International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science

12-20

Authors: Sachi Sharma

The energy of a body is its capacity to do work. It is measured the total amount of work that the body can do. Everything what happens in the world is the expression of flow of energy in one of its forms. Today every country draws its energy needs from a variety of sources. We can broadly categorize these sources as conventional and nonconventional. The conventional sources include the fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), types of nuclear power (Uranium), while the nonconventional sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable. The energy crisis which began in 1973 caused petroleum supplies to decrease and prices to rise exorbitantly. This crisis forced developing countries to reduce or postpone important development programs, so they could purchase petroleum to keep their economies operating. It created the urgent necessity to find and develop alternative energy sources, such as other fossil fuels (coal, gas), nuclear energy, and renewable energy resources. The consumption of energy is directly proportional to the progress of the mankind. With ever growing population, improvement in the living standard of the humankind, Industrialization of developing countries, the global demand for energy is expected to increase significantly in the near future. The primary source of energy is fissile fuel, however these fissile fuel sources are finite also with their fastly widespread use degradation of environment takes place, which causes global warming, urban air pollution and acid rain, It strongly suggest that the time is now come to harness and use the non-conventional and environment friendly energy sources is vital for steering the global energy supplies towards sustainable path. This paper describes in brief the non conventional energy sources and their usage in India.

26-35

Authors: Kiranpreet Kaur1, Amandeep Kaur1, Rupinder Kaur1

Software risks can be defined as uncertainty and loss in project process. Software risk management consists of risk identification, estimation, refinement, mitigation, monitoring and maintenance steps. In this paper,the main focus is on different risk management model and the importance of automated tools in risk managementt. With the automated risk management tool, the prediction of project problem effects that can cause loss in software project in terms of their values on risk factors and rank the risk factors to observe how they can give detail about project problem effects separately. For these purpose five classification methods for prediction of problem impact and two filter feature selection methods for ranking importance of risk factors are used in this study.

44-50

Authors: Karan Sood1, Nagendra sah1

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are self-configuring networks of nodes connected via wireless without any form of centralized administration. This kind of networks is currently one of the most important research subjects, due to the huge variety of applications (emergency, military, etc...). In MANETs, each node acts both as host and as router, thus, it must be capable of forwarding packets to other nodes. Topologies of these networks change frequently. There are three main classes of routing protocols for MANETs: reactive, proactive and hybrid. By studying advantages and disadvantages of each one, a new hybrid routing protocol is proposed. The new scheme of protocol considers utilizing merits of both reactive and proactive protocols, and implements them as a hybrid approach. It allows that a mobile node flexibly runs either a proactive or a reactive routing protocol with its velocity and its traffic. The new routing protocol is evaluated qualitatively. To verify the feasibility, a performance comparison with other typical existing routing protocols[13] is discussed.

58-63

Authors: 1Aditya Kumar Gautam, 2Amanjot Singh

Electrical and electronic equipment’s which become obsolete comes under the category of e-waste. The technical advancement in the society which keeps updated at greater pace creates the problem in handling any of the electronic or electrical device even before becoming an obsolete. This paper includes the predication of amount of E-waste growing trend up to 2020 year. The amount of E-waste generated is increasing at higher rate annually and if not treated properly will not only impact on environment but also on human lives. Future forecasting of sale of electronic devices indicates the amount of e waste to be generated in the upcoming years

71-79

Authors: S.N Sheth1, Prof. A.N.Rathour2

Despite the tremendous development in CNC programming facilities, linear and circular cuts parallel to the coordinate planes continue to be the standard motions of modern CNC machines. However, the increasing industrial demand for parts with intricate shapes cannot be satisfied with only these standard motions. The proportion of parts which are not covered by the standard CNC motions is certainly growing, due to the increasing industrial demand for intricate shapes. So for that we have decided to develop a new CANNED cycle with the help of MACRO (parametric) programming on Hypo cycloid, combined EP-hypo cycloid curve and last for Bezier surface also. we found that this canned cycle would be useful for different application such as cycloidal speed reducer, lobe pump rotor and surface milling without requiring external arrangement like CAD modeling, CNC interpolator etc.

87-92

Authors: Dr. Ananthi Sheshasaayee1, Angela Deepa. V.R2

— Machine translation is one of the major and the most active areas of Natural language processing. Machine translation (MT) is an automatic translation of one natural language into another using computer generated instructions. The utility and power of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) seems destined to change our technological society in profound and fundamental ways. The current state-of-the-art approach to statistical machine translation,so-called phrase-based models is limited to linguistic information.For a highly agglutinative languages like Tamil developing a linguistic tools and machine translation system is a challenging task. Therefore, extending the phrase-based to factored based approach by tightly integrating additional annotation information at the word level which encompass not only of tokens but a vector of factor representating the levels of annotation. The additional linguistically features enabled in the toll will increase the accuracy of the SMT systems. This paper motivates the use of factored translation models for statistical machine translation systems for better reliable translation for highly morphological languages like Tamil.

101-109

Authors: Shakila Bashir1, Munir Ahmad2

In this paper upper record values from the size-biased Pareto distribution(S-BPD) are studied. Several distributional properties of upper record values from the size-biased Pareto distribution, including probability density function(pdf), cumulative distribution function(cdf), moments, entropy, inverse/negative moments, relations between negative and positive moments, median, mode, joint and conditional pdfs, conditional mean and variance, have been derived. The reliability measures of the upper record values from the S-BPD such as survival function, hazard rate function, cumulative hazard rate function and reversed hazard rate are also discussed. A characterization of the S-BPD based on the conditional expectation of record values is given.

128-146

Authors: S.Panda1, N.H.S Ray2

The study pertains to the investigation of the effect of embedment on the load carrying capacity and settlement of strip foundations on sand reinforced with geogrids. Geogrid being an inextensible reinforcing material is widely used all over the world mainly for retaining walls, abutments slope protection and below the foundation in poor soil. Some research works have been done the investigators regarding the optimum placement of geogrids below surface footing however, the work on centrally loaded embedded foundations reinforced with multilayer of geogrids have not been reported in literature. Therefore in this paper attention is being paid to the load carrying capacity and settlement behavior of centrally loaded embedded footing reinforced with multilayer of gerogrids. Load tests have been carried out for this purpose. Strip foundations are considered and loads were being applied through electrically operated hydraulic jack for greater accuracy. Enkogrid @ PRO-40 has been used at the reinforced material and sand as the medium. The studies conducted show 1. In centrally loaded surface footing the load carrying capacity is increased to about 3.55 times by providing geogrid as reinforcement. The load carrying capacity the reinforced soil increases with increase in the depth of embedment while these decrease in settlement because of placement of geogrid. 2. The number of layers of geogrid has significant effect on load carrying capacity and settlement of foundations. Decrease in the layer of geogrid decreases the load carrying capacity and increases the settlement of foundation.

154-161

Authors: Anil Kumar Gautam1, Mahesh Kumar Aghwariya1

This paper represents a successful comparison of 5T cell with 6T cell. Leakage power of conventional 6T cell at 0.18 µm technology has been calculated and is found to be 37.32 pW. Same technology has been implemented on the 5T cell , by which leakage power has been reduced by 37.59%.Various leakage reduction techniques such as Autobackgate Controlled Multi-threshold CMOS (ABC-MTCMOS), Gated VDD and Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) has been discussed and applied on conventional 6T cache memory cell and same has been apply on 5T cell and compared. Mentor graphics software is for the simulation of the above mentioned SRAM cell

177-181

Authors: Srikrishna S1, Sreenivasulu Reddy. A1, Vani S1

Now days purchasing of automobiles i.e, especially cars in the market is very tough task to the customers due to day to day changes in various technical and operational parameter specifications like style, life span, fuel economy, suspension and cost etc. Therefore to overcome from this confusion state some selection procedure techniques are required. TOPSIS is one the selection procedure technique is adopted for this problem. This technique provides a base for decision-making processes where there are limited numbers of choices but each has large number of attributes. In this paper some cars are considered with different attributes and select the best car using TOPSIS technique.

190-194

Authors: N. Agarwala1

Vector Display Processor allows efficient encoding of topology, and as a result more efficient operations that require topological information can be done, e.g. proximity, network analysis. [1] In this work, a Ram control block has been designed which is a part of Vector Display Processor and the block is synthesized with the test bench and the generating simulation waveform was checked for the inputs and outputs.

199-203

Authors: Surbhi Bhardwaj1, Ashwin Singh Dodan1

With the advancement of technology, a processor is required to have high speed. Multiplication is a critical operation of Digital Signal processing(DSP) applications(like DFT, FFT, convolution etc), Arithmetic and logic unit(ALU), and Multiply and Accumulate(MAC) unit(which is basically a multiplier itself). High Speed Multiplication is thus an essential requirement to increase the performance of processor. In this paper, we are presenting a multiplier, in which the basic multiplication is performed using one of the techniques of Vedic Mathematics, and the accumulation of partial products is done using a specific design. Both the design and the vedic technique, results in a high speed multiplier. Vedic Mathematics is based on 16 sutras, out of which we are using "Urdhva triyagbhyam" sutra. In this technique intermediate products are generated in parallel, that makes multiplication faster. We have synthesized our design using Xilinx ISE tool and compared its speed with "Modified Booth Wallace Multiplier", "High speed Vedic Multiplier" by Ramesh Pushpangadam and "Vedic Mathematics based Multiply Accumulate Unit" by Kabiraj Sethi. Our proposed Design seems to have better speed.

212-219

Authors: Dinesh Kumar1, Mr. Anil Yadav 2,Dr. Mukesh Sharma3

In Mobile Ad hoc network (MANETS), no fixed infrastructure is available. Different wireless hosts are free to move from one location to another without any centralized administration, so, the topology changes rapidly or unpredictably. Every node operates as router as well as an end system. Routing in MANETs has been a challenging task ever since the wireless networks came into existence. The major reason for this is continues changes in network topology because of high degree of node mobility. The MANET routing protocols have mainly two classes: Proactive routing (or table-driven routing) protocols and Reactive routing (or on-demand routing) protocols. In this paper, we have analyzed various Random based mobility models: Random Waypoint model, Random Walk model, Random Direction model and Probabilistic Random Walk model using AODV and DSDV protocols in Network Simulator (NS 2.35). The performance comparison of MANET mobility models have been analyzed by varying number of nodes, type of traffic (CBR, TCP) and maximum speed of nodes. The comparative conclusions are drawn on the basis of various performance metrics such as: Routing Overhead (packets), Packet Delivery Fraction (%), Normalized Routing Load, Average End-to-End Delay (milliseconds) and Packet Loss (%).

229-237

Authors: Devendra Kumar1, Nandkishor S Vansdadiya1, Amit Kumar Kohli1

In this article, we concerned with the performance of high rate space time block code (STBC) scheme for Frequency selective fading Environment. Due to large channel delay spread in Frequency selective channel inter symbol interference (ISI) occurred. In high rate STBC, ISI occurs due to loss of ‘quasi – static’ assumption and Classical Zero forcing (ZF) receiver produces error floor in Bit error rate (BER) performance. In this article we evaluate and proposed low Complexity Zero forcing which reduce the complexity of receiver for detection of high rate STBC and evaluate the performance in m–Nakagami fading environment.

252-260

Authors: K. Rajathi1, A. Rajendran2

- Stable silver nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by chemical reduction of silver nitrate in ionic liquids 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [Emim] BF4 and 1- Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [Emim] PF6 at room temperature. The characterization of the silver nanoparticles such as their size and shape was performed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques which indicated a size range of 50 to 55 nm. The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles for three gram negative bacteria and three gram positive bacteria were investigated. It appeared that [Emim] PF6 and its Ag nanoparticles are the most effective products against the tested bacterial stains compared with [Emim] BF4 and its Ag nanoparticles.

266-275

Authors: 1Anamika Mishra, 2D B Jadhav, 3P V Jadhav

ECM emerges out to be one of the major non conventional machining techniques based on Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, highly efficient due to its zero tool wear characteristic. Occurrence of passivation is the major problem faced in ECM. In the present work, study of the flow pattern of electrolyte has been performed so that, the machining variable distribution can be predicted accurately thus passivation can be minimized. A tool was modeled in Pro-E design modeler and study is considered under steady state with turbulence. The model was simulated for various inlet pressures. The results obtained showed that the flow velocity decreases when electrolyte moves towards the work piece and it increases at the outlet. Turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent eddy dissipation rate profile exhibits higher value of turbulence at pressure 1.0 kg/cm2 and 1.4 kg/cm2 whereas at 1.2 kg/cm 2 pressure, turbulence is almost negligible. The MRR is maximum affected by the tool feed rate followed by voltage and least by the electrolyte pressure.The optimize results A2B2C2 gives the best material removal rate (MRR).Hence, from the computational simulation and experimental results it was found that 1.2 kg/cm2 is a optimum value for pressure .

281-287

Authors: Sahana S Bhandari1, Shreyas Srinath1

In this paper, shortest method to solve calculations of number ending with five have been presented. Many facts related to the calculation are proposed through which the entire calculation gets reduced to the level of an eye blink. There are many methods in Vedic Mathematics to multiply any two numbers. They are time consuming since they are not specifically meant for numbers ending with five. This describes the method to find the cube of a number ending with five accurately and very fast. It even describes the shortest method to solve the multiplication of two numbers ending with five. By using these formulas, calculations involving two numbers ending with five can be easily solved. This method can be also used in the field of math coprocessors in computer. This algorithm is tested in matlab(2012a version) . This method can be implemented on vlsi chip for faster multiplication.

293-298

Authors: Meenu Pruthi1, Anurag Singh 2

This paper focus the study of Quality factor of MEMS resonators are analyzed by varying the material of cantilever beam. Modeling and simulation of Thermoelastic Damping (TED) is an important issue in the development of actuators, MEMS resonators, and filters. The energy dissipation mechanism by TED highly affects the Q factor. Here we uses material s Ge, GaAs, PolySi, Single Crystal Si. Out of these material Single crystal shows the better value of Qfactor at eigen frequency (6.304492e5). Modeling and simulation of TED effect on various resonators are done by using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Thus the effect of material properties on the Q factor is also studied in the case of simple fixed-fixed beam resonators.

307-312

Authors: D. Stephen Dingar1, K. Thiripura Sundari 2

A new method is introduced to find fuzzy optimal solution for fuzzy Travelling salesman problems. In this method, intuitionistic trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are utilized to find the fuzzy optimal solution. This proposed method provides some of other fuzzy salesman problem very neighbour optimal solution called fuzzy “neighbouring optimal” salesman. A relevant numerical example is also included

319-325

Authors: Pavitha N1, S.N. Shelke2

- Due to the open nature of a sensor network, it is relatively easy for an adversary to eavesdrop and trace packet movement in the network in order to capture the source and destination physically. Many security protocols have been developed to provide confidentiality for the content of messages whereas contextual information usually remains exposed. Such contextual information can be exploited by an adversary to derive sensitive information such as the locations of monitored objects and data sinks in the field. This paper is a survey of various techniques to provide location privacy in sensor network. We have analysed various techniques to provide location privacy for source node and also for sink node.

338-347

Authors: Ramya Ranjan Choudhury1

This research article presents an overview on massive MIMO systems and its signal processing applications in future trends unlocking the aspects fifth generation of cellular communication. The key technologies includes MIMO integration to emerging technologies like device to device support, heterogeneous networks, base centric architecture for millimeter wave range for developing future generation 5G standard for wireless cellular. The system modeling design is also illustrated thereby providing a direction for meeting high data and bandwidth needs in future by employing massive MIMO cellular networks with current wireless technologies have been identified

354-363

Authors: Muzaffar U Zaman Khan1, Ishtiyaq Majeed Ganaie1

The present study assesses the various physico-chemical parameters of Upper Lake Bhopal. For the analysis, methodology as given in APHA (1995) was followed. The results obtained revealed higher values for some parameters such as free CO2, indicating higher trophic status of the lake as were also reported by Wanganeo and Wanganeo (2006). Chloride values were also recorded on the higher side indicating that the lake waters are fed with sewage and other run-off materials from its catchment area. The calcium and magnesium hardness revealed less hard waters of the lake. The pH values recorded were also of near neutral to alkaline range suggesting well buffered lake waters.

372-278

Authors: Ms Jyoti J. Jadhav

Moving object detection and Tracking has been widely used in diverse discipline such as intelligent transportation system, airport security system, video surveillance applications, and so on. This paper presents the moving object detection and tracking using reference Background Subtraction. In this method, we used Static camera for video and first frame of video is directly consider as Reference Background Frame and this frame is subtract from current frame to detect moving object and then set threshold T value. If the pixel difference is greater than the set threshold T, then it determines that the pixels from moving object, otherwise, as the background pixels. But this fixed threshold suitable only for an ideal condition is not suitable for complex environment with lighting changes. So that in this paper we used dynamic optimization threshold method to obtain a more complete moving objects. This method can effectively eliminate the impact of light changes.

385-388

Authors: Anvita Saxena

A virtual memory system requires efficient page replacement algorithms to make a decision which pages to evict from memory in case of a page fault. Many algorithms have been proposed for page replacement. Each algorithm is used to decide on which free page frame a page is placed and tries to minimize the page fault rate while incurring minimum overhead. As newer memory access patterns were explored, research mainly focused on formulating newer approaches to page replacement which could adapt to changing workloads. This paper attempts to summarize major page replacement algorithms. We look at the traditional algorithms such as Optimal replacement, LRU, FIFO and also study the recent approaches such as Aging, ARC, CAR.

398-402

Authors: Kulkarni Laxmi G1, Dawande Nitin A1

— In order to improve the security of the Military kinds of network this work is proposed. Here the position of missile navigates as per the user’s requirement. The user sends the co-ordinates through pc based server on the base station. For security purpose encryption is done with RC4algorithm implementation. The system that uses Human Computer Interaction and Visualization technology provides several encryption algorithms and key generators.

408-421

Authors: Md. Shadab1, Rahul Davis2

The Mechanical Properties of different materials are determined by conducting various design experimental runs. That should be according to the actual working and operating conditions. In this phenomena the type of applied load(s), its duration and the working conditions play a vital role. Engineering materials are always subjected to external loadings therefore it is of great significance if the effect of these loadings can be quantified. In the current research work an attempt was made to optimize the process parameters with the help of surface treatments in order to maximize the impact toughness and minimize the hardness of EN 31 Steel. For this purpose grey based design of experiment method was used and results works were validated graphically and analytically the obtain result shows the height of the hammer affected the impact toughness significantly on the other hand thermal treatment was the most influenced factor that affected materials hardness significantly.

432-446

Authors: Mayank Rai Nigam1, Mrs Shivangi Bande2

The ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) has developed AMBA (Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture) bus protocol which is widely used by System-on-Chip (SoC) designers. Systems-on-Chip are one of the biggest challenges engineers ever faced which result a mix of microprocessor, memories, buses architectures, communication standards, protocol and interfaces.AMBA buses act as the high-performance system backbone bus. It supports the efficient connection of processors, on-chip memories and off-chip external memory interfaces. APB and AHB come under AMBA standard. ARM has come up with its latest on chip bus transfer bus protocol, called AMBA AXI. AXI stands for Advanced Xtensible Interface.From a technology perspective, AMBA AXI (Advanced eXtensible Interface) provides the means to perform low latency, high bandwidth on chip communication between multiple masters and multiple slaves. Moving one stage further, from an implementationperspective, configurability and programmability are becoming vital to ensuring IP can be tuned for a given application or project requirement.

456-460

Authors: Nikhil Gupta1, Rampal Kushwaha2

— Image process is employed in several fields like pc vision, remote sensing, medical imaging, AI etc. In several of those applications the existence of impulsive noise within the noninheritable pictures is one in all the foremost common issues. This noise is usually aloof from a picture by mistreatment median filter because it preserves the perimeters throughout noise removal. pictures can even corrupt by the shot noise, known as salt-and pepper noise. This noise is characterized by spots on the image and is typically related to the noninheritable image because of errors in image sensors and information transmission. This paper makes an attempt to undertake the study of Denoiseing ways . totally different noise densities are removed by mistreatment filters rippling primarily based ways . Fourier remodel technique is localized in frequency domain wherever the rippling remodel technique is localized in each frequency and abstraction domain however each the on top of ways don\'t seem to be information adaptational .In This paper we tend to attempt to presents a review of some important add the realm of image denoising and finds the one is best for image denoising. Here, some in style approaches area unit classified into totally different teams .after that we tend to conclude for best technique for Image Denoising.

465-478

Authors: Dipti R. Shetye1, Dr. S.S.Pimplikar2

- Cash flow is very essential in every construction project as it gives the detail idea about how much money or amount we are spending on project as a cash outflow and how much amount we are getting back from the project as a cash inflow & when we combine the both inflow and outflow with the help of graph we can understood that how much inflow and outflow is their in each month so its easy to compare and to know that how much profit we are getting and also we can plot ‘S’ curve of month Vs cumulative cost from which we can know month wise how much cost get added up to the last month of the project. To define all this in detail I have taken case study of my project in the paper on which I have worked. That is Pebbles 9 Floored building in Bavdhan for this case study I have collected data like item wise quantities in each activity then basic labor & material rates, then total consumption of items for each activity & total BOQ is prepared from that which shows item wise quantity, rate and amount. Then I have used Microsoft project software in this project so I have put all the activities in software as a work breakdown structure i.e. (WBS) then duration for activities given and then linking part is done then set the baseline and tracking part is done by doing tracking grant. It gives planned and actual duration of the project from that we can understand whether project is as per plan or it is lagging and if it is lagging then by how much duration its lagging then resource cost summery report generated in MSP using visual reports for whole project duration and we can do this for each month also to understand how much cost spend on each resource in each month. Then Inflow and Outflow generated then combination of Inflow and outflow generated from which we can understand simultaneously then inflow and outflow in each month so, that we can easily calculate the project duration. Like this cash flow of the any project get generated which is very necessary for clear understanding that how much money we are spending and in that how much money we are getting back.

487-498

Authors: Rohit Pandey1, Rahul Davis2

— Impact testing methodology is findings the applications for determining the impact strength of the different materials. Oneof the most important characteristics of structural steels, toughness is assessed by the Charpy V-notch impact test. The objective of the research was to maximize the impact toughness by selecting various combinations of Charpy Impact test parameters. In this paper, experiments were carried out to Study the Effect of Thermal Treatments (annealing, cryogenic treatment and tempering) on Impact Toughness. Cryogenic treatment (CT) is the supplementary process to conventional heat treatment process in steels, by deep–freezing materials at cryogenic temperatures to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of materials being treated. For this purpose, the temperature was used -196oC as deep cryogenic temperature. The effects of cryogenic temperature (deep), cryogenic time (kept at cryogenic temperature for 36 hr) on the wear behavior of EN24 steel were studied. The findings showed that the cryogenic treatment decreases the retained austenite and hence improves the wear resistance and hardness. The process has various advantages like increase in hardness, increase in wear resistance, reduced residual stresses, fatigue resistance, increased dimensional stability, increased thermal conductivity, toughness, by transformation of retained austenite to martensite, the metallurgical aspects of eta-carbide formation, precipitation of ultra- fine carbides, and homogeneous crystal structure. The findings show that the cryogenic treatment improves the wear resistance and hardness of EN24 steel. En24 steel is generally used in the hardened and tempered condition to achieve an optimum combination of hardness and ductility. In the present study, heat treatment process of En24 steel was done which includes Annealing and Tempering at high temperature. The specimens tempered at different temperatures (in the range 473–823 K) exhibited decreasing hardness with increase in tempering temperature. Response surface methodology was adopted in designing the experiments for three factors with 27 levels.

504-409

Authors: SunilKumar Vats1, Hitanshu Saluja2

In this paper parameters of the micro strip patch antenna (MSA) which is feed by co–axial feed technique is enhanced by using the DGS technique, and comparing the results of different DGS shapes with the original MSA antenna using the HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator), which is a commercially available electromagnetic simulator based on finite element method and adaptive meshing technique to achieve the desired specification.

518-522

Authors: Manish Kumar Bharti1, Sonia Chalia2

The present study has been aimed to investigate the stabilization effects imposed by the addition of Copper (II) Nitrate (Trihydrate) (Cu(NO3)2.3H2O) on the phase modification (II) of Ammonium Nitrate (AN) and eventually on its thermal decomposition behavior. Cu(NO3)2.3H2O was co-crystallized with AN in weight percentages as 3%, 6% and 10% for the preparation of three samples of Phase Stabilized Ammonium Nitrate (PSAN). The thermal decomposition behaviors of untreated AN and prepared samples of PSAN were assessed and compared using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to observe the effectiveness of Cu(NO3)2.3H2O as a potential stabilizer. The present study indicated that Cu(NO3)2.3H2O, in low weight percentages, was able to provide a significant delay in the onset temperature range of near-room-temperature phase modification (III) of AN occurring at around 32 °C– 34 °C. Also, increasing weight percentage of Cu(NO3)2.3H2O in the composition resulted in the complete stabilization of phase modification (II) occurring at around 85 °C– 87 °C.

531-540

Authors: Sonia Chalia1

The main objective is to find out the environmental effects on the Flexible porous vertical structure and its stability when exposed to different parameters of waves and current. A numerical model of 2D net is modeled and simulated to analyze the response of the structure and tension in the mooring lines in these conditions. The system included a flexible net attached to floaters on the top and weight suspended on the bottom and high tensioned mooring with fixed floatation. The analysis is performed by OrcaFlex software which is a 3D non-linear time domain finite element program capable of dealing with arbitrarily large deflections of the flexible from the initial configuration. Input forcing parameters in the model consisted of regular waves, with or without steady current. The results analyzed are the effect of different wave, wave height, wave period, influence of the floater movement on the structural forces in the net, current on mooring line tension, and how the bottom weight affects the mooring line tension.

549-561

Authors: 1Amit Garg, 2Sunil Dhingra

Counter rotating longitudinal vortices produced by winglet in a channel is known to enhance heat transfer. In the present investigation, numerical simulation are performed to study forced convection heat transfer and friction loss behavior in a triangular ribbed channel with longitudinal winglet vortex generator for turbulent airflow through constant heat flux. The cross-section of the ribs placed inside the opposite channel walls to create a reverse flow is an isosceles triangle shape. The rib arrangement, is of staggered array, are introduced. Also, two pairs of the WVGs with various attack angles (a) of 600, 450 and 300 are mounted on the test duct entrance to create a longitudinal vortex flow through the test channel. Work are carried out for a rectangular duct of aspect ratio, AR = 10 and height, H = 30 mm with a single rib height, e/H = 0.13 and rib pitch, P/H = 1.33. The flow rate is in terms of Reynolds numbers based on the inlet hydraulic diameter of the channel ranging from 5200 to 22,000. The processes in solving the simulation consist of modeling and meshing the basic geometry using the package ANSYS-CFD. Then the boundary condition will be set before been simulate in Fluent based on the research paper’s experimental data. Finally result has been examined in CFD-Post. This work presents a numerically study on the mean Nusselt number, friction factor and thermal enhancement characteristics. The simulation results show a significant effect of the presence of the rib turbulator and the WVGs on the heat transfer rate and friction loss over the smooth wall channel. The values of Nusselts number and friction factor for utilizing both the rib and the WVGs are found to be considerably higher than those for using the rib or the WVGs alone.

582-588

Authors: Shalini Verma1, Dr. R. K. Singh2

Biometrics do not provide unique identification. The matching process is probabilistic and is liable to measureable lapse error. A mistaken verfication or identification where the wrong person is matched against an enrolled user is termed a False Acceptance and the rate at which these occur is the False Acceptance Rate (FAR). Conversely, an error that occurs where a legitimate user fails to be recognised is termed a False Rejection and the corresponding rate is the False Rejection Rate (FRR). These errors are dependent not only on the technology but also on the application and the environment of use.

599-603

Authors: R. Shukla1, P. Rakshe2, S. Lokhandwala1, S. Dugad1, P. Khandekar2, C. Garde2, S. Gupta1

In the past few years Silicon Photo-multiplier (SiPM) has emerged as a new detector in various applications due to its promising characteristics for low light detection. However SiPM has certain limitations out of which temperature dependence of gain is an important parameter which limits the application fields to temperature controlled or indoor environment. Change in temperature changes the breakdown voltage and hence the gain; therefore the biasing voltage needs to be trimmed according to temperature for maintaining the constant gain. This paper explores different power supply techniques that have been used for SiPM. Many commercial power supplies are compared and different approaches which are tried by various research groups for maintaining stable gain are discussed.

617-623

Authors: Meenu 1, Priyanka Singla1, Rakesh Batra1

Focused Crawler aims to select relevant web pages from internet. These pages are relevant to some predefined topics. Previous focused crawlers have a problem of not keeping track of user interest and goals .The topic weight table is calculated only once statically and that is less sensitive to potential changes in environment. To address this problem we design a focused crawler based on dynamic computation of topic keywords and their weights. This weight table is constructed according to user query. To check the similarity of web page with respect to the topic keywords, a cosine similarity function is used and priority of extracted links is calculated.

629-634

Authors: Mohammad reza kahoorzadeh1, Masoud dehghani2

Embankments or earth dams are of important structures which have considerable application in the vast area of geotechnical engineering. The control of different geotechnical phenomena such sliding, and overturning and settlement of the clayey dams has high research priority from which a strong controlling tool obtains for engineers and managers. In this article, the dynamic or seismic deformation of embankments is investigated by finite element modeling in ANSYS software. The Young modules ratio of models was defined as the crest elasticity modules relative to the soft soil elasticity modules of the foundation. It is indicated that the higher value of elasticity ratio yields the lower amount of dynamic horizontal displacement and higher dynamic vertical displacement. Comparing the results with the literature indicated a good agreement in aspect of dynamic displacements. Finally dams with better seismic performance are introduced.

641-647

Authors: Shahbaz Ali Khidri¹, Shakir Hussain Memon², Aamir Jameel³

- Braille is vital to all visually impaired individuals and it’s the only system through which visually impaired children can learn to read and write, yet the rate of Braille literacy among visually impaired people belonging to developing countries including Pakistan is alarming low. Today in developing countries less than 3% of visually impaired children are learning to read Braille in school. This continues despite the fact that studies have shown that 80% of all employed visually impaired people read and write Braille fluently. Thus, Braille literacy is the key to employment and full participation in society. This research paper presents the design of a low-cost, low-power, portable, self-learning, and user friendly Braille system. The designed system serves as Braille writing and reading tutor, so visually impaired people can enhance their Braille writing and reading skills without the assistance of a Braille teacher. The designed system takes the input through Braille keyboard and produces the speech output and it also has the capability to read documents. It is believed that by implementing the designed Braille system in schools and homes, Braille literacy rate can be increased and visually impaired people can be employed and can fully participate in society.

660-677

Authors: Kalpna Varshney

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a nanostructure that can have a length-to-diameter ratio greater than 1,000,000. These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology. Formally derived from the grapheme sheet they exhibit unusual mechanical properties such as high toughness and high elastic moduli. Referring to their electronic structure, they exhibit semiconducting as well as metallic behavior and thus cover the full range of properties important for technology. Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes and multiple walled nanotubes. Techniques have been developed to produce Nanotubes in sizeable quantities, including arc discharge, laser ablation, chemical vapor deposition, silane solution method and flame synthesis method. The properties and characteristics of CNTs are still being researched heavily and scientists have barely begun to tap the potential of these structures. Without doubt, carbon nanotubes represent a material that offers great potential, bringing with it the possibility of breakthroughs in a new generation of devices, electric equipment and bio fields. Overall, recent studies regarding CNTs have shown a very promising glimpse of what lies ahead in the future of CNTs in nanotechnology, optics, electronics, and other fields of materials science.

683-691

Authors: Meenakshi, Dr. R.K Singh, Prof. A.K Singh

Analysis of EEG signals shows that the range of frequency for epileptic seizure in a neurological disorder which needs to be detected at an early stage to know their specific needs and to help them survive with the problem. In reference to the India population 0.6 to 0.8% is affected by seizure, which is the common neurological disease just after the knock, of which 3o% have not been able to gain any control over their seizure using current pharmacological treatment measure [1-2].KNN and Linear discriminate analysis are used to detect the discrete emotions (surprise, happy, fear, neutral and disgust) of human through EEG signals. We measure EEG signals frequency range relating to seizure, divide them into five different domain such as α, β, γ, δ and θ related to the total range, and eliminate frequency distribution through FFT of EEG signals to compare the difference between seizure and healthy subject. The resulting calculations are based on the selected frequency range.

697-707

Authors: N. BalajiGanesh1,Dr. B Chandra Mohan Reddy2

Modernization and increase in the number of automobiles worldwide, the consumption of diesel and gasoline has enormously increased. As petroleum is non renewable source of energy and the petroleum reserves are scarce nowadays, there is a need to search for alternative fuels for automobiles. The intensive search for alternative fuels for compression ignition engines has been focused attention on fuels which can be derived from bio mass in this regard cashew nut oil and cottonseed oil is found to be a potential fuel for C.I Engines. The properties of cashew nut oil and sunflower oil are determined by using standard methods. The experiment is to be conduct when the engine fuelled with mixing of cashew nut oil, cottonseed oil and its blends in various proportions like 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume and then investigate the performance and emission characteristics of C.I Engine at different load conditions

716-718

Authors: Roopesh Kumar1,Diljeet Singh Chundawat2, Prabhat Kumar Singh3

- Extracting knowledge from spatial data like GIS data is important to reduce the data and extract information. GIS data also contains information about accidents at certain place and road conditions. Such data contains useful information for the traffic risk analysis. But such information are not directly present in the dataset. Hence spatial data mining technique is needed to extract knowledge from these databases. The previous work shows unpractical approach to multi- layer geo-data mining. That means the information from various sources are combined based on the data relation and data mining is performed on the relation. The efficiency of risk factor evaluation requires

730-737

Authors: Yamini Upadhyay1, Vikas Wasson1

- Image segmentation denotes a process by which a raw input image is partitioned into non-overlapping regions such that each region is homogenous and connected. This paper directly deals with locating and thus measuring the size of cancer affected area. It also proposes to reduce the time and manual efforts included in studying the MR images of the patient, thus saving the precious time of the doctors. The aim of this paper is to simplify the obnoxious study problems related to the study of MR images. Over the time, study of MR images related to cancer detection in the liver or abdominal area has been difficult. The reason is countered as the shape complexity and over lapping of liver with other organs. Watershed technique has been used as the base technique to compare the results with the proposed technique Genetic algorithm. A tabular comparative analysis has been given on the bases of results of both the techniques.

742-746

Authors: Monika Dhakla1, Dr S.K. Verma2

For several years, the problem of durability of concrete structure has been a major problem posed to engineers. To make durable concrete structure, sufficient compaction is required. Excess of vibration causes segregation whereas under vibration leads to improper compaction. Answer to this problem is Self compacting concrete(SCC) which can get compacted into every corner of form work and gap between steel, purely by means of its own weight and without the need for compaction. Durability of concrete depends largely upon the permeability of concrete that is defined as the ease with which it allows the fluids to pass through it. This paper aims to focus on experimental study of permeability test on selected SCC trial mixes after giving different exposure condition. A suitable mix was selected on the basis of self compactability properties which can be checked by various tests such as slump test, U Box test, L Box test and V Funnel test. The various specimens were exposed to different conditions such as normal (lab environment), heat cool cycles and wet dry cycles. The results of the exposed specimens was compared with the specimen cast and kept at room temperature so as to estimate the durability parameters for duration of one month.

754-761

Authors: Vivek Kumar Sharma1, Aisha Rafi1

The problem of unsteady mixed convection heat and mass transfer near the stagnation point of a three-dimensional porous body in the presence of magnetic field, chemical reaction and heat source or sink is analyzed. Similarity transformation and Homotopy Perturbation Method are used to solve the transformed similarity equations in the boundary layer. Velocity distribution and temperature distribution are shown through graphs for various physical parameters and coefficients of skin friction and heat transfer are present through tables.

769-779

Authors: Vishal N. Kshirsagar1, Dr. S..K Choudhary2, Prof. A.P Ninawe2

This paper describes about the design of various components of can or plastic bottle crusher machine. This machine is widely used in beverage industries or in scrap dealers shop to reduce the volume of the cans/bottles. Hence in this design of various parts are necessary, and design of various parts due to which the design quality of those parts will be improved. There are so many researchers who have done work on design and analysis also, but still there are so many areas of scope regarding this design. Overall, this project involves processes like design, fabrication and assembling of different components etc. After all process has been done, this crusher may help us to understand the fabrication and designing that involved in this project.

785-791

Authors: Gourav Arora1, Poonam2, Anurag Singh3

High Read and Write Noise Margin is one of the important challenges of SRAM design. This paper analyzes the read stability and write ability of 6T and 7T SRAM cell structures at different technologies. SRAM cell stability analysis is typically based on Static Noise Margin (SNM) investigation and SNM affects both read and write margin. This paper represents the simulation of both SRAM cells and their comparative analysis on the basis of RNM and WNM. The 7T SRAM cell provide higher read and write noise margin as compared to 6T SRAM cell at different technologies. All simulations of SRAM cells have been carried out on 45nm, 32nm and 22nm CMOS technology at Tanner EDA tool.

802-808

Authors: Kamal Kumar Pradhan1, Bhoumika Sahu1, Hemrani Gajendra1

The review paper describes major designs of adaptive jet engines as well as their structural and operational advantages. Particular attention paid to a double-rotor engine designed by Pratt & Whitney, where a portion of air is bled from downstream of the compressor and then supplied to the area downstream the turbine when the engine is operated at its maximum performance (turbine bypass engine).Actual thermodynamic cycles of such engines and energy balance of flows. It was shown that real working cycles of these engines represent figures with variable surface areas, which is the reason for the second name of these units – engines with variable thermodynamic cycle. Engine parameters were measured in order to facilitate the recognition of incipient engine difficulties. In addition, a successful effort was made to operate the engines satisfactorily when they were severely damaged. The analysis has been conducted separately for internal and external channel. The sensitivity analysis for the working cycle makes it possible to select parameters that are potentially controllable and adjustable. To sum up the foregoing deliberations one has to state that operation of turbojet adaptive engines is the topic that needs much more investigation. Even the design solution of the engine itself, although being really exciting and promising, is troublesome in the aspects of the design and process engineering, and will lead to a series of operation and maintenance problems.

815-824

Authors: 1Deepak Kumar

— In present work, the time independent laminar flow of a viscous, incompressible fluid in two dimensions flow has been studied. The fluid had been allowed to flow in a channel with an obstruction which was a rectangular plate of definite dimensions. The flow of water had been considered to be steady with uniform incident velocity with various boundary conditions. The resulting Navier- Stokes equations had been solved with the help of software “FLEX PDE”. Reynolds number had been varied as 10, 50, 100 and variation of streamlines, velocity, and pressure along with flow pattern in the form of velocity vector had been investigated.

831-835

Authors: 1Pallavi Aggarwal, Yashasvi Rawal

Handwritten character recognition is a challenging task in the field of research on image processing, artificial intelligence as well as machine vision since the handwriting varies from person to person. Moreover, the handwriting styles, sizes and its orientation make it even more complex to interpret the text. The numerous applications of handwritten text in reading bank cheques, Zip Code recognition and in removing the problem of handling documents manually has made it necessary to acquire digitally formatted data. This paper presents the recognition of handwritten characters using either a scanned document, or direct acquisition of image using Matlab, followed by the implementation of various other Matlab toolboxes like Image Processing and Neural Network Toolbox to process the scanned or acquired image. Experimental Results are given to present the proposed model in order to recognize handwritten characters accurately.

842-851

Authors: Gegbe. B1, Kokofele I1

Malaria remains the leading cause of both morbidity and mortality in Sierra Leone, especially among young children, despite the strive to reduce the infection rates over the past decade, and if robust mechanism is not put in place, for the eradication of the disease then the notion would still be faced with challenges in controlling of malaria that may have greater effect on under-five children. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of under-five malaria treatments administered in the Kenema Government Hospital. The study was descriptive and designed to evaluate under-five malaria treatment using chi-square test. The researcher used 12274 reported cases of morbidity within the period 2010 to 2012 for under-five children and 385 were mortality cases (death cases as a result of malaria) and 11916 reported cases of those treated and recovered. The study was descriptive and designed to evaluate under-five malaria treatment using chi-square test. In 2012, there was a rapid increased of 42% in morbidity reported cases with 4028 cases reported which was almost five times the morbidity cases in 2010. It sounds alarming and worrisome for a district in the eastern part of Sierra Leone. It can be observed that the rate of morbidity cases was getting higher every year in under- five children in Kenema District. In 2012 there were 3897 under five children reported to survive out of 4072 morbidity cases which indicate 40% increased of survival for under- five children in the Kenema Government District Hospital. Again, from 2011 to 2012 the chances of survival for children were almost the same as chances of morbidity cases. Moving toward 2013, there were clear indications that the rate of morbidity may increase at a proportion equal to recovery rate. There is no significant defence between the morbidity and those treated and recovered (survived) which implies that the many challenges that were faced by this hospital management were overcame. These challenges may exist in the form of number of beds available, number of qualified doctors and nurses, use of appropriate and available drugs for the treatment of malaria etc. However in mist of these challenges the management was able to treat and recover a lot of cases though more morbidity cases waiting in queue