Asian Journal of Chemistry

1534-1542

Authors: Bharath Samannan, Jothi Selvam and Jeyabalan Thavasikani*

A novel composite of curcumin diketimine (CDK)-heteropolyacid (where HPA = vanadium doped Keggin anion and CDK = curcumin-benzoguanamine) had been synthesized. The hybrid composites were investigated by analytical methods such as elemental analysis, FT-IR, 13C NMR, SEM, EDS, XRD, DSC-TGA, ESR spectral studies and biological activities. Encapsulated hybrid composite also studied (in vitro) against MCF-7 cancer cell lines. ESR results showed that the presence of (V4+) ion nitrogen ligation in the composite. 13C NMR of CDK ligand value of 183.37 and 55.06 ppm corresponds to (2=N) and (O-CH3) may be due to the composites. The morphology of molybdovanadate (HPA) showed a structure of self-assembled round shape of a diameter around 1 μm.

1549-1556

Authors: Abdulaziz Ali Alomari

The aim of this work is to investigate the use of eggshell for adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution and the effect of thermal treatment as well as coating with Fe2O3 of eggshell on the extraction percent of Cr(VI). The XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques proved that the eggshell mainly composed of calcite rhombohedral structure in addition to a trace of quartz silica residual protein fibers. Heating at 550 ºC does not decompose eggshell but decomposes the residual protein. The effect of pH, weight of eggshell adsorbent, contact time, and initial concentration of Cr(VI) ions on the adsorption of Cr(VI) on eggshell sorbents were determined under static conditions by the batch equilibrium technique. The sorption kinetic as well as mechanistic isotherm parameters of Cr(VI) on the eggshell sorbent, were analyzed. It was concluded that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on eggshell increases as pH increases in the range 3-7, then, with decreases at higher pH. The extraction percent of Cr(VI) increases with an increase in the dosage of eggshell sorbents. The optimum dosage of eggshell adsorbents was found to be 5 g after which the extraction percent of Cr(VI) did not marked increase. The extraction percent of Cr(VI) by eggshell sorbents rapidly increases within 60 min followed by a slower extraction after that when maximum adsorption was reported. The adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) ions is slightly reduced in case of heated eggshell due to the change that occurs in the pore size distribution and structure of eggshell during heating. Hence, the thermal treatment and coating with Fe2O3 do not affect the chemical structure of eggshell sorbents. The adsorption kinetics data were best fitted with the pseudo-second-order equation and the adsorption isotherms were best fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model.

1563-1568

Authors: Salhah D. Al-Qahtani

Solution equilibria of the systems Ni(II)-5-aminolevulinic acid as ligand (A) and the amino acids [alanine (Ala), valine (Val), methylamine (Met), imidazole (Imi), Histidine (His), serine (Ser), cysteine (Cys) and penicillamine (Pen)] as ligands (L) have been studied pH-metrically. The stability constants of mixed ligand complexes were calculated with I = 0.10 mol L-1 KNO3 using HYPERQUAD program at 25 ± 0.1 ºC. The log10 X values showed a higher stabilities for the mixed ligand complexes compared to the binary analogues. The synthesis and characterization of the new amino acid mononuclear Ni(II) binary complex [NiA] (1) and ternary complex [NiAL] (2) were achieved via molar conductance, elemental analysis UV-vis, IR, 1H NMR, thermal analysis and magnetic moment. The thermogravimetric analysis of complexes were investigated by TG-DTA suggests that the complexes possess high thermal stability formation and their respective nickel oxide for 1 and nickel sulfide for 2 as final chemical entities, which are thermally stable. The nickel(II) chelates were found to be non-electrolytes, diamagnetic moments and the geometry around Ni(II) ion in complexes 1 and 2 is square planar.

1576-1580

Authors: R. Nuryanto, W. Trisunaryant and Triyono

The synthesis of mesoporous silica-alumina from Na2SiO3 and NaAlO2 solutions extracted from lapindo mud using mesoporous gelatin templates from catfish bone extract has been performed. Mesoporous silica-alumina (MSA) synthesis was carried out by sol-gel method with a gelatin template of catfish bone for as much as 0.0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 g, which produced MSA-G00, MSA-G05, MSA-G10 and MSA-G15, respectively. The obtained MSA was analyzed using FTIR, XRD, TEM and surface area analyzer (BET and BJH methods). The MSA-G00, MSA-G05, MSA-G10 and MSA-G15 showed a specific surface areas of 24.58, 41.73, 59.73, 89.82 m2/g and pore diameters of 10.20, 3.86, 9.97, and 7.31 nm, respectively. The XRD results proved that all the MSA were amorphous while the TEM analysis showed that all prepared MSAs using gelatin as a template were wormhole-like pores.

1589-1596

Authors: Nivedita Acharjee and Tuhin Ghosh*

In present report, a combined experimental and theoretical study has been performed to address the isolation procedure and spectroscopic structure elucidation of polysaccharides such as xylomannan isolated from marine red algal source Scinaia interrupta. The structure of the polysaccharides obtained from the red algae of Scinaia interrupta has been studied from NMR, IR and GC-MS spectroscopy. The investigation revealed that red algae contained a backbone of α-(1→4)-linked D-mannopyranosyl residues substituted at 6-position with a single stub of β-D-xylopyranosyl residues. The major polysaccharide, which had 0.6 sulfate groups per monomer unit and an apparent molecular mass of 120 KDa. The backbone structure was optimized at DFT/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory and GIAO-NMR studies were performed at B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,p) level of theory followed by mean absolute error calculations of the computed chemical shifts for two possible conformers resulting from the flipping of xylopyranosyl residue. The NMR calculations were in agreement with the experimental findings. The experimental 1H NMR chemical shifts were then correlated with the NBO, Merz Kollman (MK), ChelpG and Mulliken charges of the predicted conformer. A reasonable correlation with the experimental 1H NMR chemical shifts and the computed NBO charges with correlation coefficient of 0.906.

1603-1608

Authors: Ch. Ravi Shankar Kumar, S. Deepthi and Anjali Jha

In particular interactions due to organic-inorganic molecules results self assembled structures organize supramolecular structures for molecular, electronic and electrooptical properties. Supramolecular structures originated are complexes with organic (p-azoxyanisole) molecule, synthesized with metal nanoparticles (iron, copper and aluminium.) Spectroscopic studies interpret infrared spectra with wavenumbers of characteristic bands in assigned regions; wavenumbers with reduced intensity in Raman spectra attribute metal-organic framework with charge transfer. Designed frame work with dense participation of carriers interpret electron correlation and exchange interaction specifying molecular, electronic and electrooptical properties with Gaussian package using electron density method. Deterministic procedure attribute vital role of charge transfer interactions responsible in formation of complex with improvement in properties responsible for electrooptical activity.

1614-1616

Authors: Consolacion Y. Ragasa, Emelina H. Mandia, Maria Carmen S. Tan, Glenn G. Oyong, Cynthia F. Madrazo, Aristotle T. Ubando, Alvin B. Culaba and Chien-Chang Shen

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Chlorococcum infusionum afforded a mixture of chondrillasterol (1) and 22-dihydrochondrillasterol (2) in a 3:1 ratio as the major sterols, and lutein (3), triacylglycerols (4), fatty acids (5) and hydrocarbons (6) as the minor compounds. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, while compounds 3-6 were identified by comparison of their NMR data.

1623-1629

Authors: Walaikorn Nitayaphat* and Thanut Jintakosol

Regenerated silk fibroin beads (rSFB) were successfully prepared and applied to adsorbing methylene blue and Lanasyn Navy M-DNL. The effects of contact time, initial pH and initial concentration of dyes were analyzed. The experimental results showed that, the adsorption was pH dependent with a high removal efficiency of methylene blue in basic range and high removal of Lanasyn Navy M-DNL in acidic range. The adsorption process was analyzed by using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and the Langmuir isotherm model showed the best fitting to the isotherm data. The maximum adsorption capacities for methylene blue and Lanasyn Navy M-DNL were 47.55 and 78.74 μmg/g, respectively. The kinetics study showed that the adsorption process followed the second order kinetic model. The SEM images demonstrated that after adsorption the dye was adsorbed onto the regenerated silk fibroin beads surface. The adsorbent was stable and active for up to five successive cycles. Regenerated silk fibroin beads showed to be an advantageous adsorbents in terms of availability, which is beneficial for the wastewater treatment.

1635-1641

Authors: J. William Brown, D. Geetha, P.S. Ramesh and Surekha Podili

Hexagonal zirconia doped CuS nanaocomposites were successfully synthesized through a simple mild hydrothermal synthesis. The higher dopent concentration of zirconia produces increased mesoporous homogeneous nanostructures. The structure and nature of the resulting product (Zr-CuS) were characterized by XRD, XPS, SEM/EDS and TEM techniques. The results show that zirconia is homogeneously dispersed on CuS and well separated from one another. Electrochemical studies show that the final product (Zr-CuS) possesses high specific surface area. An increase in zirconia concentration might increase the mesopore volume and a widening of microporosity. Zirconia doped CuS composite exhibits high electrochemical performance with a high capacitance of 949.47 F g-1. The presence of zirconia in CuS improves the capacitive behaviour of samples. Therefore, Zr-CuS could be promising nanocomposite for energy storage device.

1649-1652

Authors: Tran Quoc Toan*, Cam Thi Inh, Hoang Thi Bich, Pham Quoc Long, Tran Thi Kim Ngan3,4 and Pham Thi Hai Ha*

Essential oils from Syzygium aromaticum (Myrtaceae) were extracted through hydrodistillation method, which applied in different fields such as relieve pain, promote healing, and aromatherapy industry. In this study, essential oil of clove buds was obtained using hydrodistillation method and evaluated for chemical compositions and physico-chemical characteristics. The averaged physico-chemical parameters were determined as specific gravity (1.0203 g/cm3), acid index (21.984), ester index (34.92). Moreover, the hydrodistillation process performance achieved by 6.85%. The composition of essential oils was analyzed by GC-MS, revealing a total of 15 volatile constituents existing in the Syzygium aromaticum oil. The major components were eugenol (76.542%), caryophyllene (4.319%), α-caryophyllene (0.456%), acete-ugenol (18.11%), caryophyllene oxide (0.192%), 4,4-dimethyl tetracyclo[6.3.2.0.(1,8)]tridecan-9-ol (0.12%). Syzygium aromaticum essential oil in this study was found to inhibit five bacteria strains including Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The highest antimicrobial activity of clove essential oil was found for Bacillus cereus strain (14 mm).

1660-1666

Authors: N.K. Fuloria, M.Y. Ko, C.S. Rui, C.Z. Hang, S. Karupiah, N. Paliwal, U. Kumari, K. Gupta, K. Sathasivam and S. Fuloria*

Present study was intended to synthesize and evaluate the Dimocarpus longan leaves aqueous extract (DLLAE) based chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) against periodontitis triggering bacteria. In present study the DLLAE was prepared by extracting D. Longan leaves in distilled water using decoction method. The prepared DLLAE was subjected to phytochemical investigations, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content study and CSNPs synthesis. The CSNPs were characterized (using UV-visible, FT-IR, SEM, FESEM, XRD and EDX) and evaluated for their potential against periodontitis triggering bacteria (using agar well diffusion method). The phytochemical investigations over DLLAE exhibited presence of monosaccharides, reducing sugars, proteins, steroids, anthraquinones and coumarins glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, organic acid, tannic and phenolic compounds. The CSNPs were formed using DLLAE when the colour changed from white to pale brown. Absorbance of the CSNPs was in the desired range (201-310 nm). The optimization study revealed 1% acetic acid, 1% sodium alginate, 2 mg/mL chitosan, pH 5.8 and 1 mL DLLAE as the standard requirement for CSNPs synthesis using DLLAE. The CSNPs characterization data of FT-IR exhibited shifted bands. The FESEM revealed that the synthesized CSNPs were spherical in shape and their size ranged from 74.66 to 94.07 nm. The XRD data showed peaks at 2θ values of 22.28º, 25.19º, 34.72º, 40.0º, 71.16º and 73.0º. The average size for CSNPs was between 30.11-62.98 nm. The EDX spectrum revealed signal for carbon (76.17%), oxygen (22.14%) and sodium (1.53%) which confirmed formation of CSNPs. The antibacterial activity revealed high inhibitory potential of green CSNPs against S. aureus. Present studies establish that CSNPs biosynthesis using D. longan leaves aqueous extract is an efficient method and the biosynthesized CSNPs possess high antibacterial potential against S. aureus (bacteria that triggers periodontitis).

1676-1680

Authors: J.H. Song, S.M Bae, E.J. Lee, J.H Cho and D.I. Jung

The report stated that the treatment of o-phenylenediamine with acetone dicarboxylic acid, acetone and acetophenone afforded 2,4,4-trimethyl-3H-5-hydro-1,5-benzodiazepine. However, direct reactions of o-phenylenediamine with oximes (acetone oxime, acetophenone oxime, and benzophenone oxime) as ketone equivalents did not occur. In the course of present investigations, it is found that dichloroamine-T can be an efficient reagent for the conversion of oximes into the corresponding carbonyl compounds. As a part of a research program related to the synthetic study of pharmacologically interesting benzodiazepine compounds, herein the synthesis of 1H-1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives from heteroaromatic ketones and acetone equivalents obtained using dichloroamine-T. On the other hand, when diamine (1,2-phenylene diamine or 1,2-naphthalene diamine) with heterocyclic ketone (acetyl pyridine or acetyl pyrazines) in the presenece of conc. HCl and SiO2 was refluxed, quinoxaline derivatives as yellow crystalline solids were isolated in high yields.

1691-1696

Authors: Anuroop Kumar, Netra Pal Singh, Uma Agrawal and Kaushal Kumar

Novel metal complexes of the type [M(L)X] (where M= Cu(II), Ni(II) and Fe(III), L = N2,N6-bis(5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide, X= Cl−, CH3COO−) were synthesized by the reaction of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid and 2-amino-5-mercepto-1,3,4-thiadiazole. The synthesized ligand was reacted in THF with metal salts (Cu, Ni and Fe) to form complexes. Deprotonated ligand shows tridentate nature and coordinate to metal ion to form pincer cavity. In all, complexes metals were surrounded by three nitrogen atom and other site coordinated by other groups (chloride, acetate). All the synthesized complexes were characterized by spectroscopic techniques like UV-visible, 13C NMR and 1HNMR, IR spectroscopy, DSC, elemental analysis and molar conductance measurements. The ligand and its metal complexes were tested for antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal strains by determining inhibition zone, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). The complexes showed moderate antimicrobial activity and antifungal activity when tested against bacteria and fungi.

1703-1707

Authors: P. Siripipatthana and P. Srihanam*

A methanolic extract of wild grape (Ampelocissus martinii Planch.) seed at green (immature) growth stage was partially purified using silica gel chromatography, before the investigation of total phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of sub-fractions. The ethyl acetate/methanol at 3:1 (v/v) fraction had higher phytochemicals and antioxidant activities than others. The gallic acid, myricetin, and resveratrol were dominant phenolic substances in this fraction. However, ethyl acetate sub-fraction found the highest content of epicatechin and catechin. A correlation test indicated a strong positive trend between antioxidant activity and all tested of the phytochemical contents. The obtained results indicated that the wild grape seed contains compounds with excellent antioxidation capacity. That might be applied as an active ingredient in health-supporting products or active ingredients in cosmetics.

1713-1718

Authors: Jasim Ali Abdullah and Muwafaq Ayesh Rabeaa*

This article involves synthesis of some heterocyclic compounds from an amine derivative using ecofriendly approach (grinding). The first step involves synthesis of Schiff base from benzaldehyde derivatives (3-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde) with 4-aminoantipyrine. These compounds were used as precursor for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds and then synthesized tetrazole, oxazepine oxazepane derivatives from Schiff base with sodium azide, phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride and succinic anhydride, respectively. The heterocyclic compounds were characterized by TLC, melting point, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, GC-mass and HRMS analyses.

1728-1732

Authors: Mashuni*, N.A. Yanti, M. Jahiding, L.O. Kadidae, R. Djaila and F.H. Hamid*

Indonesia is one of the highest producers of coconut in the world and at the same time coconut shell waste is also high. This study used gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis for the liquid volatile matter (LVM) generated from coconut shell pyrolysis and to examine its potential as an antifungal agent. Pyrolysis was performed at 600 ºC. The LVM was 29% (v/w) and had pH 3 and 1.087 g mL-1 density. To determine chemical constituents using GC-MS, the standard NIST MS software was used. The spectrogram analysis of LVM revealed five main compounds, namely phenol (21.92%); (Z)-4-methyl-5-(2-oxopropylidene)-5H-furan-2-one (13.06%); 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (11.54%); 2-methoxyphenol (9.07%) and 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one (7.66%). The LVM showed a excellent fungicidal activity against Phytophthora palmivora at a concentration of 0.125% (v/v).

1741-1745

Authors: Van Thuy Nguyen, Ngoc Quy Nguyen, Nguyen Van Muoi and Mai Huynh Cang*

The objective of this study was to determine the optimal value of factors affecting the extraction of phenolic compounds from sugar apple seeds. The effects of solvent nature (ethanol, methanol and water), solvent concentration (40, 60,80 and 100%), solid-to-solvent ratio (2.5/100, 5.0/100, 7.5/100 and 10 mg/100 mL ), extraction temperature ( 40, 50, 60 and 70 ºC ) and extraction time (60, 120, 180 and 240 min) were investigated. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were used for the determination of phenolic compounds of sugar apple seeds extract. Experimental results showed that all the examined parameters had statistically significant (p < 0.05) effects on phenolic compound extraction. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extracting solvent 80% ethanol, sample-to-solvent ratio 5 g/100 mL, extraction contact time 120 min and extraction temperature 60 ºC with values of 356.92 ± 9.27 mgGAE/100g DW, 240.03 ± 6.16 mgQE/100g DW for the total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content, respectively.

1751-1755

Authors: Peketi Rajesh Reddy, Sivanadh Musunuri, D. Ramasekhara Reddy, V. Subrahmanyam Chittala, P.V.N.S. Murthy and K. Krishnamohan

The present work describes the origin, identification, synthesis, characterization and control of four novel analogues of cefpodoxime proxetil, which are ethyl, methyl, propyl and N-propyl analogues of cefpodoxime proxetil.

1763-1767

Authors: A. Chowdhury*, S.K. Singh and P. Anthony

In the present study, unsaturated polyester resins based on castor oil was synthesized. Structure elucidation of the synthesized unsaturated polyester resin was done by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to evaluate the thermal stability of cured unsaturated polyester resin. Thermogram plot was further utilized to calculate various other parameters such as statistic heat-resistant index (Ts) and the integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT). Comparable properties with respect to commercial resins were reported for the synthesized polymers.

1773-1778

Authors: Inarah Fajriaty*, Fahli Arfimaz and Hafrizal Riza

The aim of this study was to determine the affinities and interactions of five flavonoids, namely quercetin, epicatechin, genistein, luteolin and hesperetin, against AT1R. Using the docking method, in silico studies were conducted, and AutoDock Vina and ChemOffice programs were used to analyse permeability and stability of atoms in the ligand. Discovery Studio was used for interaction visualization. Using ANOVA, ligand affinity was statistically analysed with 95% confidence level. The five flavonoids, namely quercetin, epicatechin, genistein, luteolin and hesperetin, and two positive controls, namely valsartan and losartan, had H donors < 5, H acceptors < 10 and molecular weights 302.24, 290.27, 270.24, 286.24, 302.28, 435.53 and 422.92 g/mol, respectively. Furthermore, the affinity of these ligands against AT1R were -8.3, -7.8, -8.3, -8.3, -7.6, -8.7 and -9.2 kcal/mol, respectively. Few amino acid residues showed interactions similar to the control, such as van der Waals, hydrogen bond and pi-interactions. All ligands in the normality and homogeneity tests showed p-values > 0.05 and equal to 0.059, respectively. The five flavonoids had p-value < 0.05 against the controls. All the five flavonoids have good permeability and their statistical affinity was significantly different from the controls. Nevertheless, active site cavities and amino acid residues similar to the controls enabled the flavonoids to interact with AT1R. The affinity of quercetin is statistically similar to that of genistein and luteolin, whereas that of epicatechin is similar to hesperetin.

1788-1792

Authors: Thurdpong Sribuhom, Yordhathai Thongsri and Chavi Yenjai*

Chemical investigation of Dalbergia cultrata Grah. stems growing in Thailand resulted in the isolation and characterization of 14 known compounds, including tectorigenin (1), calycosin (2), pratensein (3), afromosin (4), irilin D (5), biochanin A (6), daidzein (7), formononetin (8), 8-O-methylretusin (9), 7,3′-dihydroxy-5′-methoxyisoflavone (10), (3S)-sativanone (11), (3S)-violanone (12), erycibenin D (13) and isoliquiritigenin (14). Their structures were established mainly based on NMR spectroscopic techniques and physical properties. The isolated compounds were evaluated for antifungal activity against Pythium insidiosum using disc diffusion assay. Antifungal drugs available now are not effective to treat this microorganism. It was found that compound 1 exhibited stronger antifungal activity than amphotericin-B standard with an MIC value of 10 μg/disc.

1799-1805

Authors: Sheikha A. Alkhursani, Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy and Mohamed Madani

Fluorescence label preparation, being the core of sensing and imaging, is the most interesting aspect of label technology. Using the gamma irradiation technique, a facial method is proposed to prepare organostarch consisting of polyaniline and starch. Polyaniline was introduced into starch molecules to form an inclusion complex between V-type starch and aniline monomer. The inclusion complex thus formed consisted of starch-aniline crosslink caused by gamma irradiation through organostarch crosslinks. Thus, organostarch develops fluorescence property at 470 nm possibly through the interaction of aniline and starch, which are both fluorophores. A comparative analysis of variations is performed in common fluorescent labels of starch and organostarch based on their physico-chemical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry were utilized to confirm the inclusion of polyaniline into starch molecules. Furthermore, using a fluorescence microscope, the positive implementation of fluorescent organostarch was verified. Fluorescent organostarch can be synthesized through this simple method and can be widely used for developing biomarkers and biosensors in food and biomedical industries. Organostarch produces florescence under mild conditions even without complicated preparations, such as additives for labelling with dye fluorescence. The intensity of fluorescence of organostarch was 17,000 times that of natural starch.

1809-1814

Authors: Dojalisa Sahu, Nihar R. Panda* and Debasrita Dash

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanopowder has been prepared by wet chemical method and tested for its effective UV blocking property coated on photosensitive paper/fabric samples. Zinc acetate dihydrate and ammonium hydroxide were adopted as synthesis precursors. Phase and crystallographic analysis of the samples have been carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and show that ZnO sample belong to hexagonal wurtzite phase without any impurity. Surface morphology of ZnO samples studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) shows the formation of nanosheets with porous structure. These porous nanosheets have surface area varying from 5000-30000 nm2 with thickness 10-15 nm. ZnO nanosheets on the photosensitive paper show UV absorbance around 300 nm as observed from the absorption spectrum. The reflectance spectrum of ZnO also shows its effectiveness in reflecting UV light in the region of 350-400 nm. The sun protection factors (SPF) and ultraviolet protection factors (UPF) calculated from the above studies are also encouraging implicating the use of ZnO in sunscreen. The above experiment is carried out by preparing a photosensitive layer similar to human skin. Similar experiment has also been carried out by treating ZnO nanosheets on fabric samples and studying its effectiveness for protection from UV rays.