss, impact on income, and termination of contract. This paper shows key factors, which are delaying the in construction projects in Pune, India [17]. This paper study of listing down the various factor of delay & take inputs from experienced project managers, site engineers of the residential high rise building. Fourty eight experienced professionals from various companies participated in this study. Fourty five cost and time impact factors [15] were identified for preparing survey questionnaire. The outcome of study helps policy defining personnel and practicing agents to understand the actual factors causing cost increase & delay. Keywords: High rise, cost factors, time factors, correlation, project control, survey, delay.

225-232

Authors: Subodh Singh#1, Sagar Gupta#2, Y.P. Ladhe#3

- The paper covers the recent requirements of an industry, this work merging seven major value proofed methods of Industrial Management. This proposed philosophy advice to includes Ergonomics, Plant Layout, Work Place Design (WPD), Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP), and Just in Time (JIT), Lean Manufacturing and Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) for increasing the efficiency of plant. The topic unfolds the method of management which optimized all the work place, man power, material, machines. Evolution and the gradual development of all the five branches of Industrial Management (IM) will lead to increase the productivity and efficiency of the plant. This paper efforts to provide a Practical approach & systematic manner for solution in context of production and manufacturing Industry. The strategy includes some of phases to develop a new and improved productivity by implanting this methodology, with a wish of flow of knowledge and information will lead to surrounded environment and all the sectors for the wellness of humanity. Keywords - Plant Layout, Work Place Design, Ergonomics, Enterprise Resources Planning, Lean Manufacturing, Just in Time and Total Productive Maintenance.

241-248

Authors: Parepalli Ramanammma

In this paper low power square and cube architectures are proposed using Vedic sutras. Low power and less area square and cube architectures uses Dwandwa yoga Duplex combination properties of Urdhva Tiryagbhyam sutra and Anurupyena sutra of Vedic mathematics. Implementation results show a significant improvement in terms of area, power and delay. Proposed square and cube architectures can be used for high speed and low power applications. Synthesis and simulation is done using Cadence RTL simulator(180nm) Technology. Hardware implementation is done using Spartan6 Xilinx FPGA .Propagation delay of the proposed 8-bitsquare is 1.822ns and area consumed in terms of slicesis 22 and for 8-bit cube prorogation delay is 1.405ns.Total power estimation for square and cube are 0.0297mW and 0.194mW respectively. Keywords— Vedic mathematics, Dwandwayoga, Anurupyena , Square, Cube, low power, less area.

258-266

Authors: Ganiyu Adedayo Ajenikoko1, Abdul Ganiyu Adebayo Jumah2

Global solar radiation is the sum of direct, diffuse and reflected solar radiation. Direct solar radiation passes directly through the atmosphere to the earth surface. Diffuse solar radiation is scattered in the atmosphere and deflected solar radiation reaches a surface and is reflected to adjacent surface. This paper presents a key performance approach for assessment of global solar radiation in Nigeria. The mathematical modeling of the system Cost Of Energy (COE) in #/kWh was formulated subject to the reliability condition for the computation of the energy contributions of the PV source, wind source and the grid source. The performance characteristics of the system are characterized in terms of its reliability in providing a cost- effective energy solution for satisfying the energy demand within the entire period. The results of the work shows that the percentage PV contributions of Abuja, Benin City Katsina, Lagos, Nsukka and Yola are 32.63%, 34.58%, 55.84%, 55.32%, 39.12% and 42.02% respectively, thus ranking Kastina as the highest and Abuja as the least due to the thick population of Kastina and the percentage variation of the renewable energy contribution in the Norther part of the country. The percentage energy contribution of wind for Abuja, Benin city, Kastina, Lagos, Nsukka and Yola are 70.69%, 66.71%, 38.84%, 22.08%, 34.92% and 22.83% respectively while that of grid are 8.88%, 10.71%, 17.32%, 34.68%, 37.96% and 48.175 respectively thus ranking Abuja as the city with the highest percentage wind energy contribution of 70.69% and Lagos as the city with the least percentage wind energy contribution of 22.01%. In the same vein, Yola emerged as the city with the highest percentage grid energy contribution of 48.178% with Abuja having the least percentage grid energy contribution of 8.88%. This is because the contribution of wind energy is largely limited by the sharp decrease in the annual average wind speed in the Southern part of the country. The percentage of the wind energy conversion system varies from about 22.18% in Yola to 70.69% in Abuja because a large fraction of solar energy is required to compensate for the available grid electricity supplied. Abuja and Yola recorded the highest and least energy throughput of 8.10kWh/N and 5.22kWh/N respectively while the energy throughput, for Benni city, Kastina, Lagos and Nsukka are 7.47kWh/N, 6.62kWh/N, 5.74kWh/N and 5.58kWh/N respectively. The highest and least costs of 0.168 #/kWh and 0.111 #/kWh were recorded by Yola and Abuja because the Northern part of the country has significant improvement in the overall system cost of energy supplied. The implementation of the stand-alone PV- wind energy system is a more viable option. This will reduce the larger land area needed for the stand-alone hybrid renewable energy system. Keywords:: Key Performance Index (KPI), Solar Radiation, Photovoltaic, Cost of Energy, Loss of Supply Probability, Loss of Power Supply Probability, Energy Throughput, Energy Contribution.

273-280

Authors: Pragyan Gupta, Y.P. Ladhe

Now days industries are to adapting new and more and more technologies and methodologies but by these approaches they are reaching at a limited percentage of productivity and efficiency. We are working for an emergence of Systematic process & integrating these major strategies for the better efficiency and the productivity. We are integrating planning of production through a system of Operation Management merging with subsystems of this process as Work Place Layout, Inbound Supply Chain and Inventory Management System for the better productivity. With work place Well-designed workplaces eliminate waste and help to optimize material, people, and information flow it can control & Create high-performance work spaces or manufacturing divisions involves much more than moving machines and people closer together. The job flows in arrangement with worth streams rather than according to purposeful teams or department. Inbound supply chain refers to the transport, storage and SCM of goods coming into a business to the manufacturing point by which we can eliminate and reduce the lead time of inventory. Inventory is one of its main resources and belongs to a speculation that is fixed up until the item is sold or used in the production of an item that is sold. It also costs money to store, track and insure inventory. Inventories which are mismanaged can create momentous economic problems for a industry, whether the unprofessional conduct results in an inventory glut or an inventory deficiency. To controlling this process, we are integrating Operations management is concerned with converting materials and labor into goods and services as efficiently as possible to maximize the profit of an business it also consists that the direction of business practices to create the highest level of effectiveness possible within an business. Keywords— Production Planning, Operation Management, Inbound Supply Chain, Work Place Layout, Inventory Management, Supply Chain Management, Manufacturing.

292-297

Authors: Dany Thomas1, Ajmal k2, Deepak Devassia3

This paper presents the design and fabrication activities involved in developing an automated coconut de-husking machine. The main purpose of this machine is to eliminate the skilled operator involved in de-husking the coconut and to completely automate the dehusking and crown removing process. Although coconut dehusking machines have already been demonstrated in the work and also in some small-scale industries, the process is either manual or semi-automatic. A completely automated machine with manual loading and unloading of coconuts will yield productivity higher than the existing process. Because of that, the current work is mainly focused on an automated machine for dehusking and crown removing. Also, we can yield lot of useful and commercial products from coconut at various stages of its lifecycle. The machine aims at de-husking and removing the crown of the de-husked coconut of various sizes. In order to get to know about the different sizes of the coconut, various places are visited where exuberant yielding of coconuts are made. Also, dimensional data of coconuts have been collected. Based on the survey the maximum and minimum sizes of the coconut are determined. The machine is designed to accommodate different sizes of the coconut that are cultivated anywhere in the world. Also, various experiments have been conducted on both dry and mature coconuts in order to determine the force required to de-husk the coconut. Keywords— Coconut de-husking, Crown, Automation, Manual loading, Semi-automatic, Skilled operator, Commercial product, Productivity.

303-309

Authors: Amita Gaur1, Som Kumar Sharma2

India falls under low-latitude region and in this study Ahmedabad region (23.0225° N, 72.5714° E) is considered. In satellite link design system rain plays a crucial part and attenuation caused by rain is severe in Ku and Ka bands. This paper involves the rain attenuation estimation using data collected over Ahmedabad region. The data is taken from IMD (Indian Meteorological Department). Rain is dominant over 10 GHz which is a tropospheric phenomenon whereas Ionospheric effects are predominant below 6 GHz. Ionosphere is a dominant source of range errors for the users of Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite signals. This study also focuses on the delay due the Ionosphere in Ahmedabad region along with TEC measurements. The integrated water vapor content in atmosphere is also estimated from the data of GPS receiver. The data is taken from Space Application Centre (SAC-ISRO) and Ahmedabad airport station. The analysis is done for the Monsoon period of year 2016. The platform used for implementation is MATLAB. Keywords— Global Positioning system, Total electron content, IWV, Rain Attenuation, ITU-R Model, Ionospheric delay, Tropospheric delay