Journal of Innovative Biology

5

Authors: Ranju Maharjan*, Resham Bahadur Thapa, Arvinda Srivastava, Sundar Tiwari, Rajendra Regmi

An experiment on the efficacy of different compounds-local, commercial and botanical pesticides, along with chemical pesticide were conducted by using RCBD design against cucurbit fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), on cucumber with three replications and seven treatments under field conditions. Seven different treatments were used- i) Nimbecidine 0.03% @ 4 ml/litre of water; ii) Banana pulp bait (over ripe banana 500 g + 10 ml molasses + 10 g borax and 2.5 ml Malathion, replaced at 4 days interval); iii) Botanical pesticides 'Jholmol'-leaf extract with cow urine, fresh cow urine and spices (materials used-1 kg leaves of each: neem, tomato, titepati, sayapatri, chrysanthemum, gandhe jhar, bakaino and 200 gm of each garlic, chilli, ginger, salt and turmeric); iv) Neem extract (homemade-grinding of neem leaves and seed and extraction diluted with water in the ratio of 1:5); v) cow urine diluted with water in the ratio of 1:5 and sprayed; vi) Malathion @ 2ml/litre of water; and vii) control, only water sprayed. The highest marketable yield (17.35 mt/ha) was recorded in Jholmol treated plots, followed by Malathion and cow urine, respectively. Jholmol treated plots was found superior in terms of size, quality and self life of cucumber. Maximum Gross yield, better benefit cost ratio, the highest number of marketable fruit and the lowest damage yield were recorded in Jholmol treated plots as compared to all other treatments.

5

Authors: Mradula Gupta*, Somesh Sharma

For centuries, Probiotic and prebiotic foods have been taken, in the form of natural components of food, or as fermented foods. Today probiotics are gaining importance because of the numerous benefits, e.g. treating lactose intolerance, asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis, hypercholesterolemia, irritable bowel disease, cardiac diseases, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. The ability of probiotics to prevent diseases and improve health at all ages is increasing the market potential at a high rate. However, the development of successful probiotic products depends on proof of a probiotic effect as well as on the foods where high numbers of viable organisms survive at the time of consumption as well as at the time it reach to the colon. Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host’’. Most probiotics lie into the group of organisms’ known as lactic acid-producing bacteria. These are normally consumed in the form of fermented milks, yogurt, cereal or other fermented foods. Probiotics beneficially affect the host animal by creating those gut conditions that suppress harmful microorganisms and thus favoring the beneficial ones by improving its intestinal balance. Probiotics have been shown to maintain health by reducing risk diseases, possibly through a reduction in proliferation of pathogenic species. They also help in maintaining microbiota balance in the gut enhancing immune system and increasing resistance to infection.

5

Authors: Shefali Kansal, Pankaj Kumar Jiloha*

Pus is a whitish yellow or yellowish substance which is made of dead leukocytes and dead bacteria. Pus infection, due to various bacteria has a significant impact on public health in the region so early diagnosis and appropriate treatment remain important. The present study was carried out for a period of 3 months (February to April 2014) in Microbiology Laboratory of General Hospital Panchkula (Haryana), to isolate, identify and screen various bacterial pathogens present in pus sample and to determine their antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern against the commonly used standard antibiotic. A total of 63 pus samples were collected and analyzed. Out of total 63 samples, 42 bacterial isolates of 6 species were isolated which included 2 species of gram positive bacteria and 4 species of gram negative. 21-30 age groups were found to be the most vulnerable age group in both male and female. In-vitro study determine that the most common gram +ve bacterial pathogens isolated and identified from pus sample were Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis, both are facultative anaerobe but S. aureus was found to be most predominant followed by S. epidermidis. During antibiotic susceptibility pattern, the most sensitive antibiotic was Vancomycin (100%) while the least effective antibiotic was Amoxicillin (35%) followed by Penicillin (36%) respectively. Our study reveals that bacterial pathogens showed resistance to most of the antibiotics. Penicillin, Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Gentamycin antibiotic were showed high resistance to prevent from gram positive bacteria. So, it may be concluded that the high prevalence of S. aureus infection treated with the use of appropriate antibiotic i.e. the use of Vancomycin.

057-062

Authors: Leena Seasotiya, Sunita Dalal*

Antibiotic resistance in bacterial strains always remains a critical concern. Mutations in antibiotic target sites, over expression of efflux pump are the major modes of development of antibiotic resistant. The present study was conducted to determine fluoroquinolones antibiotic resistance and role of efflux pumps in fluoroquinolone resistance by using efflux pump inhibitors. Fifty seven bacterial strains were tested against ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin by agar well diffusion assay. Twenty four bacterial strains were found to be resistant against ciprofloxacin and 19 against ofloxacin. Further, fluoroquinolone sensitive strains were tested to observe the decline in Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels in presence/absence of standard efflux pump inhibitors (piperine and plumbagin). Leaf extracts of Lawsonia inermis were tested as efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) against the selected bacterial strains. Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin) possesses antibacterial activity and when combined with various subfractions resulted in synergistic interactions by declining its MIC to 1/2 and 1/4 against K. pneumoniae. Hence, the compounds in these extracts can serve as templates of new antibacterial agents as well as EPIs.

068-077

Authors: Satvinder Singh*, Raj Kumar Sharma, Shilpi Malhotra, Ramesh Pothuraju, Umesh Kumar Shandilya

The present study evaluated gut related changes and adipose tissue inflammation in high fat diet (HFD) fed and streptozotocin (STZ) treated diabetic rats. Male albino Wistar rats were fed on HFD (60% kcal fat) and normal chow (control) for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks, HFD fed rats were injected with STZ (35 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally to induce type 2 diabetes. High fat diet fed STZ treated rats had reduction in the oral glucose tolerance, plasma insulin, HDL-C and raised fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and atherogenic index in comparison to HFD fed rats. On the other hand, feeding of high fat diet resulted in decrease in the total number of bacteria as well as other bacterial groups in comparison to control. Bifidobacteria were most significantly reduced. The propionate proportions (%) in caecal contents were increased in HFD fed rats in comparison to control while HFD fed diabetic animals had decreased propionate proportions. Expression analysis of proglucagon and PC1 in cecum and IL-6 in epididymal fat was higher in HFD fed group and lower expression of adiponectin in epididymal fat as compared to control. STZ treatment significantly lowered the expression of proglucagon and PC1 in cecum and adiponectin in epididymal fat and increased the expression of TNF- and IL-6 in epididymal fat. These results suggest that improvement of gut related parameters by nutritional/therapeutic approaches may have beneficial effect on obesity and diabetes.

084-096

Authors: Rahul Goyal, Sunil Kumar*

Abstract: Nanotechnology deals with the study of any material substance having size in the range of 1-100 nm. It is a cutting edge technology having extensive scope in the fields of food and environmental science, chemistry,physics, biology, and many other fields with unprecedented applications. Nanoparticles are the building blocks of nanotechnology offering diverse applications in almost every field at the atomic scale. Nanoparticles exhibit novel characteristics like optical, electrical conductance, mechanical, thermal and magnetic properties which are different from properties of the same material exhibiting at the bulk scale. Nanotechnology is the most prominent technology in the field of medical science for the treatment and prevention of severe and incurable fatal diseases like cancer. Nanoparticles and nano devices enable cancer detection, treatment and prevention faster than conventional therapies. This review article explains cancer and causes, factors responsible for cancer occurrence and finally, nanotechnology based therapies for cancer detection and treatment

105-111

Authors: Garima Singroha*, Neha Pandey, Ravinder Kumar Malik, Santosh Kumar Mishra

Abstract: In this study we evaluated the hypocholesterolemic effect of a L. gasseri strain Lg70 isolated from human infant feces. Twenty four rats were randomly assigned to three groups comprising eight rats in each group. The three groups were negative control group (fed on normal basal diet), positive control group (fed on cholesterol enriched diet only) and test group (fed on cholesterol enriched diet supplemented with milk fermented with Lg70) for 90 days. Blood samples and fecal samples were collected after every 30 days and total cholesterol level, HDL-C, LDL-C, serum triglycerides, atherogenic index and coliform & LAB counts were analyzed on monthly basis. After 90 days feeding on their respective diets it was found that in test group receiving milk fermented with Lg70 total cholesterol level were decreased significantly by 29.71% (p <0.05), LDL-C concentration decreased by 49.54% (p<0.05), HDL-C level increased by 36.70% and the

117-121

Authors: Kamal Rai Aneja*, Pankaj Kumar, Chetan Sharma

Abstract: Water hyacinth is one of the most dangerous aquatic weeds not only in India but all around the globe. In the years 2011-13, extensive surveys of various ponds, pools, lakes and rivers were made with the objective to search, isolate and evaluate potential fungal pathogens on water hyacinth. During various surveys conducted in different regions of Haryana, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh, populations of water hyacinth in various ponds of Kurukshetra (Haryana) were found to be heavily affected by various types of leaf spots and leaf blotches. From the infected leaves, an isolate of Alternaria was isolated on water hyacinth dextrose agar (WHDA). Based on the symptomatology, cultural, morphological characteristics and molecular basis (nucleotide homo-logy and phylogenetic analysis) it was found to be a new strain of Alternaria alternata. The pathogenicity and Koch’s postulates have been proved in vitro.

001-002

Authors: Dr. Sushil Nagar

The Journal of Innovative Biology (JIB) (e-ISSN: 2348-6473) is an open access, peer reviewed, Quarterly (4 Issue per year) journal that rapidly publish original, authentic and fundamental research articles, review articles and short communications in all the area of Life Science. The journal attempts to provide a platform for researchers to publish their work in high quality and provide useful insights. The main focus is to capture the novel thoughts and ideas from all across the globe and make science available to the best of minds. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence.

015-026

Authors: Kuldeep Verma*, Raman Saini, Anita Rani

Soybean is one of the world’s most important sources of vegetable oil and protein meal. The results of plant breeding efforts have greatly improved the crop characteristics but genetic engineering offers new possibilities. Genetic transformation has tremendous potential in developing improved soybean varieties with desired agronomic traits, which are otherwise difficult to achieve through traditional breeding. Development of efficient in vitro regeneration system of soybean through tissue culture, and transformation protocol is the prerequisite for the adoption of de novo biotechnological approaches aiming at genetic manipulation. Such an alternative approach, for the development of improved soybean varieties is to introduce exogenous gene in soybean genome using gene transfer technique. However, the successful development of transgenic soybean depends upon an efficient plant regeneration protocol and its suitability to transformation techniques. During the last thirty years, significant progress has been made in soybean biotechnology, particularly in the area of transgenic technology. This review provides a detailed account of the advances made in the regeneration and genetic transformation of soybean and their potential applications.

031-034

Authors: Nirmala Sehrawat*, Mukesh Yadav

Seven Vigna species were studied for yellow mosaic virus resistance during rainy season. The YMV resistant species V. umbellata was attempted to cross with the YMV susceptible species in line x tester fashion using hand emasculation and pollination technique. The results demonstrated that severe infection of yellow mosaic virus at early seedling growth stage up to maturity produced less pods and those produced are either empty or with infected seeds. Different combining compatibilities were also observed among the studied Vigna species. Ricebean exhibited more compatability with V. mungo followed by V. sublobata. The genotypes of V. luteola, V. trilobata, V. aconitifolia and V. unguiculata were found incompatible in present investigation. The number of F1 seeds in the crossed pod ranged from 1 to 3. Immature or shriveled seeds of crossed pods revealed integrity of the various Vigna species. Present investigations suggests ricebean as a potential natural resource for YMV resistance and this trait can be introduced in agriculturally important but YMV susceptible crops

045-050

Authors: Sampan Attri, Gaurav Garg*

Screening of cellulase, xylanase and pectinase producing microorganisms was done by using agrowaste like wheat bran and orange peel. Screening of enzyme producing microorganisms using commercial substrate is an expensive process. So to reduce the cost of isolation, various agricultural residues were used. Wheat bran was used for the isolation of xylanolytic and cellulolytic microorganisms and citrus peel was used for screening of pectinolytic microorganisms. A qualitative study of xylanase, pectinase and cellulase activities was detected by flooding plates containing respective substrates with 0.5% (w/v) Congo red for 15 min followed by repeated washing with 1 M NaCl. Quantitatively bacterial isolates were screened for enzymes activity in submerged fermentation by using modified Horikoshi medium. Enzyme produced under SmF was then assayed by measuring the amount of reducing sugar released by using the 3,5 Dinitrosalicylic acid. The use of cost effective substrates for the isolation of enzymes producing microorganisms is good process and will ultimately lower the cost of screening and isolation.