International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science

12-20

Authors: Sachi Sharma

The energy of a body is its capacity to do work. It is measured the total amount of work that the body can do. Everything what happens in the world is the expression of flow of energy in one of its forms. Today every country draws its energy needs from a variety of sources. We can broadly categorize these sources as conventional and nonconventional. The conventional sources include the fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), types of nuclear power (Uranium), while the nonconventional sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable. The energy crisis which began in 1973 caused petroleum supplies to decrease and prices to rise exorbitantly. This crisis forced developing countries to reduce or postpone important development programs, so they could purchase petroleum to keep their economies operating. It created the urgent necessity to find and develop alternative energy sources, such as other fossil fuels (coal, gas), nuclear energy, and renewable energy resources. The consumption of energy is directly proportional to the progress of the mankind. With ever growing population, improvement in the living standard of the humankind, Industrialization of developing countries, the global demand for energy is expected to increase significantly in the near future. The primary source of energy is fissile fuel, however these fissile fuel sources are finite also with their fastly widespread use degradation of environment takes place, which causes global warming, urban air pollution and acid rain, It strongly suggest that the time is now come to harness and use the non-conventional and environment friendly energy sources is vital for steering the global energy supplies towards sustainable path. This paper describes in brief the non conventional energy sources and their usage in India.

26-35

Authors: Kiranpreet Kaur1, Amandeep Kaur1, Rupinder Kaur1

Software risks can be defined as uncertainty and loss in project process. Software risk management consists of risk identification, estimation, refinement, mitigation, monitoring and maintenance steps. In this paper,the main focus is on different risk management model and the importance of automated tools in risk managementt. With the automated risk management tool, the prediction of project problem effects that can cause loss in software project in terms of their values on risk factors and rank the risk factors to observe how they can give detail about project problem effects separately. For these purpose five classification methods for prediction of problem impact and two filter feature selection methods for ranking importance of risk factors are used in this study.

44-50

Authors: Karan Sood1, Nagendra sah1

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are self-configuring networks of nodes connected via wireless without any form of centralized administration. This kind of networks is currently one of the most important research subjects, due to the huge variety of applications (emergency, military, etc...). In MANETs, each node acts both as host and as router, thus, it must be capable of forwarding packets to other nodes. Topologies of these networks change frequently. There are three main classes of routing protocols for MANETs: reactive, proactive and hybrid. By studying advantages and disadvantages of each one, a new hybrid routing protocol is proposed. The new scheme of protocol considers utilizing merits of both reactive and proactive protocols, and implements them as a hybrid approach. It allows that a mobile node flexibly runs either a proactive or a reactive routing protocol with its velocity and its traffic. The new routing protocol is evaluated qualitatively. To verify the feasibility, a performance comparison with other typical existing routing protocols[13] is discussed.

58-63

Authors: 1Aditya Kumar Gautam, 2Amanjot Singh

Electrical and electronic equipment’s which become obsolete comes under the category of e-waste. The technical advancement in the society which keeps updated at greater pace creates the problem in handling any of the electronic or electrical device even before becoming an obsolete. This paper includes the predication of amount of E-waste growing trend up to 2020 year. The amount of E-waste generated is increasing at higher rate annually and if not treated properly will not only impact on environment but also on human lives. Future forecasting of sale of electronic devices indicates the amount of e waste to be generated in the upcoming years

71-79

Authors: S.N Sheth1, Prof. A.N.Rathour2

Despite the tremendous development in CNC programming facilities, linear and circular cuts parallel to the coordinate planes continue to be the standard motions of modern CNC machines. However, the increasing industrial demand for parts with intricate shapes cannot be satisfied with only these standard motions. The proportion of parts which are not covered by the standard CNC motions is certainly growing, due to the increasing industrial demand for intricate shapes. So for that we have decided to develop a new CANNED cycle with the help of MACRO (parametric) programming on Hypo cycloid, combined EP-hypo cycloid curve and last for Bezier surface also. we found that this canned cycle would be useful for different application such as cycloidal speed reducer, lobe pump rotor and surface milling without requiring external arrangement like CAD modeling, CNC interpolator etc.

87-92

Authors: Dr. Ananthi Sheshasaayee1, Angela Deepa. V.R2

— Machine translation is one of the major and the most active areas of Natural language processing. Machine translation (MT) is an automatic translation of one natural language into another using computer generated instructions. The utility and power of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) seems destined to change our technological society in profound and fundamental ways. The current state-of-the-art approach to statistical machine translation,so-called phrase-based models is limited to linguistic information.For a highly agglutinative languages like Tamil developing a linguistic tools and machine translation system is a challenging task. Therefore, extending the phrase-based to factored based approach by tightly integrating additional annotation information at the word level which encompass not only of tokens but a vector of factor representating the levels of annotation. The additional linguistically features enabled in the toll will increase the accuracy of the SMT systems. This paper motivates the use of factored translation models for statistical machine translation systems for better reliable translation for highly morphological languages like Tamil.

101-109

Authors: Shakila Bashir1, Munir Ahmad2

In this paper upper record values from the size-biased Pareto distribution(S-BPD) are studied. Several distributional properties of upper record values from the size-biased Pareto distribution, including probability density function(pdf), cumulative distribution function(cdf), moments, entropy, inverse/negative moments, relations between negative and positive moments, median, mode, joint and conditional pdfs, conditional mean and variance, have been derived. The reliability measures of the upper record values from the S-BPD such as survival function, hazard rate function, cumulative hazard rate function and reversed hazard rate are also discussed. A characterization of the S-BPD based on the conditional expectation of record values is given.

128-146

Authors: S.Panda1, N.H.S Ray2

The study pertains to the investigation of the effect of embedment on the load carrying capacity and settlement of strip foundations on sand reinforced with geogrids. Geogrid being an inextensible reinforcing material is widely used all over the world mainly for retaining walls, abutments slope protection and below the foundation in poor soil. Some research works have been done the investigators regarding the optimum placement of geogrids below surface footing however, the work on centrally loaded embedded foundations reinforced with multilayer of geogrids have not been reported in literature. Therefore in this paper attention is being paid to the load carrying capacity and settlement behavior of centrally loaded embedded footing reinforced with multilayer of gerogrids. Load tests have been carried out for this purpose. Strip foundations are considered and loads were being applied through electrically operated hydraulic jack for greater accuracy. Enkogrid @ PRO-40 has been used at the reinforced material and sand as the medium. The studies conducted show 1. In centrally loaded surface footing the load carrying capacity is increased to about 3.55 times by providing geogrid as reinforcement. The load carrying capacity the reinforced soil increases with increase in the depth of embedment while these decrease in settlement because of placement of geogrid. 2. The number of layers of geogrid has significant effect on load carrying capacity and settlement of foundations. Decrease in the layer of geogrid decreases the load carrying capacity and increases the settlement of foundation.

154-161

Authors: Anil Kumar Gautam1, Mahesh Kumar Aghwariya1

This paper represents a successful comparison of 5T cell with 6T cell. Leakage power of conventional 6T cell at 0.18 µm technology has been calculated and is found to be 37.32 pW. Same technology has been implemented on the 5T cell , by which leakage power has been reduced by 37.59%.Various leakage reduction techniques such as Autobackgate Controlled Multi-threshold CMOS (ABC-MTCMOS), Gated VDD and Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) has been discussed and applied on conventional 6T cache memory cell and same has been apply on 5T cell and compared. Mentor graphics software is for the simulation of the above mentioned SRAM cell

177-181

Authors: Srikrishna S1, Sreenivasulu Reddy. A1, Vani S1

Now days purchasing of automobiles i.e, especially cars in the market is very tough task to the customers due to day to day changes in various technical and operational parameter specifications like style, life span, fuel economy, suspension and cost etc. Therefore to overcome from this confusion state some selection procedure techniques are required. TOPSIS is one the selection procedure technique is adopted for this problem. This technique provides a base for decision-making processes where there are limited numbers of choices but each has large number of attributes. In this paper some cars are considered with different attributes and select the best car using TOPSIS technique.

190-194

Authors: N. Agarwala1

Vector Display Processor allows efficient encoding of topology, and as a result more efficient operations that require topological information can be done, e.g. proximity, network analysis. [1] In this work, a Ram control block has been designed which is a part of Vector Display Processor and the block is synthesized with the test bench and the generating simulation waveform was checked for the inputs and outputs.

199-203

Authors: Surbhi Bhardwaj1, Ashwin Singh Dodan1

With the advancement of technology, a processor is required to have high speed. Multiplication is a critical operation of Digital Signal processing(DSP) applications(like DFT, FFT, convolution etc), Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU), and Multiply and Accumulate(MAC) unit(which is basically a multiplier itself). High Speed Multiplication is thus an essential requirement to increase the performance of processor. In this paper, we are presenting a multiplier, in which the basic multiplication is performed using one of the techniques of Vedic Mathematics, and the accumulation of partial products is done using a specific design. Both the design and the vedic technique, results in a high speed multiplier. Vedic Mathematics is based on 16 sutras, out of which we are using "Urdhva triyagbhyam" sutra. In this technique intermediate products are generated in parallel, that makes multiplication faster. We have synthesized our design using Xilinx ISE tool and compared its speed with "Modified Booth Wallace Multiplier", "High speed Vedic Multiplier" by Ramesh Pushpangadam and "Vedic Mathematics based Multiply Accumulate Unit" by Kabiraj Sethi. Our proposed Design seems to have better speed.

212-219

Authors: Dinesh Kumar1, Mr. Anil Yadav 2,Dr. Mukesh Sharma3

In Mobile Ad hoc network (MANETS), no fixed infrastructure is available. Different wireless hosts are free to move from one location to another without any centralized administration, so, the topology changes rapidly or unpredictably. Every node operates as router as well as an end system. Routing in MANETs has been a challenging task ever since the wireless networks came into existence. The major reason for this is continues changes in network topology because of high degree of node mobility. The MANET routing protocols have mainly two classes: Proactive routing (or table-driven routing) protocols and Reactive routing (or on-demand routing) protocols. In this paper, we have analyzed various Random based mobility models: Random Waypoint model, Random Walk model, Random Direction model and Probabilistic Random Walk model using AODV and DSDV protocols in Network Simulator (NS 2.35). The performance comparison of MANET mobility models have been analyzed by varying number of nodes, type of traffic (CBR, TCP) and maximum speed of nodes. The comparative conclusions are drawn on the basis of various performance metrics such as: Routing Overhead (packets), Packet Delivery Fraction (%), Normalized Routing Load, Average End-to-End Delay (milliseconds) and Packet Loss (%).

229-237

Authors: Devendra Kumar1, Nandkishor S Vansdadiya1, Amit Kumar Kohli1

In this article, we concerned with the performance of high rate space time block code (STBC) scheme for Frequency selective fading Environment. Due to large channel delay spread in Frequency selective channel inter symbol interference (ISI) occurred. In high rate STBC, ISI occurs due to loss of ‘quasi – static’ assumption and Classical Zero forcing (ZF) receiver produces error floor in Bit error rate (BER) performance. In this article we evaluate and proposed low Complexity Zero forcing which reduce the complexity of receiver for detection of high rate STBC and evaluate the performance in m–Nakagami fading environment.

252-260

Authors: K. Rajathi1, A. Rajendran2

- Stable silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by chemical reduction of silver nitrate in ionic liquids 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [Emim] BF4 and 1- Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Emim] PF6 at room temperature. The characterization of the silver nanoparticles such as their size and shape was performed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques which indicated a size range of 50 to 55 nm. The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles for three gram negative bacteria and three gram positive bacteria were investigated. It appeared that [Emim] PF6 and its Ag nanoparticles are the most effective products against the tested bacterial stains compared with [Emim] BF4 and its Ag nanoparticles.

266-275

Authors: 1Anamika Mishra, 2D B Jadhav, 3P V Jadhav

ECM emerges out to be one of the major non conventional machining techniques based on Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, highly efficient due to its zero tool wear characteristic. Occurrence of passivation is the major problem faced in ECM. In the present work, study of the flow pattern of electrolyte has been performed so that, the machining variable distribution can be predicted accurately thus passivation can be minimized. A tool was modeled in Pro-E design modeler and study is considered under steady state with turbulence. The model was simulated for various inlet pressures. The results obtained showed that the flow velocity decreases when electrolyte moves towards the work piece and it increases at the outlet. Turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent eddy dissipation rate profile exhibits higher value of turbulence at pressure 1.0 kg/cm2 and 1.4 kg/cm2 whereas at 1.2 kg/cm 2 pressure, turbulence is almost negligible. The MRR is maximum affected by the tool feed rate followed by voltage and least by the electrolyte pressure.The optimize results A2B2C2 gives the best material removal rate (MRR).Hence, from the computational simulation and experimental results it was found that 1.2 kg/cm2 is a optimum value for pressure .

281-287

Authors: Sahana S Bhandari1, Shreyas Srinath1

In this paper, shortest method to solve calculations of number ending with five have been presented. Many facts related to the calculation are proposed through which the entire calculation gets reduced to the level of an eye blink. There are many methods in Vedic Mathematics to multiply any two numbers. They are time consuming since they are not specifically meant for numbers ending with five. This describes the method to find the cube of a number ending with five accurately and very fast. It even describes the shortest method to solve the multiplication of two numbers ending with five. By using these formulas, calculations involving two numbers ending with five can be easily solved. This method can be also used in the field of math coprocessors in computer. This algorithm is tested in matlab(2012a version) . This method can be implemented on vlsi chip for faster multiplication.

293-298

Authors: Meenu Pruthi1, Anurag Singh 2

This paper focus the study of Quality factor of MEMS resonators are analyzed by varying the material of cantilever beam. Modeling and simulation of Thermoelastic Damping (TED) is an important issue in the development of actuators, MEMS resonators, and filters. The energy dissipation mechanism by TED highly affects the Q factor. Here we uses material s Ge, GaAs, PolySi, Single Crystal Si. Out of these material Single crystal shows the better value of Qfactor at eigen frequency (6.304492e5). Modeling and simulation of TED effect on various resonators are done by using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Thus the effect of material properties on the Q factor is also studied in the case of simple fixed-fixed beam resonators.

307-312

Authors: D. Stephen Dingar1, K. Thiripura Sundari 2

A new method is introduced to find fuzzy optimal solution for fuzzy Travelling salesman problems. In this method, intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are utilized to find the fuzzy optimal solution. This proposed method provides some of other fuzzy salesman problem very neighbour optimal solution called fuzzy “neighbouring optimal” salesman. A relevant numerical example is also included

319-325

Authors: Pavitha N1, S.N. Shelke2

- Due to the open nature of a sensor network, it is relatively easy for an adversary to eavesdrop and trace packet movement in the network in order to capture the source and destination physically. Many security protocols have been developed to provide confidentiality for the content of messages whereas contextual information usually remains exposed. Such contextual information can be exploited by an adversary to derive sensitive information such as the locations of monitored objects and data sinks in the field. This paper is a survey of various techniques to provide location privacy in sensor network. We have analysed various techniques to provide location privacy for source node and also for sink node.

338-347

Authors: Ramya Ranjan Choudhury1

This research article presents an overview on massive MIMO systems and its signal processing applications in future trends unlocking the aspects fifth generation of cellular communication. The key technologies includes MIMO integration to emerging technologies like device to device support, heterogeneous networks, base centric architecture for millimeter wave range for developing future generation 5G standard for wireless cellular. The system modeling design is also illustrated thereby providing a direction for meeting high data and bandwidth needs in future by employing massive MIMO cellular networks with current wireless technologies have been identified

354-363

Authors: Muzaffar U Zaman Khan1, Ishtiyaq Majeed Ganaie1

The present study assesses the various physico-chemical parameters of Upper Lake Bhopal. For the analysis, methodology as given in APHA (1995) was followed. The results obtained revealed higher values for some parameters such as free CO2, indicating higher trophic status of the lake as were also reported by Wanganeo and Wanganeo (2006). Chloride values were also recorded on the higher side indicating that the lake waters are fed with sewage and other run-off materials from its catchment area. The calcium and magnesium hardness revealed less hard waters of the lake. The pH values recorded were also of near neutral to alkaline range suggesting well buffered lake waters.

372-278

Authors: Ms Jyoti J. Jadhav

Moving object detection and Tracking has been widely used in diverse discipline such as intelligent transportation system, airport security system, video surveillance applications, and so on. This paper presents the moving object detection and tracking using reference Background Subtraction. In this method, we used Static camera for video and first frame of video is directly consider as Reference Background Frame and this frame is subtract from current frame to detect moving object and then set threshold T value. If the pixel difference is greater than the set threshold T, then it determines that the pixels from moving object, otherwise, as the background pixels. But this fixed threshold suitable only for an ideal condition is not suitable for complex environment with lighting changes. So that in this paper we used dynamic optimization threshold method to obtain a more complete moving objects. This method can effectively eliminate the impact of light changes.

385-388

Authors: Anvita Saxena

A virtual memory system requires efficient page replacement algorithms to make a decision which pages to evict from memory in case of a page fault. Many algorithms have been proposed for page replacement. Each algorithm is used to decide on which free page frame a page is placed and tries to minimize the page fault rate while incurring minimum overhead. As newer memory access patterns were explored, research mainly focused on formulating newer approaches to page replacement which could adapt to changing workloads. This paper attempts to summarize major page replacement algorithms. We look at the traditional algorithms such as Optimal replacement, LRU, FIFO and also study the recent approaches such as Aging, ARC, CAR.

398-402

Authors: Kulkarni Laxmi G1, Dawande Nitin A1

— In order to improve the security of the Military kinds of network this work is proposed. Here the position of missile navigates as per the user’s requirement. The user sends the co-ordinates through pc based server on the base station. For security purpose encryption is done with RC4algorithm implementation. The system that uses Human Computer Interaction and Visualization technology provides several encryption algorithms and key generators.

408-421

Authors: Md. Shadab1, Rahul Davis2

The Mechanical Properties of different materials are determined by conducting various design experimental runs. That should be according to the actual working and operating conditions. In this phenomena the type of applied load(s), its duration and the working conditions play a vital role. Engineering materials are always subjected to external loadings therefore it is of great significance if the effect of these loadings can be quantified. In the current research work an attempt was made to optimize the process parameters with the help of surface treatments in order to maximize the impact toughness and minimize the hardness of EN 31 Steel. For this purpose grey based design of experiment method was used and results works were validated graphically and analytically the obtain result shows the height of the hammer affected the impact toughness significantly on the other hand thermal treatment was the most influenced factor that affected materials hardness significantly.

432-446

Authors: Mayank Rai Nigam1, Mrs Shivangi Bande2

The ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) has developed AMBA (Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture) bus protocol which is widely used by System-on-Chip (SoC) designers. Systems-on-Chip are one of the biggest challenges engineers ever faced which result a mix of microprocessor, memories, buses architectures, communication standards, protocol and interfaces.AMBA buses act as the high-performance system backbone bus. It supports the efficient connection of processors, on-chip memories and off-chip external memory interfaces. APB and AHB come under AMBA standard. ARM has come up with its latest on chip bus transfer bus protocol, called AMBA AXI. AXI stands for Advanced Xtensible Interface.From a technology perspective, AMBA AXI (Advanced eXtensible Interface) provides the means to perform low latency, high bandwidth on chip communication between multiple masters and multiple slaves. Moving one stage further, from an implementationperspective, configurability and programmability are becoming vital to ensuring IP can be tuned for a given application or project requirement.

456-460

Authors: Nikhil Gupta1, Rampal Kushwaha2

— Image process is employed in several fields like pc vision, remote sensing, medical imaging, AI etc. In several of those applications the existence of impulsive noise within the noninheritable pictures is one in all the foremost common issues. This noise is usually aloof from a picture by mistreatment median filter because it preserves the perimeters throughout noise removal. pictures can even corrupt by the shot noise, known as salt-and pepper noise. This noise is characterized by spots on the image and is typically related to the noninheritable image because of errors in image sensors and information transmission. This paper makes an attempt to undertake the study of Denoiseing ways . totally different noise densities are removed by mistreatment filters rippling primarily based ways . Fourier remodel technique is localized in frequency domain wherever the rippling remodel technique is localized in each frequency and abstraction domain however each the on top of ways don\'t seem to be information adaptational .In This paper we tend to attempt to presents a review of some important add the realm of image denoising and finds the one is best for image denoising. Here, some in style approaches area unit classified into totally different teams .after that we tend to conclude for best technique for Image Denoising.

465-478

Authors: Dipti R. Shetye1, Dr. S.S.Pimplikar2

- Cash flow is very essential in every construction project as it gives the detail idea about how much money or amount we are spending on project as a cash outflow and how much amount we are getting back from the project as a cash inflow & when we combine the both inflow and outflow with the help of graph we can understood that how much inflow and outflow is their in each month so its easy to compare and to know that how much profit we are getting and also we can plot ‘S’ curve of month Vs cumulative cost from which we can know month wise how much cost get added up to the last month of the project. To define all this in detail I have taken case study of my project in the paper on which I have worked. That is Pebbles 9 Floored building in Bavdhan for this case study I have collected data like item wise quantities in each activity then basic labor & material rates, then total consumption of items for each activity & total BOQ is prepared from that which shows item wise quantity, rate and amount. Then I have used Microsoft project software in this project so I have put all the activities in software as a work breakdown structure i.e. (WBS) then duration for activities given and then linking part is done then set the baseline and tracking part is done by doing tracking grant. It gives planned and actual duration of the project from that we can understand whether project is as per plan or it is lagging and if it is lagging then by how much duration its lagging then resource cost summery report generated in MSP using visual reports for whole project duration and we can do this for each month also to understand how much cost spend on each resource in each month. Then Inflow and Outflow generated then combination of Inflow and outflow generated from which we can understand simultaneously then inflow and outflow in each month so, that we can easily calculate the project duration. Like this cash flow of the any project get generated which is very necessary for clear understanding that how much money we are spending and in that how much money we are getting back.

487-498

Authors: Rohit Pandey1, Rahul Davis2

— Impact testing methodology is findings the applications for determining the impact strength of the different materials. Oneof the most important characteristics of structural steels, toughness is assessed by the Charpy V-notch impact test. The objective of the research was to maximize the impact toughness by selecting various combinations of Charpy Impact test parameters. In this paper, experiments were carried out to Study the Effect of Thermal Treatments (annealing, cryogenic treatment and tempering) on Impact Toughness. Cryogenic treatment (CT) is the supplementary process to conventional heat treatment process in steels, by deep–freezing materials at cryogenic temperatures to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of materials being treated. For this purpose, the temperature was used -196oC as deep cryogenic temperature. The effects of cryogenic temperature (deep), cryogenic time (kept at cryogenic temperature for 36 hr) on the wear behavior of EN24 steel were studied. The findings showed that the cryogenic treatment decreases the retained austenite and hence improves the wear resistance and hardness. The process has various advantages like increase in hardness, increase in wear resistance, reduced residual stresses, fatigue resistance, increased dimensional stability, increased thermal conductivity, toughness, by transformation of retained austenite to martensite, the metallurgical aspects of eta-carbide formation, precipitation of ultra- fine carbides, and homogeneous crystal structure. The findings show that the cryogenic treatment improves the wear resistance and hardness of EN24 steel. En24 steel is generally used in the hardened and tempered condition to achieve an optimum combination of hardness and ductility. In the present study, heat treatment process of En24 steel was done which includes Annealing and Tempering at high temperature. The specimens tempered at different temperatures (in the range 473–823 K) exhibited decreasing hardness with increase in tempering temperature. Response surface methodology was adopted in designing the experiments for three factors with 27 levels.

504-409

Authors: SunilKumar Vats1, Hitanshu Saluja2

In this paper parameters of the micro strip patch antenna (MSA) which is feed by co–axial feed technique is enhanced by using the DGS technique, and comparing the results of different DGS shapes with the original MSA antenna using the HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator), which is a commercially available electromagnetic simulator based on finite element method and adaptive meshing technique to achieve the desired specification.

518-522

Authors: Manish Kumar Bharti1, Sonia Chalia2

The present study has been aimed to investigate the stabilization effects imposed by the addition of Copper (II) Nitrate (Trihydrate) (Cu(NO3)2.3H2O) on the phase modification (II) of Ammonium Nitrate (AN) and eventually on its thermal decomposition behavior. Cu(NO3)2.3H2O was co-crystallized with AN in weight percentages as 3%, 6% and 10% for the preparation of three samples of Phase Stabilized Ammonium Nitrate (PSAN). The thermal decomposition behaviors of untreated AN and prepared samples of PSAN were assessed and compared using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to observe the effectiveness of Cu(NO3)2.3H2O as a potential stabilizer. The present study indicated that Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, in low weight percentages, was able to provide a significant delay in the onset temperature range of near-room-temperature phase modification (III) of AN occurring at around 32 °C– 34 °C. Also, increasing weight percentage of Cu(NO3)2.3H2O in the composition resulted in the complete stabilization of phase modification (II) occurring at around 85 °C– 87 °C.

531-540

Authors: Sonia Chalia1

The main objective is to find out the environmental effects on the Flexible porous vertical structure and its stability when exposed to different parameters of waves and current. A numerical model of 2D net is modeled and simulated to analyze the response of the structure and tension in the mooring lines in these conditions. The system included a flexible net attached to floaters on the top and weight suspended on the bottom and high tensioned mooring with fixed floatation. The analysis is performed by OrcaFlex software which is a 3D non-linear time domain finite element program capable of dealing with arbitrarily large deflections of the flexible from the initial configuration. Input forcing parameters in the model consisted of regular waves, with or without steady current. The results analyzed are the effect of different wave, wave height, wave period, influence of the floater movement on the structural forces in the net, current on mooring line tension, and how the bottom weight affects the mooring line tension.

549-561

Authors: 1Amit Garg, 2Sunil Dhingra

Counter rotating longitudinal vortices produced by winglet in a channel is known to enhance heat transfer. In the present investigation, numerical simulation are performed to study forced convection heat transfer and friction loss behavior in a triangular ribbed channel with longitudinal winglet vortex generator for turbulent airflow through constant heat flux. The cross-section of the ribs placed inside the opposite channel walls to create a reverse flow is an isosceles triangle shape. The rib arrangement, is of staggered array, are introduced. Also, two pairs of the WVGs with various attack angles (a) of 600, 450 and 300 are mounted on the test duct entrance to create a longitudinal vortex flow through the test channel. Work are carried out for a rectangular duct of aspect ratio, AR = 10 and height, H = 30 mm with a single rib height, e/H = 0.13 and rib pitch, P/H = 1.33. The flow rate is in terms of Reynolds numbers based on the inlet hydraulic diameter of the channel ranging from 5200 to 22,000. The processes in solving the simulation consist of modeling and meshing the basic geometry using the package ANSYS-CFD. Then the boundary condition will be set before been simulate in Fluent based on the research paper’s experimental data. Finally result has been examined in CFD-Post. This work presents a numerically study on the mean Nusselt number, friction factor and thermal enhancement characteristics. The simulation results show a significant effect of the presence of the rib turbulator and the WVGs on the heat transfer rate and friction loss over the smooth wall channel. The values of Nusselts number and friction factor for utilizing both the rib and the WVGs are found to be considerably higher than those for using the rib or the WVGs alone.

582-588

Authors: Shalini Verma1, Dr. R. K. Singh2

Biometrics do not provide unique identification. The matching process is probabilistic and is liable to measureable lapse error. A mistaken verfication or identification where the wrong person is matched against an enrolled user is termed a False Acceptance and the rate at which these occur is the False Acceptance Rate (FAR). Conversely, an error that occurs where a legitimate user fails to be recognised is termed a False Rejection and the corresponding rate is the False Rejection Rate (FRR). These errors are dependent not only on the technology but also on the application and the environment of use.

599-603

Authors: R. Shukla1, P. Rakshe2, S. Lokhandwala1, S. Dugad1, P. Khandekar2, C. Garde2, S. Gupta1

In the past few years Silicon Photo-multiplier (SiPM) has emerged as a new detector in various applications due to its promising characteristics for low light detection. However SiPM has certain limitations out of which temperature dependence of gain is an important parameter which limits the application fields to temperature controlled or indoor environment. Change in temperature changes the breakdown voltage and hence the gain; therefore the biasing voltage needs to be trimmed according to temperature for maintaining the constant gain. This paper explores different power supply techniques that have been used for SiPM. Many commercial power supplies are compared and different approaches which are tried by various research groups for maintaining stable gain are discussed.

617-623

Authors: Meenu 1, Priyanka Singla1, Rakesh Batra1

Focused Crawler aims to select relevant web pages from internet. These pages are relevant to some predefined topics. Previous focused crawlers have a problem of not keeping track of user interest and goals .The topic weight table is calculated only once statically and that is less sensitive to potential changes in environment. To address this problem we design a focused crawler based on dynamic computation of topic keywords and their weights. This weight table is constructed according to user query. To check the similarity of web page with respect to the topic keywords, a cosine similarity function is used and priority of extracted links is calculated.

629-634

Authors: Mohammad reza kahoorzadeh1, Masoud dehghani2

Embankments or earth dams are of important structures which have considerable application in the vast area of geotechnical engineering. The control of different geotechnical phenomena such sliding, and overturning and settlement of the clayey dams has high research priority from which a strong controlling tool obtains for engineers and managers. In this article, the dynamic or seismic deformation of embankments is investigated by finite element modeling in ANSYS software. The Young modules ratio of models was defined as the crest elasticity modules relative to the soft soil elasticity modules of the foundation. It is indicated that the higher value of elasticity ratio yields the lower amount of dynamic horizontal displacement and higher dynamic vertical displacement. Comparing the results with the literature indicated a good agreement in aspect of dynamic displacements. Finally dams with better seismic performance are introduced.

641-647

Authors: Shahbaz Ali Khidri¹, Shakir Hussain Memon², Aamir Jameel³

- Braille is vital to all visually impaired individuals and it’s the only system through which visually impaired children can learn to read and write, yet the rate of Braille literacy among visually impaired people belonging to developing countries including Pakistan is alarming low. Today in developing countries less than 3% of visually impaired children are learning to read Braille in school. This continues despite the fact that studies have shown that 80% of all employed visually impaired people read and write Braille fluently. Thus, Braille literacy is the key to employment and full participation in society. This research paper presents the design of a low-cost, low-power, portable, self-learning, and user friendly Braille system. The designed system serves as Braille writing and reading tutor, so visually impaired people can enhance their Braille writing and reading skills without the assistance of a Braille teacher. The designed system takes the input through Braille keyboard and produces the speech output and it also has the capability to read documents. It is believed that by implementing the designed Braille system in schools and homes, Braille literacy rate can be increased and visually impaired people can be employed and can fully participate in society.

660-677

Authors: Kalpna Varshney

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a nanostructure that can have a length-to-diameter ratio greater than 1,000,000. These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology. Formally derived from the grapheme sheet they exhibit unusual mechanical properties such as high toughness and high elastic moduli. Referring to their electronic structure, they exhibit semiconducting as well as metallic behavior and thus cover the full range of properties important for technology. Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes and multiple walled nanotubes. Techniques have been developed to produce Nanotubes in sizeable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, silane solution method and flame synthesis method. The properties and characteristics of CNTs are still being researched heavily and scientists have barely begun to tap the potential of these structures. Without doubt, carbon nanotubes represent a material that offers great potential, bringing with it the possibility of breakthroughs in a new generation of devices, electric equipment and bio fields. Overall, recent studies regarding CNTs have shown a very promising glimpse of what lies ahead in the future of CNTs in nanotechnology, optics, electronics, and other fields of materials science.

683-691

Authors: Meenakshi, Dr. R.K Singh, Prof. A.K Singh

Analysis of EEG signals shows that the range of frequency for epileptic seizure in a neurological disorder which needs to be detected at an early stage to know their specific needs and to help them survive with the problem. In reference to the India population 0.6 to 0.8% is affected by seizure, which is the common neurological disease just after the knock, of which 3o% have not been able to gain any control over their seizure using current pharmacological treatment measure [1-2].KNN and Linear discriminate analysis are used to detect the discrete emotions (surprise, happy, fear, neutral and disgust) of human through EEG signals. We measure EEG signals frequency range relating to seizure, divide them into five different domain such as α, β, γ, δ and θ related to the total range, and eliminate frequency distribution through FFT of EEG signals to compare the difference between seizure and healthy subject. The resulting calculations are based on the selected frequency range.

697-707

Authors: N. BalajiGanesh1,Dr. B Chandra Mohan Reddy2

Modernization and increase in the number of automobiles worldwide, the consumption of diesel and gasoline has enormously increased. As petroleum is non renewable source of energy and the petroleum reserves are scarce nowadays, there is a need to search for alternative fuels for automobiles. The intensive search for alternative fuels for compression ignition engines has been focused attention on fuels which can be derived from bio mass in this regard cashew nut oil and cottonseed oil is found to be a potential fuel for C.I Engines. The properties of cashew nut oil and sunflower oil are determined by using standard methods. The experiment is to be conduct when the engine fuelled with mixing of cashew nut oil, cottonseed oil and its blends in various proportions like 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume and then investigate the performance and emission characteristics of C.I Engine at different load conditions

716-718

Authors: Roopesh Kumar1,Diljeet Singh Chundawat2, Prabhat Kumar Singh3

- Extracting knowledge from spatial data like GIS data is important to reduce the data and extract information. GIS data also contains information about accidents at certain place and road conditions. Such data contains useful information for the traffic risk analysis. But such information are not directly present in the dataset. Hence spatial data mining technique is needed to extract knowledge from these databases. The previous work shows unpractical approach to multi- layer geo-data mining. That means the information from various sources are combined based on the data relation and data mining is performed on the relation. The efficiency of risk factor evaluation requires

730-737

Authors: Yamini Upadhyay1, Vikas Wasson1

- Image segmentation denotes a process by which a raw input image is partitioned into non-overlapping regions such that each region is homogenous and connected. This paper directly deals with locating and thus measuring the size of cancer affected area. It also proposes to reduce the time and manual efforts included in studying the MR images of the patient, thus saving the precious time of the doctors. The aim of this paper is to simplify the obnoxious study problems related to the study of MR images. Over the time, study of MR images related to cancer detection in the liver or abdominal area has been difficult. The reason is countered as the shape complexity and over lapping of liver with other organs. Watershed technique has been used as the base technique to compare the results with the proposed technique Genetic algorithm. A tabular comparative analysis has been given on the bases of results of both the techniques.

742-746

Authors: Monika Dhakla1, Dr S.K. Verma2

For several years, the problem of durability of concrete structure has been a major problem posed to engineers. To make durable concrete structure, sufficient compaction is required. Excess of vibration causes segregation whereas under vibration leads to improper compaction. Answer to this problem is Self compacting concrete(SCC) which can get compacted into every corner of form work and gap between steel, purely by means of its own weight and without the need for compaction. Durability of concrete depends largely upon the permeability of concrete that is defined as the ease with which it allows the fluids to pass through it. This paper aims to focus on experimental study of permeability test on selected SCC trial mixes after giving different exposure condition. A suitable mix was selected on the basis of self compactability properties which can be checked by various tests such as slump test, U Box test, L Box test and V Funnel test. The various specimens were exposed to different conditions such as normal (lab environment), heat cool cycles and wet dry cycles. The results of the exposed specimens was compared with the specimen cast and kept at room temperature so as to estimate the durability parameters for duration of one month.

754-761

Authors: Vivek Kumar Sharma1, Aisha Rafi1

The problem of unsteady mixed convection heat and mass transfer near the stagnation point of a three-dimensional porous body in the presence of magnetic field, chemical reaction and heat source or sink is analyzed. Similarity transformation and Homotopy Perturbation Method are used to solve the transformed similarity equations in the boundary layer. Velocity distribution and temperature distribution are shown through graphs for various physical parameters and coefficients of skin friction and heat transfer are present through tables.

769-779

Authors: Vishal N. Kshirsagar1, Dr. S..K Choudhary2, Prof. A.P Ninawe2

This paper describes about the design of various components of can or plastic bottle crusher machine. This machine is widely used in beverage industries or in scrap dealers shop to reduce the volume of the cans/bottles. Hence in this design of various parts are necessary, and design of various parts due to which the design quality of those parts will be improved. There are so many researchers who have done work on design and analysis also, but still there are so many areas of scope regarding this design. Overall, this project involves processes like design, fabrication and assembling of different components etc. After all process has been done, this crusher may help us to understand the fabrication and designing that involved in this project.

785-791

Authors: Gourav Arora1, Poonam2, Anurag Singh3

High Read and Write Noise Margin is one of the important challenges of SRAM design. This paper analyzes the read stability and write ability of 6T and 7T SRAM cell structures at different technologies. SRAM cell stability analysis is typically based on Static Noise Margin (SNM) investigation and SNM affects both read and write margin. This paper represents the simulation of both SRAM cells and their comparative analysis on the basis of RNM and WNM. The 7T SRAM cell provide higher read and write noise margin as compared to 6T SRAM cell at different technologies. All simulations of SRAM cells have been carried out on 45nm, 32nm and 22nm CMOS technology at Tanner EDA tool.

802-808

Authors: Kamal Kumar Pradhan1, Bhoumika Sahu1, Hemrani Gajendra1

The review paper describes major designs of adaptive jet engines as well as their structural and operational advantages. Particular attention paid to a double-rotor engine designed by Pratt & Whitney, where a portion of air is bled from downstream of the compressor and then supplied to the area downstream the turbine when the engine is operated at its maximum performance (turbine bypass engine).Actual thermodynamic cycles of such engines and energy balance of flows. It was shown that real working cycles of these engines represent figures with variable surface areas, which is the reason for the second name of these units – engines with variable thermodynamic cycle. Engine parameters were measured in order to facilitate the recognition of incipient engine difficulties. In addition, a successful effort was made to operate the engines satisfactorily when they were severely damaged. The analysis has been conducted separately for internal and external channel. The sensitivity analysis for the working cycle makes it possible to select parameters that are potentially controllable and adjustable. To sum up the foregoing deliberations one has to state that operation of turbojet adaptive engines is the topic that needs much more investigation. Even the design solution of the engine itself, although being really exciting and promising, is troublesome in the aspects of the design and process engineering, and will lead to a series of operation and maintenance problems.

815-824

Authors: 1Deepak Kumar

— In present work, the time independent laminar flow of a viscous, incompressible fluid in two dimensions flow has been studied. The fluid had been allowed to flow in a channel with an obstruction which was a rectangular plate of definite dimensions. The flow of water had been considered to be steady with uniform incident velocity with various boundary conditions. The resulting Navier- Stokes equations had been solved with the help of software “FLEX PDE”. Reynolds number had been varied as 10, 50, 100 and variation of streamlines, velocity, and pressure along with flow pattern in the form of velocity vector had been investigated.

831-835

Authors: 1Pallavi Aggarwal, Yashasvi Rawal

Handwritten character recognition is a challenging task in the field of research on image processing, artificial intelligence as well as machine vision since the handwriting varies from person to person. Moreover, the handwriting styles, sizes and its orientation make it even more complex to interpret the text. The numerous applications of handwritten text in reading bank cheques, Zip Code recognition and in removing the problem of handling documents manually has made it necessary to acquire digitally formatted data. This paper presents the recognition of handwritten characters using either a scanned document, or direct acquisition of image using Matlab, followed by the implementation of various other Matlab toolboxes like Image Processing and Neural Network Toolbox to process the scanned or acquired image. Experimental Results are given to present the proposed model in order to recognize handwritten characters accurately.

842-851

Authors: Gegbe. B1, Kokofele I1

Malaria remains the leading cause of both morbidity and mortality in Sierra Leone, especially among young children, despite the strive to reduce the infection rates over the past decade, and if robust mechanism is not put in place, for the eradication of the disease then the notion would still be faced with challenges in controlling of malaria that may have greater effect on under-five children. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of under-five malaria treatments administered in the Kenema Government Hospital. The study was descriptive and designed to evaluate under-five malaria treatment using chi-square test. The researcher used 12274 reported cases of morbidity within the period 2010 to 2012 for under-five children and 385 were mortality cases (death cases as a result of malaria) and 11916 reported cases of those treated and recovered. The study was descriptive and designed to evaluate under-five malaria treatment using chi-square test. In 2012, there was a rapid increased of 42% in morbidity reported cases with 4028 cases reported which was almost five times the morbidity cases in 2010. It sounds alarming and worrisome for a district in the eastern part of Sierra Leone. It can be observed that the rate of morbidity cases was getting higher every year in under- five children in Kenema District. In 2012 there were 3897 under five children reported to survive out of 4072 morbidity cases which indicate 40% increased of survival for under- five children in the Kenema Government District Hospital. Again, from 2011 to 2012 the chances of survival for children were almost the same as chances of morbidity cases. Moving toward 2013, there were clear indications that the rate of morbidity may increase at a proportion equal to recovery rate. There is no significant defence between the morbidity and those treated and recovered (survived) which implies that the many challenges that were faced by this hospital management were overcame. These challenges may exist in the form of number of beds available, number of qualified doctors and nurses, use of appropriate and available drugs for the treatment of malaria etc. However in mist of these challenges the management was able to treat and recover a lot of cases though more morbidity cases waiting in queue

14-20

Authors: Sreenivasulu Reddy. A1, Sreenath K1, Abdul Shafi M1

Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP)system is an important production activity in the manufacturing industry to generate process plans that contains the required information of machining operations, machining parameters (speeds, feeds and depth of cuts), machine tools, setups, cutting tools and accessories for producing a part as per given part drawing. In this context, to generate the optimum process plans, one of the AI based meta heuristic algorithm is used i.e., Teaching–Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) to solve the process planning problem to minimize operation sequence cost and machining time based on the natural phenomenon of teaching–learning process like in the class room.

27-32

Authors: Anusaya Salwe1, Ashwin U. Bhagat1, Mohitkumar G.Gabhane1

The rapid growth in high speed multi-functional miniaturized electronics demands more stringent thermal management. The present work numerically investigates the use of perforated pin fins to enhance the rate of heat transfer. In particular, the numbers of horizontal perforations, horizontal diameters of perforation on each pin-fin are studied. Results show that heat transfer in perforated pin fin is greater than solid pin fin. Pressure drop with perforated pins is reduced as compared with that in solid fins and more surface area get available which enhance the convective heat transfer.

43-50

Authors: Shilpa Kamde1, Dr. Saanjay Badjate2, Pratik Hajare1

In modern VLSI design, Domino logic based design technique is widely used and in which power ignites the speed of circuit. The Dynamic (Domino) logic circuit are often favored in high performance designs because of the high speed and low area advantage. But in integrated circuits, the power consumed by clocking gradually takes a dominant part, and therefore our research work in this paper is mainly focused on to study the comparative performance of various domino logic based techniques proposed recently in last decade viz. basic logic domino technique, domino with keeper, high speed leakage tolerant domino, low swing domino logic and domino logic with variable threshold voltage keeper, sleep switch dual threshold voltage domino. This work evaluates the performance of the different domino techniques in terms of delay, power and their product on BSIM4 model using Agilent Advanced Design System tool. The domino techniques compared in this work were found to have optimized area, power, delay and hence better power delay product (PDP) as compared with standard domino. The main focus of this research work is to find the best possible trade off that would optimize multiple goals viz. area, power, speed and noise immunity at the same time to meet the multi-objective goal for our future research work.

55-59

Authors: G. Sri Lakshmi1, A Ganga Mani2

The focus of this Paper is the design of Network Router and verifies the functionality of the eight port router for network on chip using verilog qualifies the Design for Synthesis and implementation. This Design consists of Registers, FSM and FIFO’s. This Router design contains Eight output ports and one input port, it is packet based Protocol. Router drives the incoming packet which comes from the input port to output ports based on the address contained in the packet.. The router has an active low synchronous input resetn which resets the router. Thus the idea is borrowed from large scale multiprocessors and wide area network domain and envisions on chip routers based network. This helps to understand how router is controlling the signals from source to destination based on the header adders.

66-75

Authors: Mrunal P.Kshirsagar1, Trupti J. Kansara1, Swapnil M. Aher1

– Conventional heat exchangers are large in size and heat transfer rate is also less and in conventional heat exchanger dead zone is produce which reduces the heat transfer rate and to create turbulence in conventional heat exchanger some external means is required and the fluid in conventional heat exchanger is not in continuous motion with each other. Tube in tube helical coil heat exchanger provides a compact shape with its geometry offering more fluid contact and eliminating the dead zone, increasing the turbulence and hence the heat transfer rate. An experimental setup is fabricated for the estimation of the heat transfer characteristics. A wire is wounded in the core to increase the turbulence in turn increases the heat transfer rate. The paper deals with the pitch variation of the internal wounded wire and its result on the heat transfer rate. The Reynolds number and Dean number in the annulus was compared to the numerical data. The experimental result was compared with the analytical result which confirmed the validation. This heat exchanger finds its application mostly in food industries and waste heat recovery.

92-101

Authors: Nikhil Gedam 1

The mechanical cotton picker is a machine that automates cotton harvesting in a way that reduces harvest time and maximizes efficiency. To develop a mechanical cotton picker with the intent on replacing manual labor. The first pickers were only capable of harvesting one row of cotton at a time, but were still able to replace up to forty hand laborers The current cotton picker is a self-propelled machine that removes cotton lint and seed (seed-cotton) users rows of barbed spindles that rotate at high speed and remove the seed-cotton from the plant. The seed-cotton is then removed from the spindles by a counter-rotating doffer and is then blown up into the basket the plant at up to six rows at a time. The picker or spindle type machine was designed to pick the open cotton from the bolls using spindles, fingers, or prongs, without injuring the plant's foliage and unopened bolls. In this cotton picking by spindle type machine will resul in sshort fibre content ,micronair and fibre length will indirectly looses the fibre strength quality as compare to hand picking machine.over come to these problem make a cotton picking machine by suction will made a pressure equal to the hand picking( 100gm)

110-114

Authors: Shweta A.Tambe1, Nikita P. Joshi\1, P.S. Topannavar1

Online voting system that helps to manage elections easily and securely. With the help of steganography one can try to provide a biometric as well as password security to the voters account. The system will make a conclusion whether the voter is correct person or not. System uses voters fingerprint image as cover image and embed voter’s secret data into the image using steganography. This method produces a stego image which is equal to the original fingerprint image only. On the whole there are changes in the original fingerprint image & stego image but they are not visible by human eye.

122-127

Authors: P.Vijayakumar1, Sai Keerthi Varikuti1

- Spectrum sharing without interfering to the primary users is one of the challenging issue in cognitive networks, at the same time power control is one of the feasible solution for spectrum sharing without disturbing the primary user to achieve required performance at cognitive radio. In this paper one Zigbee is configured as primary user and another Zigbee as secondary user which together forms a cognitive network. Here the implementation of the designed setup is carried out by analyzing signal strength , transmit power level assignment and routing algorithm on specific transceiver model of IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee on Arduino board which leads to better performance of cognitive radio to access spectrum.

137-142

Authors: PriyankaA.Wankhade1, Prof. Avinash P.Wadhe 2

Data mining is an art which is used and applied discipline for grown out the various statistical pattern recognition,learning macheine,and artificial intelligence which is combined with business decision making to optimize and enhance it.Initially the techniques of Data mining have been applied to the already structured data from the database. The highly usage of computers makes data mining affordable for small companies but on the other hand the invention of cheap massive memory and digital recording electronic devices allowed the misuse of the private sector such as corporate,governmental and private documents.for ex-e-mail message from customer,recording from telephonic conversation between customers and operators.to handle such condition multimedia data mining is available.The aim of multimedia data mining is to process media data alone or combination with other data for finding patterns usefull for business.

147-153

Authors: Muhammad Kashif1, Munawar Saleem Ahmad1, Iftikhar Fareed2

Geographical sero-prevalence of Anaplasma marginale (T) in sheep, Ovis aries (L) was done from January-May, 2012 in district Peshawar which is a crowded area of Pakistan. In this area sheep’s infection with A. marginale is not reported before. For this purpose, 376 serum samples were obtained conveniently from 4 different breeds of sheep, from different geographical areas of Peshawar. An indirect ELISA using recombinant MSP-5 as antigen of A. marginale, was performed. Totally, 92/376 (24.47%) of the overall sheep sera were positive. In 6 areas of Peshawar, Peshthakhara and Mashokhel area were found highly infected i.e. 32.00% and 32.00% respectively, while Ghazi baba area was less infected comparatively. While age wise, adults were highly infected specially turkai ones. This is the first record of A. marginale showing high rate infection in sheep in Peshawar, Pakistan, This research should be useful in epidemiological applications.

162-167

Authors: Yasodharan S1, Swamynathan S M2

BIST is a viable approach to test today's digital systems. During self-test, the switching activity of the Circuit Under Test (CUT) is significantly increased compared to normal operation and leads to an increased power consumption which often exceeds specified limits. The proposed method generates Multiple Single Input Change (MSIC) vectors in a pattern. The each generated vectors are applied to a scan chain is an SIC vector. A class of minimum transition sequences is generated by the use of a reconfigurable Johnson counter and a scalable SIC counter. The proposed TPG method is flexible to both the test-per-scan schemes and the test-per-clock. A theory is also developed to represent and analyze the sequences and to extract a class of MSIC sequences. The proposed BIST TPG decreases transitions that occur at scan inputs during scan shift operations and hence reduces switching activity in the CUT. As the switching activity is reduced, the power consumption of the circuit will also be reduced.

170-178

Authors: Jasveen Kaur1, Amandeep Kaur1, Prabhjot Kaur1

This study is going to provide directions to open source practitioners to better organize their projects to achieve greater performance. In this research, we try to understand socio-technical interactions in a system development context by examining the joint effect of developer team structure and open source software architecture on OSS development performance. We hypothesize that developer team structure and software architecture significantly moderate each other’s effect on OSS development performance. Empirical evidence supports our hypotheses and suggests that Larger teams tend to produce more favorable project performance when the project being developed has a high level of structural interdependency while projects with a low level of structural interdependency require smaller teams in order to achieve better project performance. Moreover, centralized teams tend to have a positive impact on project performance when the OSS project has a high level of structural interdependency. However, when a project has a low level of structural interdependency, centralized teams can impair project performance.

189-194

Authors: Alok kumar1, Dinesh Kumar1,Ritesh Kumar1

This report presentsdifferent components and its various configurations along with the feasibility of using solar energy as a potential source of heat for deriving a stirling engine. In addition to this it contains the design details of various parts of stirling engine and details of materials used.Engine parts being of mild steel, aluminium and cast iron so turning, facing, grinding, cutting, threading, tapping operations were used in the fabrication of stirling engine. There is design calculation of different components of stirling engine and parabolic dish as hot cylinder calculations, hot (Displacer) piston calculations, cold cylinder calculations, cold piston calculations, connecting rod calculations, calculations of flywheel, parabolic dish calculations is performed.

201-206

Authors: Pradnya Meshram 1, Prof. S.S. Wankhede2

- Driver-assistance systems that monitor driver intent, warn drivers or assist in vehicle guidance are all being actively considered. This paper present computer vision system designed for recognizing road boundary and a number of objects of interest including vehicles, pedestrians, motorcycles and bicycles. The system is designed using Hough transform and Kalman filters to improve the accuracy as well as robustness of the road environment recognition. A Kalman filter object can be configured for each physical object for multiple object tracking. To use the Kalman filter, the moving object must be track. The results are then used as the road contextual information for the following procedure, in which, particular objects of interest, including vehicles, pedestrians, motorcycles and bicycles, are recognized by using a multi-class object detector. The results in various typical but challenging scenarios show the effectiveness of the system.

232-238

Authors: N.U.Kakde 1, D B Meshram 1 ,G R Jodh1,A.S.Puttewar1

Today, evolution of science and technology has reached tremendous rate. Major breakthroughs in sciences, technology, medicine, and engineering make our everyday life more and more comfortable. Today it is nearly impossible to find an engineer who does not use complex mathematical tools for formal modeling of design products, CAD systems for drawings, electronic handbooks and libraries, and the Internet to find necessary data, information, and knowledge. But what happens when we need to invent a radically new solution? To generate a new idea? To solve a problem when no known problem solving methods provide results? What tools and methods do we have to cope with these situations? It happens that when it comes to producing new ideas, we still rely heavily on thousands-years-old trials and errors method. It is good when a new brilliant and feasible idea is born quickly. But what price we have to pay for it most of the time? Waste of time, money and human resources. Can we afford this today, when competition is accelerating every day and capability to innovate becomes a crucial factor of survival? Certainly, not. But if there is anything that can help? Fortunately, the answer is “yes”. To considerably improve innovative process and avoid costly trials and errors, leading innovators use TRIZ, a scientifically-based methodology for innovation. Relatively little known outside the former Soviet Union before the 90th, it rapidly gained popularity at world-leading corporations and organizations, among which are DSM, Hitachi, Mitsubishi, Motorola, NASA, Procter & Gamble, Philips, Samsung, Siemens, Unilever, just to name a few. This article presents a brief overview of TRIZ and some its techniques with focus on technological applications of TRIZ.

247-255

Authors: Samiksha Soni1, Manisha Sharma1

In recent years SVD has gained wide importance in the field of digital watermarking. In this paper the fundamental of SVD and quantization based watermarking algorithm is discussed and a modified hybrid algorithm is proposed. In this work cascade combination of DCT and SVD is applied to design a robust watermarking system. This work exploits the features of both DCT and SVD. We implemented the same algorithm in three variants where these variation lies in the embedding procedure of watermark bit ‘1’. Simulation result shows that minor change in embedding formula has significant impact on robustness of the system. To check the robustness of the proposed work it is subjected to variety of attacks and robustness is measured in terms of normalized correlation and bit error rate.

268-276

Authors: N.Shanthini1, P.Rajasekar1, Dr. H.Mangalam1

Information security has become an important issue in the modern world and also the technology is going to increase very fast.Data encryption & decryption method were more popular for real-time security communication application used in nowadays. For that purpose AES has to be proposed. One of the most critical problem in AES is the power consumption. In this paper presents an optimized composite field arithmetic based S-Box implemented in four stage pipeline.Here we mainly concentrate the power consumption of S box which is the most power consuming block in AES. The construction procedure for implementing Galois Field (GF) combinational logic based S-Box is presented here. S Box operation is divided in to the GF based multiplication and inverse operation and illustrated in a step-by-step manner. The XC2VP30 device of Xilinx FPGA is used to validate the power with VHDL code for the proposed architecture. Power consumption has been measured by Xpower analyser tool in ISE 14.7 design suite.

286-291

Authors: Varsha Singh1, Vinay Kumar Jain2, Dr. Neeta Tripathi3

This paper presents a brief survey of feature extraction techniques used in language identification (LID) system. The objective of the language identification system is to automatically identify the specific language from a spoken utterance. Also the LID system must perform quickly and accurately. To fulfill this criteria the extraction of the features of acoustic signals is an important task because LID mainly depends on the language-specific characteristics. The efficiency of this feature extraction phase is important since it strongly affects the performance and quality of the system. There are different features which are used in LID are cepstral coefficients, MFCC, PLP, RASTA-PLP, etc

298-301

Authors: Gayathri.M1,Pushpalatha.R1, Yuvaraja.T2

A new approach of image watermarking based on RSA encryption technique for the lossless medical images has been proposed. This paper presents a strategy of attaining maximum embedding capacity in an image in a way that to determine the amount of information to be added in each pixel, maximum possible neighboring pixels are analyzed for their frequencies. The technique provides a seamless insertion of image into carrier video, and reduces the error assessment and artifacts insertion required to a minimal. Two or more bits in each pixel can be used to embed message, which has high risk of delectability and image degradation to increase the embedding capacity. The RSA techniques might use a significant bit insertion scheme, the bits of data added in each pixel remains constant or a variable least significant bit insertion in which the number of bits added in each pixel vary on the surrounding pixels to avoid degrading the image fidelity.

315-324

Authors: Ajayraj S Solanki1,Umang R Soni2, Palak Patel1

Water is the basic need for man to sustaining life on the earth. With the passage of time due to technical usage and their waste disposal along with ignorance of human being caused water pollution, which led the world towards water scarcity. To resolve this problem Solar Distillation is one of the best Techniques from available another techniques. But, due to its lower productivity it cannot be commercial in the market. So that Lots of work can be done to improve the solar still efficiency or productivity. This experimental has been carried out to measure the effect of black ink on the hemispherical solar still. With different water depth and constant proportion of ink in the water and with same depth of water increasing the proportion of ink in the water has been compared to the simple hemispherical solar still. From this experimental study, it has been observed that the productivity of hemispherical solar still increased with decreasing the water depth. The productivity of hemispherical solar still has been increased with 1.25% black ink added up to 17% to 20%, and for 2% black ink added it increased up to 25%.

329-333

Authors: P.Kalaiarasi1, R. Sujitha1, V.Krishnakumar2

- To propose a high performance LTE system. The performance of an LTE system is enhanced in two stages. The first stage is to reduce the high peak to average power ratio of the OFDM signal. The second stage is to improve the channel estimation. PAPR reduction is based on the selective mapping algorithm. The channel estimated via least square method by using wavelet-based de-noising method to reduce additive white Gaussian noise and inter-carrier interference (ICI).OFDM system suffer with the problem of inherent high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)due to the inter symbol interference between the subcarriers. In order to obtain an optimal PAPR reduction using the selective mapping algorithm with less complexity. The proposed system used to reduce the PAPR and improved bit error rate in OFDM.

342-347

Authors: Priyanka Chaudhari1, Prof.M.B.Chaudhari2, Prof. S.D.Panchal2

Most Earth observational satellites are not able to acquire high spatial and spectral resolution data simultaneously because of design or observational constraints. To overcome such limitations, image fusion techniques are use. Image fusion is process combine different satellite images on a pixel by pixel basis to produce fused images of higher value. The value adding is meant in terms of information extraction capability, reliability and increased accuracy. The objective of this paper is to describe basics of image fusion, various pixel level mage fusion techniques for evaluating and assessing the performance of these fusion algorithms.

355-359

Authors: Sourabh Mahajan1, Parveen Kumar2,Anita Suman3

- To increase the data rate of wireless standard orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is used which is a great method that uses an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) at the transmitter to modulate a high bit-rate signal into a number of sub-carriers. The problem with this technique is that it is inherently more complex IFFT core. This paper delivers an examination of a technique to actions respective acts, called Orthogonal Wavelet Division Multiplex (OWDM), an substitute method to OFDM, which uses a Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) in its place of using the IFFT at the transmitter to produce the output and intensifications elasticity in system . In this research, we associated bit error rate using OFDM and OWDM. Actually OWDM (orthogonal wavelet division multiplexing) is realized by using various Daubechies family. There are dissimilar ways of applying Daubechies family, we have calculated the bit error using OFDM and then again simulated these results using various Daubechies family and then compare it. The numerous simulations are done in MATLAB.

366-374

Authors: Jyotismita Goswami 1, Alok Choudhury2

The science of numerical weather forecasting [1] is as old as the advent of ENIAC . Earth System Models or atmospheric models are built on the basis of interdependence among the prognostic variables and their effect on the atmosphere. These models have succeeded in predicting the future weather conditions provided initial weather inputs are fed to the system. A remarkable progress has been seen in this field for the past 50 years, giving a clear understanding of climate change which is increasing daily with the invention of advanced complex prediction methodologies . These models have found applications in a variety of fields including climate prediction, data assimilation, case studies, theoretical & sensitivity studies. In this presentation, a survey study is made regarding the 2 mostly used weather models: WRF and RegCM, their evolution followed by architectures, applications and advantages .

383-390

Authors: Dhanu M.N1, Revathy D1, Lijina Rasheed1,Shanavas S2

This paper deals with Experimental and Numerical study of retrofitted reinforced concrete beams using Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP). Retrofitting means modifying the existing structures to increase the resistance of the structures against seismic activity. The objective of the current study is to investigate the improvements in the structural behaviour of RC beams, while retrofitting using various types of FRP. The fibres used for the study were Glass fibres and Coir Fibres. Experimental tests were conducted on RC beams and RC beams retrofitted with various FRP such as GFRP and Coir FRP. For numerical study RC beams and RC beams retrofitted with GFRP were considered and ANSYS software was used to build a 3D model of the beams and to analyse the beam structure. The result shows that the RC beams retrofitted with Glass reinforced Polymer makes the structure more resistant to seismic activity.

397-409

Authors: Ahmad Aminu1

In this paper, the design and optimization of Lowpass Filter Using Maximally-Flat (Butterworth) Technique is proposed. The realization of seven order Lowpass filter on Microstrip transmission lines was carried out. MATLAB and AWR software were used for the implementation.

415-420

Authors: Ganesh Raghtate 1, Abhilasha K Tiwari1

Object detection and tracking is important in the field of video processing. The increasing need for automated video analysis has generated a great deal of interest in object tracking algorithms. The input video clip is analyzed in three key steps: Frame extraction, Background estimation and Detection of foreground objects. The use of object tracking and counting; basically cars; is pertinent in the tasks of traffic monitoring. Traffic monitoring is important to direct traffic flow, to count traffic density and check the rules of traffic at traffic signals. In this paper we have presented a technique to avoid human monitoring and automate the video surveillance system. This system avoids the need to have a background image of the traffic. To a given input video signals, frames are extracted. Selected frames are used to estimate the background. This background image is subtracted from each input video frame and foreground object is obtained. After post processing technique, counting is done.

427-432

Authors: R.V.Babar1, Dr. M.S. Gaikwad2, Pratik L. Parsewar3

Day by day need of increase in data transmission rate in wireless communication systems increases rapidly. Viterbi Algorithm is known as optimum-decoding algorithm for convolutional codes and has often been served as a standard technique in digital communication systems for maximum likelihood sequence estimation. In this paper, by making existing well-known Viterbi algorithm, an adaptive Viterbi algorithm that is based on strongly connected trellis decoding is proposed. Using this algorithm, the design and a field-programmable gate array implementation of a low-power adaptive Viterbi decoder with a constraint length 9 and a code rate of 1/2 is presented. It is shown that the proposed algorithm can reduce by up to 70% the average number of ACS computations over that by using the non-adaptive Viterbi algorithm, without degradation in the error performance. The proposed Adaptive Viterbi decoder can be used in high speed decoding applications such as space communication. This results in lowering the switching activities of the logic cells, with a consequent reduction in the dynamic power. Also in this paper, with the help of Matlab, comparison of results of BER of adaptive Viterbi decoder and Viterbi decoder has been concluded.

23-32

Authors: Ralph Gur Montview1, Chandra S. Putcha2, Ramakrishna R. Tadi3

This paper is a study of the public transit systems. It includes an analysis of various regional transportation modes and arrives at optimal number of commuters patterns. The main focus is on the study of public transit systems issues in a medium size metropolitan environment. The thrust of this paper however is the establishment of criteria for public transportation needs of today and for the foreseeable future. While the final routes arrived are optimal, instead of using traditional optimization tools, an innovative approach in planning and organizing commuter travel using surveys is explained first and then the concept of TRUNK-BRANCH in public transit usage is presented in detail using a hypothetical example. Multi-modal approach is presented as possible solution to public transit. This paper delineates an approach in planning a public transit system that can be introduced in a small to medium scale environment. Attempts are made to address issues in public transportation in urban areas of any magnitude, from an average town, county partial system, to the ‘one-line’ origin-destination system.

38-55

Authors: wapnil Athavale1 ,Mona Deshmukh2

As computers become more pervasive in society, facilitating natural human–computer interaction (HCI) will have a positive impact on their use. Hence, there has been growing interest in the development of new approaches and technologies for bridging the human–computer barrier. The ultimate aim is to bring HCI to a regime where interactions with computers will be as natural as an interaction between humans, and to this end, incorporating gestures in HCI is an important research area. Gestures have long been considered as an interaction technique that can potentially deliver more natural, creative and intuitive methods for communicating with our computers. The use of hand gestures as a natural interface serves as a motivating force for research in gesture taxonomies. Gesture recognition is done in three main phases i.e. detection, tracking and recognition. The main goal of this study is to provide researchers in the field of gesture based HCI with a summary of progress achieved to date and to help identify areas where further research is needed.

67-77

Authors: Vandana S. Bhat1,Dr. J.D. Pujari2, Bhavana1

For a human vision system performing the process of face detection is an easy task compared to an intelligent machine. This paper contains a system for human Face detection by combining various skin color models. It’s an amalgamation of three diverse skin color models specifically the RGB, YCbCr and HSV. A hybrid Skin color model has been proposed for varying illumination conditions. The main objective for using is to overcome the problem of illumination conditions availability in an arbitrary image. Skin detection can be defined as the process of finding skin-colored pixels and regions in a given image. Skin detectors classically transform a given pixel into an appropriate color space and the classification is used to label whether it is a skin or non-skin pixel. The extraction of skin region is carried out using a set of bounding rules based on skin color distribution. Later the segmented face regions are classified using combination of morphological operations. Experimental results on the benchmark face databases such as FERET and the acquired images showed that the proposed model is able to achieve an accurate detection for near-frontal face orientation and skin color.

96-101

Authors: Arunraj R1, Vishnu Narayanan P M1

An Energy Efficient Feedthrough Logic (EE-FTL) is proposed in this paper to reduce the power consumption for low power applications. The EE-FTL is well suited to arithmetic circuits where the critical path is made of a large cascade of inverting gates. It has a unique characteristic where the output is pre-evaluated before the inputs from the preceding stage are ready. The proposed logic style requires low power when compare to the existing feedthrough logic (FTL). The proposed circuit is simulated and a comparison analysis has been carried out using 90-nm, 1.2V CMOS process technology. A CMOS Full Adder is designed by the energy efficient feedthrough logic and the simulation result in MicroWind environment shows that the proposed logic reduces the power consumption by 77%, 70% and 36% over FTL, Low Power FTL (LP-FTL) and Constant Delay Logic (CDL), respectively. The problem of requirement of inverter as in dynamic logic is completely eliminated in the proposed logic.

108-111

Authors: Namita Kumari1, Surendra Kr. Prasad2

Antibiotics are organic substance which check the the growth of fungus . During the study for the influence of antibiotic on the growth of fungi -10 gms of each antibiotics were added to 50 ml of Sabourd dextrose (SD ) liquid media . Later on they inoculated with fungus and incubated at 25±1°c for 15 days .After 15 days grown fungal were measured .

118-125

Authors: M. Hareesh Babu1,B.Benarji2, M. Bala Naga Bhushanamu3, Prof. M. Purnachandra Rao4

The Paper “ 2 KHz Successive Acoustic Pulse Signal Generation with different Phases for SODAR system using PC Sound card and MATLAB Graphical User Interface” is extension work for the paper title “2 KHz Mono Pulse Acoustic Signal Generation for SODAR Application using PC Sound card and MATLAB graphical user interface”. In previous paper the work has carried out with generating an Acoustic signal with specified frequency with some span of delay. This acoustic signal has propagated in one direction into the atmosphere. Here in this paper the work has carried out for generating the acoustic signal with some phase difference, which cause the change in the direction of the signal propagation. Here the generated signal has in time delay and for each time delay phase of the signal has changes in between 45, 90, 135 degrees, to obtain three directions in propagation signal as shown in the Fig 1.The SODAR (Sound Detection And Ranging) is an instrument that to measure the wind profile in the lower atmosphere of the earth. The volume measurement of the wind profile by remote sensing device, like SODAR have a great advantage compared to point measurements in a one height. In SODAR, acoustic pulses are sent vertically and at a small angle to the vertical. A thus transmitted sound pulse is scattered by the fluctuations and gradients as well as wind shear. There are five basic parameters that determine how the SODAR sends the beam. These are Transmit Frequency (FT), Transmit Power (PT), Pulse Length (τ), Rise Time (βτ) and Time between pulses (T). There are two further parameters, namely “Tilt angle” and “Half beam width”, which describes the beams of the antenna, but cannot be controlled by the software like MATLAB. MATLAB is a high-level language and interactive environment for computations, visualizations and programming. This language tool, and built-in mathematical functions will enable you to explore multiple approaches and reach a solution faster than with spreadsheets or traditional programming languages, such as C or C++ or VC++. Among the five basic parameters mentioned above, Transmit Frequency (FT), Pulse Length (τ) and Time between pulses (T) are controlled by designing the Graphical User Interface (GUI) of MATLAB. GUIs also known as graphical user interfaces or UIs provide point-and-click control of software applications, eliminating the need to learn a language or type commands in order to run the application.Thus using this GUI, user desired values of a SODAR beam can be generated. This paper is divided into four different layers such as user layer, application layer, operating system layer, and Hardware / Physical layer. The user layer gives the input to the application layer by mouse click or inputs through GUI icons. The application layer performs the signal processing such as parameter determination and further communicates with the operating system layer. The operating system layer acts as a bridge between hardware layer and application layer. Finally the Hardware / Physical layer takes care of commands executions, which are given by operating system layer. The advantage with this design of GUI replaces the ancient analog system using for beam generation.

147-151

Authors: Geetha B G1, Gokul K1, Nikhila1, Buvaneswari R1

The growth of technology is increasing day by day to fulfill needs of the humans. The proposed system is implemented to make human work easier. Anti-Vehicle Theft Using Number Plate Recognition in Cloud is an image processing technology with cloud computing environment which uses number plate to identify the theft vehicle. The objective is to design an efficient automatic theft vehicle identification system by using the vehicle number plate. The system is implemented on the public places like check post, toll gate and police checking. The proposed algorithm consists of four major parts: Vehicle identification,Extraction of number plate region, Recognition of plate characters and compare with cloud database.Moving object detecting algorithm is used for vehicle identification. For extracting the number plate Smearing algorithm and segmentation are used. The characters and numbers are recognized by using OCR technique. The extraction result is then used to compare with the database so as to come up with the specific information like the Vehicle’s owner name and address, place of registration, vehicle’s number and RC book details. The developed project is going to be implemented and simulated in Mat lab, and its performance is testing on a real image.

159-171

Authors: Sumit P.Raut1, Laukik P.Raut2

The various methodology used for failure analysis of the shaft used in different application by various authors are reviewed in this paper. This paper presents the comparison of the different methodology used, their application and limitation by various authors. The objective of present work is to study the various methodologies used for the shaft failure analysis and to choose best methodology suitable for the failure analysis of shaft used in gear box which is mounted on the overhead crane to prevent repetitive failure. Shaft failure leads to heavy loss due to stoppage and repairing cost associate with the breakdown.

182-188

Authors: Prabhat Kumar Singh1, Diljeet Singh Chundawat1, Roopesh Kumar1

This paper presents a novel method to send SMS through mobile at the remote host on a mobile service as well for internet host. The method is based on the reliability of the software en-corporate. The system uses a specified code, which is being used to access a data base system. The data residing the code will be immediately resend to the user regarding which the request had been send. The utility of the work enhances from the educational system to the various business unit. The software is being created in the J2ME.

197-204

Authors: N. Hemalatha1

Image deblurring and denoising are the fundamental problems generally arise in the field of image processing with several applications. This paper presents both areas of image restoration. Image deblurring and denoising methods are most commonly designed for removal of both impulsive noise and Gaussian noise. Impulsive noise is a most common noise which affects the image quality during image acquisition, transmission, reception or storage and retrieval process in the area of image denoising. Impulsive noise can be categories into two i.e., Salt and Pepper Noise and Random Valued Impulsive Noise. Image deblurring methods are most commonly designed for Gaussian noise. The proposed work concentrates on removal of both Impulsive noise and Gaussian noise from images. Removal of impulsive noise is carried out using a non-linear filter that involves two phases, i.e. detecting the noise and also followed by filtering. Hence we proposed an efficient filter method for suppressing the noise in an image. The numerical results will confirm that proposed methods yields the better performance, in the terms of PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio).

214-222

Authors: Abdurrhman.A.Al roqi1, Dr. Weiji Wang2

This papers focuses on the calculations to understand the torque required to spin the wheel of an airplane before it touches the runway. This measure is part of a proposed solution that is expected to eliminate the smoke generated by the airplane as it lands. The landing smoke is the result of high velocity difference between the landing gear wheels and the runway. Therefore, a slip occurs and causes serve grinding between the tyre and the runway where the tyre happens to be the softer surface. The calculations are based on the assumption that there is a turbine is installed on the side of the wheel.

230-234

Authors: Anusaya M. salwe1, Shubham S.Pande1, Juned S.Khan1 M. salwe1, Shubham S.Pande1, Juned S.Khan1

Fluidized bed Heat exchangers are important inmany industrial applications. Understanding how a fluidized bed as a multiphase flow system operates will improve its capabilities and operations. Minimum fluidization velocity and local gas holdup are important parameters used to characterize the hydrodynamic behavior of a material inside the fluidized bed. Fluidization is the phenomenon of imparting the properties of a fluid to a bed of particulate solids by passing atmospheric air through the material. Fluidized beds are reactors in which fluidization of particulate solids takes place. Fluidized beds are an important asset in many industrial processes because they present several advantages that include a high rate of heat and mass transfer, low pressure drops, and uniform temperature distribution. Experiments have been carried out in a setup i.e. in a fluidized bed heat exchanger, to find out the Heat transfer coefficient between different silica sand particles and in different velocities of air. The whole sand bed is heated by cartage heater. An experiment is performed with three different sand particles with different diameter and ten different gas velocities. The bed particles are chosen by taking Geldart’s criteria. Silica sand particles are of diameter 300-450μm, 425-650μm and 600-850μm. Fluidization is carried out by using air having normal temperature. It was found in literature survey that Higher rate of heat transfer is obtained by increasing the flow rate and by decreasing the size of the particle. The experimental results showed that the Heat transfer coefficient is increased with increasing the air velocity. It is also found that the Heat transfer decrease by increasing the particle size for Geldart B group particles.

245-254

Authors: Manjusha Kulkarni1, Pragati Thakur2

The textile industry consumes considerable amounts of water during the dying and finishing operations. Dyes extensively used are found to be toxic and considered to be resistant to biodegradation. In this work a detailed investigation of heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of Navy blue HE2R 1 (NB), azo dye of reactive class is presented using UV/P-25TiO2/ZnO2/H2O2 process in aqueous suspension under 8W low-pressure mercury vapor lamp irradiation by using Semiconductor metal oxide nano particles. Here we also report the optimization of various experimental parameters such as effect of catalyst concentration, effect of substrate concentration, effect of addition of H2O2. The obtained results show that the employment of UV/P-25TiO2/ZnO2/H2O2 process and selection of optional operational parameters lead to complete decolorization and substantial mineralization of Navy blue HE2R 1 (NB) dye which is supported by showing decreases in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) of the dye solution.

7

Authors: Usman Habib, Taimour Shahzad, Owais

This paper addresses the problems of poor convergence and high value of mean square error, embedded with various blind adaptive equalization techniques in mobile communication and proposes an improved design providing enhancement in performance and ease of operation. The effectiveness of proposed approach is evaluated against different algorithms and simulations prove that design facilitate in reducing convergence time and low MSE. Proposed algorithm also ensures that equalizer does not converge to any wrong solutions under time varying and noisy conditions.

7

Authors: Pratik P. Chaphale Dr. S. B. Jaju

This paper reviews numerical methods and analysis procedures used in the study of automotive disc brake. It covers Finite element Method approaches in the automotive industry, the complex Contact analysis. The advantages and limitations of each approach will examine. This review can help analysts to choose right methods and make decisions on new areas of method development. The complex eigen value method is choose for contact analysis of car disc brake. The essence of such a method lies in the asymmetric stiffness matrix derived from the contact stiffness and the friction coefficient at the disc interfaces. This paper presents the analysis of the contact pressure distributions at the disc interfaces using a detailed 3-dimensional finite element model of a real car disc brake. It is also investigates different levels in modelling a disc brake system and simulating contact pressure distributions at varying load. It points out some outstanding issues in modeling and analysis of disc brake squeal and proposes new research topics. Wear can take place when two or more bodies in frictional contact slide against each other. It is found that the complex Contact analysis is still the approach favored by the automotive industry.

9

Authors: Vami Hermann N'GUESSAN BI , Mahaman Bachir SALEY, Sorin POP, Romulus TEREBECH, Bogdan Be, Eric Valere DJAGOUA ,Fernand Kouamé, Monica BORDA , Kouadio AFFIAN

Regional rainfall trends in Ivory Coast, due to climate change, show a general decrease in rainfall over the entire country. This is likely to disrupt plans streams thereby reducing the availability of surface water resources. The objective therefore assigned to this work is to analyze the precipitation field while incorporating the effect of climate change. For field analysis of precipitation, the approach follows a markovian approach, which is a stochastic approach widely used to analyze and simulate the spatio-temporal evolution of a system from transition probabilities. The study was conducted on a time series of rainfall data (1966-2000) and showed that monthly precipitation echoes are well described by a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The arkovian approach followed in this work has helped develop a model to analyze and forecast precipitation field in the department that of Sinfra that reflects reality with accuracy about 83 %.

12

Authors: Uprety Dependra, Bhusal Jagrit

In Nepal, drinking unsafe water is attributed for the mortality of 13,000 children. The prevalence of this cause of morbidity and mortality in many poor rural regions has created a need for water quality intervention. These days various household drinking water treatment options are currently available in Nepal. Almost 85% of Nepalese population use cooking stove and more than 70% of the heat energy is wasted through chimney of cooking stove. Three different heat exchangers with different efficiencies were designed for Water Pasteurization by utilizing waste heat of flue gas. Locally available hollow aluminum pipe (internal diameter 8 mm, length 3.65 m) was coiled into a spiral ovular helix of 12 cm in diameter. Two different heat exchangers with coiled unit placed inside and outside of the chimney were designed. Similarly a jacket type heat exchanger with 0.5m height was also designed for Water Pasteurization. With 6 hours of average cooking period per day, total water output from three different prototypes was found in the rage of 24 to 28 liters/per day. Water quality test for treated samples from three different prototypes was done and the E. coli test result was less than 5 CFU/100ml and thus treated water was safe to drink.