International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science

12-17

Authors: Alexandre A.G. Silva1, Pedro L.P.Sanchez 2

This article discusses the system of choice of experts, especially engineers experts in Brazil and the United States. Despite being different legal systems, there are common issues that have different solutions in both countries. First will be exposed as is the Brazilian legal system, and will be described how is the choose of experts in the judiciary. Next will be described the American legal system and how is the choice of the experts in this system. Possible solutions to the problems of the Brazilian system based on the American system will be pointed out.

26-34

Authors: Shahbaz Ali Khidri¹, Aamir Ali Malik², Shakir Hussain Memon³

Electrical power is vital to everyone and is a clean and efficient energy source that is easy to transmit over long distances, and easy to control. Generally, electrical power is transmitted from one place to another with the help of wires which introduce losses and a significant amount of power is wasted in this way. As a result, the efficiency of the power system is significantly affected. In order to overcome these problems, a low-cost, reliable, efficient, secure, and environmental friendly wireless energy solution is presented in this research paper. The concept of transferring power wirelessly in 3D space was first realized by Nikola Tesla when he gave the idea to transmit the power without the help of wires over large distances using the earth’s ionosphere. In this research paper, magnetic resonance method which is non-radiative in nature is introduced for wireless power transmission and the electrical power is transmitted wirelessly over a distance of 10 feet with an overall efficiency of 80%. The method introduced in this paper is environmental friendly and has a negligible interaction with exterior forces/objects.

35-38

Authors: Sunil J. Kulkarni1

Phenol removal from wastewater is very widely studied area of research. The practical approach for phenol removal by adsorption involves study of batch adsorption and more importantly the fixed bed operation. In the present study, various aspects of fixed bed adsorption for phenol have been discussed. The review of research carried out on this topic is presented. The phenol removal in fixed bed has been carried out by using adsorbents, biosorbents, aerobic and anaerobic biological mechanisms. In most of the investigations fixed bed adsorption was found to be satisfactory in terms of removal efficiency and time. The nature of break through curve was justified by using various models. The experimental data was in agreement with model results. In most of the cases, the equilibrium capacity increased with increase in influent concentration, bed height and decreased with increase in flow rate.

44-46

Authors: Jesna Jose1

Feature selection is a term commonly used in data mining to describe the tools and techniques available for reducing inputs to a manageable size for processing and analysis. Feature selection implies not only cardinality reduction, which means imposing an arbitrary or predefined cutoff on the number of attributes that can be considered when building a model, but also the choice of attributes, meaning that either the analyst or the modeling tool actively selects or discards attributes based on their usefulness for analysis. Feature selection is an effective technique for dimension reduction and an essential step in successful data mining applications. It is a research area of great practical significance and has been developed and evolved to answer the challenges due to data of increasingly high dimensionality. The objective of feature selection is three fold. Improving the prediction performance of the predictors, Providing faster and more cost effective prediction and providing a better understanding of the underlying process that generate the data. This paper is actually a survey on various techniques of feature selection and its advantages and disadvantages.

56-66

Authors: Sneha Patil1

The energy storage in an SMES is in the state of magnetic field within a superconductor coil. The magnetic field is formed by flowing DC current in the SMES. To ensure proper operation the temperature of SMES should be maintained below critical temperature. At this temperature the resistance of the coil is zero and hence there is no loss in stored energy. The ability of SMES to store energy is influenced by the current density. The energy is fed back to the grid by conversion of magnetic field into electrical energy. An SMES system has a superconductor, refrigerant, power conditioning unit and control unit. The storage of energy is achieved by continuous circulation of current inside the coil. Since the energy is not converted in any form other than electrical there are lesser losses in SMES configuration than any other storage mechanism. Thus the efficiency is very high. It inhibits very low cycling time and the number of charge discharge cycles is very high. The major drawbacks of this technology being very high initial cost as well as losses associated with auxiliaries. This paper covers various aspects of SMES configuration and its connection in power system.

72-77

Authors: Devi D1, Arun P S2

Cloud computing, which enables on demand network access to shared pool of resources is the latest trend in today’s IT industry. Among different services provided by cloud, cloud storage service allows the data owners to store and share their data through cloud and thus become free from the burden of storage management. But, since the owners lose physical control over their outsourced data, there arise many privacy and security concerns. A number of attribute based encryption schemes are proposed for providing confidentiality and access control to cloud data storage where the standard encryption schemes face difficulties. Among them, Hierarchical Attribute Set Based Encryption (HASBE) provides scalable, flexible and fine grained access control as well as easy user revocation. It is an extended form of Attribute Set Based Encryption (ASBE) with a hierarchical structure of users. Regarding integrity and availability, HASBE is not sufficient to provide the data owner with the ability to perform checking against missing or corruption of their outsourced data. So, this paper extends HASBE with privacy preserving public auditing concept which additionally allows owners to securely ensure the integrity of their data in the cloud. We are using homomorphic linear authenticator technique for this purpose.

84-88

Authors: Jirapure S.C1, Borade A. B2

Non ferrous alloys are the most versatile engineering materials. The combination of physical properties such as strength, ductility, conductivity, corrosion resistance and machinability makes these suitable for a wide range of applications. These properties can be further enhanced with variations in composition and manufacturing processes. Present paper gives a clear idea about various strengthening processes of non ferrous alloys and prepares it as per the need of the user.

96-104

Authors: Poorvi Jain1, Pramod Kumar Jain2

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) temperature sensor is introduced in this paper which aims at developing the MOSFET as a temperature sensing element operating in sub-threshold region by using dimensional analysis and numerical optimization techniques A linear CMOS temperature to voltage converter is proposed which focuses on temperature measurement using the difference between the gate-source voltages of transistors that is proportional to absolute temperature with low power. This proposed CMOS temperature sensor is able to measure the temperature range from 0oC to 120oC . A comparative study is made between the temperature sensors based on their aspect ratio under the implementation of UMC 180nm CMOS process with single rail power supply of 600mV.

113-121

Authors: Alka Ravesh1, R.K.Malik2

For identifying the soil water retention function for its best fitting performance, the empirical retention functions of Brooks-Corey, Van Genuchten and theoretical Kosugi were parameterized for the clay loam and silt loam flood plain soils. The parameters using non-linear least- squares optimization technique as used in the RETC code were optimized and these were used in the Mualem’s statistical pore-size distribution-based unsaturated hydraulic conductivity models. It was observed that the log-normal function of Kosugi gave an excellent fitting performance having the highest co-efficient of determination and the lowest residual sum of squares. The physically-based Kosugi function was observed to be followed by empirical functions of Van Genuchten and Brooks-Corey in their fitting performances, respectively

129-135

Authors: Prashanth H S1, Prof. K S Ravi2, Dr G B Krishnappa3

Grid fins (lattice fins) are used as a lifting and control surface for highly maneuverable missiles in place of more conventional control surfaces, such as planar fins. Grid fins also find their applications for air-launched sub-munitions. The main advantages are its low hinge moment requirement and good high angle of attack performance characteristics. In this paper, one such grid fin configuration named G16 grid fin was taken for the CFD analysis. The G16 fin was studied under standalone condition at 0.7 & 2.5 Mach number for different Angle of attack (AOA) from 0 to 30◦ . The aerodynamic characteristics were plotted and discussed.

142-148

Authors: Shashank Kaithwas1, Pramod Kumar Jain2

This paper presents design concept of 16—bit Data processor. Design methodology has been changing from schematic to Hardware Descriptive Language (HDL) based design. Data processor has been proposed using Finite State Machine (FSM). The state machine designed for the Data Processor can be started from any state and can jump on any state in between. The key architecture elements of Data processor such as, Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit and Data-path are being described. Functionalities are validated through synthesis and simulation process. Besides verifying the outputs, the timing diagram and interfacing signals are also track to ensure that they adhere to the design specification. The Verilog Hardware Descriptive Language gives access to every internal signal and designing Data Processor using this language fulfils the needs for different high performance applications.

159-167

Authors: Mohammad Ali Adelian,Narjes Nakhostin Maher, Farzaneh Soorani

the goal of this research is to evaluate alternative transmission systems from remote wind farms to the main grid using low-frequency AC technology. Low frequency means a frequency lower than nominal frequency (60/50Hz). The low-frequency AC network can be connected to the power grid at major substations via cyclo-converters that provide a low-cost interconnection and synchronization with the main grid. Cyclo-converter technology is utilized to minimize costs which result in systems of 20/16.66 Hz (for 60/50Hz systems respectively). Low frequency transmission has the potential to provide an attractive solution in terms of economics and technical merits. The optimal voltage level selection for transmission within the wind farm and up to the interconnection with the power grid is investigated. The proposed system is expected to have costs substantially lower than HVDC and conventional HVAC systems. The cost savings will come from the fact that cyclo-converters are used which are much lower in cost than HVDC. Other savings can come from optimizing the topology of the wind farms. Another advantage of the proposed topologies is that existing transformers designed for 60 Hz can be used for the proposed topologies (for example a 345kV/69 kV, 60Hz transformer can be used for a 115 kV/23kV, 20 Hz system). The results from this research indicate that the use of LFAC technology for transmission reduces the transmission power losses and the cost of the transmission system.

185-190

Authors: M. Mayilvaganan1, K. Rajeswari2

Fuzzy logic has proved in this paper, a medical fuzzy data is introduced in order to help users in providing accurate information when there is inaccuracy. Inaccuracy in data represents imprecise or vague values (like the words use in human conversation) or uncertainty in using the available information required for decision making handle the uncertainty of critical risk for human health. In this paper involved to diagnosis the health risk which is related to Blood Pressure, Pulse rate and Kidney function. The confusing nature of the symptoms makes it difficult for physicians using psychometric assessment tools alone to determine the risk of the disease. This paper describes research results in the development of a fuzzy driven system to determine the risk levels of health for the patients. The system is implemented and simulated using MATLAB fuzzy tool box.

198-208

Authors: Ajay Singh1, Anil yadav2, Dr. mukesh Sharma2

Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET) is a group of independent network mobile devices that are connected over various wireless links. It is relatively working on a constrained bandwidth. The network topologies are dynamic and may vary from time to time. Each device must act as a router for transferring any traffic among each other. This network can operate by itself or incorporate into large area network (LAN). In this paper, we have analyzed various Random based mobility models: Random Waypoint model, Random Walk model, Random Direction model and Probabilistic Random Walk model using AODV,DSDV and ZRP protocols in Network Simulator (NS 2.35). The performance comparison of MANET mobility models have been analyzed by varying number of nodes, type of traffic (CBR, TCP) and maximum speed of nodes. The comparative conclusions are drawn on the basis of various performance metrics such as: Routing Overhead (packets), Packet Delivery Fraction (%), Normalized Routing Load, Average End-to-End Delay (milliseconds) and Packet Loss (%).

216-225

Authors: Anuradha Sharma1, Jyoti Sharma4, Dipesh Monga2, Ratul Aggarwal3

The goal of this document is to give description of how to use the “Mobile Security System (MSS)” (release 1.0). It gives complete information about functional and nonfunctional requirements of system Mobile security system is security software tocapture missing mobile phones or tablet pcs. The main purposes behind this project are to reduce some of the vulnerabilities in existing security systems, providing user friendly authentication mechanisms (for organizations’ resources such as domains, networks and so on) and location identification. This will be useful for business organizations and for individuals as well to keep track their mobile. For example the strategies, stability, configurations and etc. are can be considered as some of the confidential information. And it can also provide some management capabilities as well. The project is carried out within two phases.

232-239

Authors: S.B.Chavhan1

: In this paper a theory of distributional two-dimensional (2-D) canonical cosine is developed using Gelfand-Shilov technique and defined some operators on these spaces also the topological structure of some of the S-type spaces of distributional two dimensional canonical cosine transform.

254-265

Authors: Ruqia Bibi 1, Munazza Jannisar Khan1, Muhammad Nadeem Majeed1

The design quality holds a decisive influence on success of product. Our work is comprehensive study of software metrics to evaluate quality in the design phase which will be beneficial to find, repair design problems and saves large amount of potential expenditure. This paper evaluates employment of several design methods such as Robust Engineering Design, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis etc., to ensure quality and minimize variation. It has also figured the use of emerging technologies, new materials and the adoption of a simultaneous approach to design. It introduces a quality attribute driven perspective on software architecture reconstruction. It is essential to elect and follow architectures that full fill specific concerns or required properties with a certain degree of confidence, as architecture and design models together, signifies the functional behavior of the system.

281-288

Authors: Chirag Sharma1, Amit Sharma2, Pushpinder Sharma2

Our aim to investigate the SMAW joints by varying the concentration of Rutile (TiO2) in the flux composition on the various characteristics of metal cored coated electrodes for the purpose of developing efficient and better rutile electrodes for structural mild steel. In this work five rutile metal cored coated electrodes were prepared by increasing Rutile (TiO2), at the expense of cellulose and Si-bearing components like Mica and Calcite in the fluxes. Various mechanical properties like micro hardness, tensile properties and Impact toughness were measured and metallographic studies were undertaken. Qualitative measurements of operational properties like porosity, slag detachability and arc stability were also carried out.

298-301

Authors: Parth Bhavsar[1], Prof. Krunal Shah[2], Prof. Sankalp Bhatia[3]

The use of Composite material in aircraft industries is booming now-a days to grab the advantage of high strength to weight ratio. These materials are used to build main components of aircraft like fuselage, panels, rudder, and skins. It is unavoidable to provide different size, shaped cutouts in such components for different purpose i.e inspection, maintenance. The buckling behavior on composite plate with different shape, size and location of the cutouts have been explore by many researchers in last 2 decades. The presented review article is an attempt to summarize the issue of critically examine the current status, problems and opportunities to use of single ply composite in aircraft industries.

307-314

Authors: B Prasanthi1, P.Pushpalatha1

Design of low voltage double-tail Comparator with pre-amplifier and latching stage is reported in this paper. Design has specially concentrated on delay of both single tail comparator and double-tail comparator, which are called clocked regenerative comparator. Based on a new dynamic comparator is proposed, where the circuit of conventional double tail dynamic comparator is modified for low power and fast operation even in small supply voltages. Simulation results in 0.25µm CMOS technology confirm the analysis results. It is shown that proposed dynamic comparator both power consumption and delay time reduced. Both delay and power consumption can be reduced by adding two NMOS switches in the series manner to the existing comparator. The supply voltages of 1.5V while consuming 15µw in proposed comparator and 16 µw in existing comparator respectively.

323-336

Authors: Moh’d. I.M. Salah1

This studying aims to display on real time the affected roads of sun glares in advance or real time when traveling on the 3D national transportation networks, and present them on roads or navigations digital maps layers, by calculating the directions and azimuths of roads and Sun position and test if they were close enough or almost parallel in 3D model where the sun glare direct or indirect reflected the drivers eyes. The study would apply on cities that constructed on hilly or mountains areas were no absolutely flat areas found, have mid topographic surface and crowded with people and vehicles, and the roads had constructed on valleys, foothills and tops.

343-351

Authors: Arti Singh1, Kuldeep Bhardwaj2

In this paper power control techniques for code division multiple access (CDMA) system is presented. For CDMA system Power control is the most important system requirement. To function effectively, there is a need to control the power. If power control is not implemented many problems such as the near-far effect will start to dominate and consequently will lower the capacity of the CDMA system. However, when the power control in CDMA systems is applied, it allows multiple users to share resources of the system equally between themselves, leading to increased capacity. With appropriate power control, capacity of CDMA system is high in comparison to frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA).For power control in CDMA system optimization algorithms i.e. genetic algorithm & particle swarm algorithm can be used which determines a suitable power vector [1], [2]. These power vector or power levels are determined at the base station and told to mobile units to adjust their transmitting power in accordance to these levels. So a detailed discussion about CDMA system power control is given here.

359-364

Authors: Abhishek Chaudhary1, Bhavana Chauhan 1, Gavendra Singh1, Monika Jain 1

-Degree of association or coupling of frequency spectra between the ECG (electrocardiogram) and EEG (electroencephalogram) signals at a particular frequency is presented in this paper. Degree of association or coupling of frequency spectra between two signals is called Coherence.ECG orelectrocardiogram and EEG or electroencephalogram are very important parameters when it comes to diagnosis and treatment of human heart and brain related problems. For this reason signal processing of such signals are most important. A continuous non-invasive, low cost and accurate monitoring of functioning of heart and brain have been proven to be invaluable in various diagnostics and clinical applications. In this paper coherence between simultaneously taken ECG signals and EEG signals of four different subjects is presented.The EEG signals acquired from the four different positions; the Frontal(F_(p_1 )-F_(p_2 )), Central(C_3-C_4), Parietal(P_3-P_4) and Occipital (O_1-O_2) Brain Regions. Coherence is analysed by obtaining magnitude squared coherence parameters at a certain frequency band (Very Low, Low and High) using Welch method of Power Spectrum Estimation.

369-375

Authors: A. P. Bhat1, S.J. Dhoble3, K. G. Rewatkar2

— Improve the performance of remotely situated device control and data monitoring, acquisition with parameter such as temperature, pressure, vibration, humidity on real time basis give the data modularity as well as low data processing time. The infrastructure of the existing RF network is used, which is based on supervisory control, monitoring and data acquisition demands constant development and applicability in research. Versatile and highly accurate data acquisition system is investigated. In the present work, an embedded data acquisition system at operating frequency of 16 MHz is designed around the Atmega-16A microcontroller. The application of RF and microcontroller infrastructure is proposed. Wireless data acquisition deals with the creation of an inexpensive, adaptable and easy to use data acquisition within a network. The wireless data acquisition system, which is setup the temperature, pressure and vibration monetring system with the precision readout, is designed using locally available electronics component. The necessary control have been dumped or embedded as software in the microcontroller to add the intelligence to the data accusation system sufficiently recorded from remote location and store in personal computer memory using hyper terminal utility. The designed system is compact, stand-alone, reliable, accurate and portable with on-board display of the acquired the data from remote place or system under observation. The properly designed Data Acquisition system saves time and money by eliminating the need of service personal to visit each site for inspection, data collection logging or make adjustments.

386-391

Authors: Rupinder Kaur1, Sahil Vashist 2

With the emergence of cloud computing, on-demand resources usage is made possible. This allows applications to scale out elastically according to the load. In this work we have tried to maximize the cloud profit and efficiency by efficient placement of virtual machines. The target of this algorithm is to maximize the service providers in the case of current resources are not enough to process all the requests in time. In this strategy, the requests are ranked according to the profits they can bring. Simulation results show the efficiency of our framework.

398-405

Authors: Arpitha G R1, Sanjay M R1, L Laxmana Naik1, B Yogesha 1

- Development of the Polymer Composites with natural fibers and fillers as a sustainable alternative material for some engineering applications, particularly in aerospace applications and automobile applications are being investigated. Natural fiber composites such as sisal, jute, hemp and coir polymer composites appear more attractive due to their higher specific strength, lightweight and biodegradability and low cost. In this study, sisal/glass/Sic fiber reinforced epoxy composites are prepared and their mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength are evaluated. Composites of silicon carbide filler (without filler, 3, 6 & 9Wt %) sisal fiber and glass fiber are investigated and results show that the composites without filler better results compared to the composites with silicon carbide filler.

413-424

Authors: M.H.Khedra,d, M.I.Nasrb, K.S.Abdel Halimb, A.A.Farghalia,d, N.K.Solimanc*

Nanosized CuO-CeO2, CuO-Fe2O3, CuO-CeO2-Al2O3 and CuO-Fe2O3-CeO2-Al2O3 were prepared by co-precipitation and wet impregnation techniques and were used for Catalytic decomposition of acetylene to produce carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Weight gain technique was used to follow up the catalytic reactions. The results revealed that catalyst chemical composition, catalytic temperature, acetylene flow rate and catalyst’s weight have a significant effect on the acetylene conversion percent. It was found that maximum acetylene conversion percent occurs over CuO-CeO2-Fe2O3-Al2O3 and CuO-Fe2O3 and it increase by increasing, temperature from 400-600oC, decreasing acetylene flow rate from 150-50 ml/min and increasing catalyst weight from 0.25-1g. With further increase in catalyst weight, acetylene conversion% decrease. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) image shows that some of catalyst particles are observed at the tips of CNTs indicating that its formation proceeds by tip growth mechanism. ` The prepared samples and CNTs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, inductive coupled plasma – atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), surface area apparatus, Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and SEM.

429-432

Authors: Kumari Priyanka Sinha 1, Praveen Kumar1

In this paper a literature survey on web image mining is presented. Web image mining is a technique of searching ,retrieving and accessing the data from an image, There are two type of web image mining techniques i.e. Text based web image mining and image based web image mining. The objective of this paper is to present tools and technique which are used in past and current evaluation. We are also going to showa chart for comparison between all past available techniques and we will show a summarize report for overall development in web image mining.

441-455

Authors: Emmy LEMA 1, Revocatus MACHUNDA 1, Karoli Nicholas NJAU1

The presence of agrochemicals waste water from agricultural fields poses major environmental and human health problems which may be solved by phytoremediation technologies. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remediate contaminants in the environment. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of four aquatic macrophytes (Cyperus papyrus, Typha latifolia, Cyperus alternifolius and Phragmites mauritianus) towards phytoremediation of agrochemicals from simulated wastewater in Arusha, Tanzania. The selected agrochemicals belonged to different categories namely heavy metal based (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and pesticides (L-Cyhalothrin, Endosulfan and Permethrin). The change in mean concentration of the agrochemicals was described by first-order reaction kinetics. The results indicated that the removal rate constants were greater for the batch experiments planted with the macrophytes than for the control group. Furthermore, the rate of removal varied between the treatments for the different categories of agrochemicals. As far as heavy metals are concerned, Cyperus papyrus had a greater removal Cu and Fe with the k values of 0.338 d-1 and 0.168 d-1 respectively and Typha latifolia had a greater removal of Mn and Zinc with k values 0.420 d-1 and 0.442 d-1 respectively. On the other hand, the pesticides endosulfan and permethrin were greatly removed by Cyperus papyrus with k values 0.086 d-1 and 0.114 d-1 respectively. Lastly, L-Cyhalothrin was removed greatly by Typha latifolia with k value of 0.116 d-1. Generally, the results demonstrated that aquatic macrophytes can influence the reduction of agrochemicals in wastewater.

471-483

Authors: I N. Keerthikaa MCA., II K. Devika M.Sc., MCA., M.Phil.,

Ad hoc Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) promise exciting new applications in the near future, such as ubiquitous on-demand computing power, continuous connectivity, and instantly deployable communication for military and first responders. Such networks already monitor environmental conditions, factory performance, and troop deployment, to name a few applications. As WSNs become more and more crucial to the everyday functioning of people and organizations, availability faults become less tolerable—lack of availability can make the difference between businesses as usual and lost productivity. Ad hoc low-power wireless networks are an exciting research direction in sensing computing. Prior security work in this area has focused primarily on denial of communication at the routing or medium access control levels. This paper explores resource depletion attacks at the routing protocol layer, which permanently disable networks by quickly draining nodes’ battery power. These “Vampire” attacks are not specific to any specific protocol, but rather rely on the properties of many popular classes of routing protocols. It is found that all examined protocols are susceptible to Vampire attacks, which are devastating, difficult to detect, and are easy to carry out using as few as one malicious insider sending only protocol-compliant messages. Carousel attack and Stretch attack are the possible scenarios occurred. To avoid such attacks attestation based forwarding scheme and loose source routing is proposed. The thesis proposes the concepts using Content and Presence Multicast Protocol (CPMP) using the FPD (Future Peak Detection) and RFPD (Randomized Future Peak Detection) algorithms which nodes use to send updates to their neighbors. The updates contain the relative time of their sender’s next transmission. To address the energy efficiency problem the algorithms propose by synchronizing the transmission times of all the nodes in the system. Transmission synchronization presents energy saving opportunities through dynamic power management of the network interface. That is, nodes can switch off their wireless interfaces between transmissions. However, in uncontrolled ad hoc environments, a single malicious user can easily disrupt network stability and synchronization, affecting either the nodes’ power savings or their ability to receive updates from their neighbors.

497-505

Authors: Sunil Choudhary1, A.C. Tiwari2, Ajay Vardhan3, Arvind Kaushal4

This country is amongst the tropical countries where the deviation in the temperature is having very vast range. Looking in to this vast varying temperature range it is very difficult to say that which temperature is best suited for operating condition of engines and gives us best performance level as for as Thermal efficiency and brake power is concerned. In this work it tried to investigate the best option to run the S.I. engine. The development of engines with its complexity of in-cylinder processes requires modern development tools to exploit the full potential in order to reduce fuel consumption. A three cylinder, four stroke, petrol carburetor Maruti 800 engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer for loading was adopted to study engine power. The performance results that are reported include brake power and specific fuel consumption (sfc) as a function of engine temperature; i.e. 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90°C with varying engine speed of 1500, 1800, 2100 and 2400 rpm. The effect of increasing the temperature can have the multiple advantage of reducing the specific fuel consumption while on the other hand low head temperature will have good impact in reducing the thermal stress of the top portion, reduction in chance of knocking & pre-ignition, increase in the volumetric efficiency. It is indisputable conclusion that lower speed engines and large capacity engines, which are usually of low speed design, more efficient than high speed engines.

511-534

Authors: Gegbe B, Gbenjeh M.M

Njala University as a higher institution of learning remains to be on top of academic challenges in the educational processes in Sierra Leone. And for the past five years, information technology is being offered at various disciplines. One needs to know the impact of such programmes on students. So what is likely the impact of information technology on Njala University? The targeted population for the study comprises student in the Njala University. Priority was placed on student in the school of technology and schools that offered courses or programs that deals with information technology. Out of the targeted population, one hundred and fifty students were randomly selected and interviewed from Njala and Bo campuses. Forty five percent (45%) of the students agreed that they normally bring laptop to class while fifty five percent (55%) did not agree. Eleven percent (11%) of the students were unskilled in Microsoft Word, fifty nine percent (59%) were skilled and thirty percent (30) were very skilled respectively. Sixty four percent (64%) were skilled in Microsoft Excel and thirty six percent (30%) were very skilled respectively.. Fifty six percent (56%) of the students were skilled in the use of Firewalls, Antivirus Software while forty eighty percent (48%) were very skilled in the use Firewalls & Antivirus Software. Nearly fifty percent (50%) of the students each week in Njala University spent 1 to 2 hours on classroom activities and studying using electronic device; seventeen percent (17%) 3 to 5 hours; one percent (1%), 11 to 15 hours and three percent (3%) 16 to 20 hours respectively. On library resource to complete a course assignment thirty one percent (31%) spent 1 to 2 hours each week; nineteen percent (19%) 3 to 5 hours; thirty five (35%) 6 to 10 hours; four percent (4%); 11 to 15 hours and four percent(4)% 16 to 20 hours respectively.

544-548

Authors: AL-TimimiZahra,a

— In this work, we have a tendency to study lymphocyte cells survive before irradiated with a yellow laser (578nm) , and its protecting of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage once being irradiated with ultraviolet radiation (UVB-320nm) to activate DNA damage. Total range of blood samples (200) is collected from healthy donors. Donor blood volume varied from 5ml to 7ml in heparin tubes. Samples dole out to check the radiation effect on cell viability by using the trypan blue exclusion. The experiments implemented during 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours prior UVB to achieve the repair development.DNA gel electrophoresis technique is performed on samples to check the effect of radiation on the separating DNA molecules of varying sizes extending. The results show a decrease of separating or breaking of DNA manifest on gel electrophoresis experiments as a result of the smear length is reduced significantly for UVB, alternative results for cell viability tests showed that yellow laser ought to increase the survival of cells before irradiated with UVB demonstrating (91%, 87% , 80% , and 71%) amelioration.Improvement of lymphocyte survival by yellow laser can be attributed to the induction of endogenous radiation protection and doubtless enzymes elicited by laser irradiation that may be scaled back the free radical either by scavenging concern or by improved cell repair, we have a tendency to may conclude that yellow irradiation shall shield cells from radiation damage.Abstract must be of Time New Roman Front of size 10 and must be justified alignment.

557-565

Authors: Alka Sachdeva 1, Ameeta2, Babita3

A Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a continuously self configuring infrastructure-less network of mobile devices connected without wires.MANETS are extensively used these days for communication and there are various communication networks with different standards and computing techniques, different Zone Routing Protocol by varying transmission range and mobility of MANETS are used. As days are passing by the size of MANETS is increasing day by day and its expansion is inevitable due to its high penetration and popularity for the usage of mobile application but at the same time it is also prone to many attacks and network failure due to technical vulnerability of the network. This paper discussed the detection and isolation of genuine node from the main network under DOS attack using Watchdog approach. Therefore we need a mechanism which would need to overcome such scenarios. Simulation results shows better results for packet loss ratio, throughput, packet delivery ratio and other parameters by detecting malicious for proper and smooth functioning of MANETS.

572-579

Authors: Chandra shekhar kotikalapudi, Smt. P. Pushpalatha,

In this paper, we have proposed a power efficient design of a 4-bit up-down Johnson counter by using Dual Dynamic Node Pulsed Flip-flop(DDFF) featuring efficient embedded logic module(DDFF-ELM) and then clock gating is incorporated in order to reduce the power dissipation further. The proposed design employs a DDFF which mainly reduces the power consumption by eliminating the large capacitance present in the pre-charge node of several existing flip-flop designs by separately driving the output pull-up and pull-down transistors by following a split dynamic node structure. This reduces the power up to 40% compared to conventional architectures of the flip-flops. Then the Embedded logic module is an efficient method to incorporate complex logic functions into the flip-flop. Clock gating is applied to reduce the power consumption up to 50% due to unnecessary clock activities.

592-602

Authors: K. Decika1, M. Mohanraj2

In this paper, the A Novel Biometric System based on Lips for identity recognition is investigated. In fact, it is a challenging issue for identity recognition solely by the lips. In the first stage of the proposed system, a fast box filtering is proposed to generate a noise-free source with high processing efficiency. Afterward, five various mouth corners are detected through the proposed system, in which it is also able to resist shadow, beard, and rotation problems. For the feature extraction, two geometric ratios and ten parabolic-related parameters are adopted for further recognition through the support vector machine.

616-621

Authors: Sakshi Dhuware 1, Mohammed Arif2

Proposed paper deals with well-defined design criteria of rail to rail operational transconductance amplifiers. The system supply voltage is 1.6 V and the power consumption goes up to 15.03uW. The proposed amplifier was implemented in a 45nm-CMOS technology. Simulation results of proposed OTA achieves high 76.6 dB DC gain and slew rate 200 (V/us) with, 87.67dB PSRR and 82.66 dB CMMR.

628-640

Authors: Ashish D Vikhar 1, Dr.D.S.Deshmukh2 Dr. J.P.Modak 3

The term model is to refer to the ensemble of equations which describe and interrelate the variables and parameters of a physical system or process. The term field data based mathematical modeling in turn refers to the derivation of appropriate equations that are solved for a set or system of process variables and parameters. These solutions are often referred to as simulations, i.e., they simulate or reproduce the behavior of physical systems and processes. This paper is organized to summarize a number of field data based mathematical modeling case studies and revises state of the art and its literature review.

648-669

Authors: A. Abdel-Khaliq1*, H. M. Hassan2, Mostafa E. Rateb2, Ola. Hammouda4

Members of the class Ulvophyceae such as Ulva fasciata Delile,Ulva intestinalis Linnaeus and Ulva lactuca Linnaeus were collected from tidal and intertidal zone of Mediterranean sea shores during April 2011 and extracted in ethanol. The total summation of the recorded total protein increase in the order: Ulva fasciata < Ulva intestinalis < Ulva lactuca, with percentage; 28.7, 27 and 17.6%, respectively. The total summation of the recorded total carbohydrate increase in the order: Ulva lactuca < Ulva intestinalis < Ulva fasciata, with percentage; 55.6, 49.63 and 47.93%, respectively. The total summation of the recorded total ash increase in the order:Ulva lactuca < Ulva fasciata < Ulva intestinalis with percentage; 17.6, 17 and 14.6 %, respectively. The total summation of the recorded total moisture increase in the order: Ulva intestinalis < Ulva fasciata < Ulva lactuca, with percentage; 9.93, 9.28 and 8.50% respectively. The total summation of the recorded total crude fat increase in the order Ulva lactuca < Ulva fasciata < Ulva intestinalis, with percentage; 0.7, 0.60 and 0.54 % respectively. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates and/or glycosides, sterols and/or triterpenes and traces of tannins in all marine algae under investigation, the presence of both free flavonoids and/or combined flavonoids in all marine algae under investigation, Saponins are absent in all Ulva sp. under investigation, Cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and alkaloids are absent in all Ulva species under investigation and volatile substances are also absent. Antimicrobial activity of Ulva sp. was tested against (10 Gram +ve bacteria, 10 Gram –ve bacteria and 10 unicellular Filamentous fungi). The antimicrobial activities were expressed as zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Identification of compounds from crude extract of Ulva sp. carried by LC/MS technique. Finally Ulva sp. could serves as useful source of new antimicrobial agents.

675-680

Authors: R. Pragaladan1, R. Maheswari2

Cloud computing is the latest distributed computing paradigm [1], [2] and it offers tremendous opportunities to solve large-scale scientific problems. However, it presents various challenges that need to be addressed in order to be efficiently utilized for workflow applications. Although the workflow scheduling problem has been widely studied, there are very few initiatives tailored for cloud environments. Furthermore, the existing works fail to either meet the user’s quality of service (QoS) requirements or to incorporate some basic principles of cloud computing such as the elasticity and heterogeneity of the computing resources. In this paper proposes a resource provisioning and scheduling strategy for scientific workflows on Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) clouds. The proposed system presents an algorithm based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO), which aims to minimize the overall workflow execution cost while meeting deadline constraints.

690-698

Authors: Krushna Pandit, Savyasaachi Pandit

Blog-spam is one of the major problems of the Internet nowadays. Since the history of the internet the spam are considered a huge threat to the security and reliability of web content. The spam is the unsolicited messages sent for the fulfillment of the sender’s purpose and to harm the privacy of user, site owner and/or to steal available resource over the internet (may be or may not be allocated to).For dealing with spam there are so many methodologies available. Nowadays the blog spamming is a rising threat to safety, reliability, & purity of the published internet content. Since the search engines are using certain specific algorithms for creating the searching page-index/rank for the websites (i.e. google-analytics), it has attracted so many attention to spam the SMS(Social Media Sites) for gaining rank in order to increase the company’s popularity. The available solutions to malicious content detection are quite a more to be used very frequently in order to fulfill the requirement of analyzing all the web content in certain time with least possible “false positives”. For this purpose a site level algorithm is needed so that it can be easy, cheap & understandable (for site modifiers) to filter and monitor the content being published. Now for that we use a “Bayes Theorem” of the “Statistical approach”.

707-721

Authors: I V.Priya., II S.Nivas

this paper describes the basic idea about the different methods of data collection in WSN. In many applications of wireless sensor networks, approximate data collection is a wise choice due to the constraints in communication bandwidth and energy budget. Many existing techniques have power to manage with the issues like energy consumption, packet collision, retransmission, delay etc. For quick data collection, schemes are required to be scheduled in effective manner. One of the good techniques is BFS. It provides periodic query scheduling for data aggregation with minimum delay under various wireless interference models. Given a set of periodic aggregation queries, each query has its own period pi and the subset of source nodes Si containing the data. Time scheduling on a single frequency channel with the aim of minimizing the number of time slots required (schedule length) to complete a convergecast is considered. Next, scheduling with transmission power control is combined to mitigate the effects of interference, and show that while power control helps in reducing the schedule length under a single frequency, scheduling transmissions using multiple frequencies is more efficient. Lower bounds on the schedule length are given when interference is completely eliminated, and propose algorithms that achieve these bounds. Then, the data collection rate no longer remains limited by interference but by the topology of the routing tree.

737-755

Authors: I B.Nithya M.sc., II K. Devika M.Sc., MCA., M.Phil.,

The advancement in computing and communication technologies enables people to get together and share information in innovative ways. Social networking sites empower people of different ages and backgrounds with new forms of collaboration, communication, and collective intelligence. This project presents Forum Crawler Under Supervision (FoCUS), a supervised web-scale forum crawler. The goal of FoCUS is to crawl relevant forum content from the web with minimal overhead. Forum threads contain information content that is the target of forum crawlers. Although forums have different layouts or styles and are powered by different forum software packages, they always have similar implicit navigation paths connected by specific URL types to lead users from entry pages to thread pages. Based on this observation, the web forum crawling problem is reduced to a URL-type recognition problem and classifies them as Index Page, Thread Page and Page-Flipping page. In addition, this project studies how networks in social media can help predict some human behaviors and individual preferences

768-775

Authors: M. Vinay Kumar1, Sri P. MadhuKiran2

The main objective of this paper is to improve the image quality by de-noising and resolution enhancement Techniques. The medical image quality parameters are mainly noise and resolution. This paper targets the average, median and wiener filters for image denoising and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Dual tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DT-CWT) techniques for resolution enhancement, and it shows the results comparisons between DWT and DT-CWT. The performance of these techniques is evaluated using Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR).