INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

71-78

Authors: Diganggana Talukdar

To meet the growing demand for food it is essential to increase the production of food. Insect pests are major constraints to global production for food and fibre that can be reduced utilizing modern biotechnological tools. In insect research field, the biotechnological tools have been applied to study various issues such as insect identification, insect control and insect genetic relationships. It has a significant role in improving efficacy, cost-effectiveness and in expanding the markets for the bio insecticides. Molecular techniques employed for identifying and monitoring establishment and dispersal of specific biotypes of natural enemies. Production, formulation and storage of entomopathogenic fungi can be dramatically improved through biotechnology and genetic engineering. Proteinaceous insect toxins (scorpion toxin, mite toxin, trypsin inhibitor), hormones (eclosion hormone, diuretic hormone) and metabolic enzymes (juvenile hormone esterase) introduced into NPV and GV genome virus to increase its efficacy to kill insect. Genetic manipulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes encoding for proteins toxic to insects offers an opportunity to produce genetically modified strains with more potent and transgenic plant expressing Bt toxin. In 2011, planting of Bt cotton in India surpassed the historical milestone of 10 million hectare for the first time and occupied 88% of the recorded 12.1 million hectare cotton crops. However, field resistance of Bt crops to various insects have been noticed and to combat this problem two approaches namely refuge and pyramiding were recently introduced. The development of cryobiological method for preserving embryos of insects can significantly save the rearing costs, and the valuable collection of insect natural enemies could be maintained indefinitely. RNAi technology enables engineering of a new generation of pest-resistant GM crops. Insect control strategies that integrate advance knowledge in biotechnology with traditional wisdom and technology will contribute to the sustainability of agriculture.

85-89

Authors: Ingole Shubhangi N

Gmelina arborea Roxb. is a medium sized, unarmed, deciduous tree with whitish gray smooth bark. The plant is also important medicinal. Its flowers are showy, 2.5–3.5 cm long, brownish-yellow usually in small, opposite decussately arranged small cymes of about three flowers along the axis of a densely fulvous-hairy terminal panicles. Floral epidermal features including nature of epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes along with their dimensions of all floral parts are studied. Epidermal cells are found straight walled in peduncle, bract, stamen, carpel and fruit with cuticular striations in staminal cells, broadly sinuate in calyx, broadly and deeply sinuate in adaxial and abaxial surfaces of corolla lobes respectively. Peduncle, fruit are astomatic and bracts, calyx and corolla lobes are hypostomatic. They are anomocytic in bract, anomocytic, diacytic and paracytic in calyx and anomocytic and very occasional abaxially on corolla lobe. Trichomes are of two types non-glandular and glandular, which vary, in minute details on different parts. Unique multiseriate glandular trichomes are exclusively found on filaments. Floral trichomes are found species specific and suggestive of their functional significance.

92-95

Authors: Kaware Mangesh

Malathion is one of the organophosphate pesticides which is toxic to animals. The present study deals with the changes in relative body weight and liver weight of Mice exposed to different doses of Malathion, ranging from 0.1, 0.5, 0.10 and 0.20 mg /kg/day diet. The result also showed the body weight continued to increase up to 90 days of intoxication and liver weight increase up to 28 days of intoxification later on slightly decreased at 90 days of experimental periods.

100-102

Authors: Nagariya SA

The distribution of ABO blood groups and Rh(D) factor has been studied among the Hindu & Muslim caste of Amravati district (Maharashtra). In Muslim & Hindu caste of Amravati district people the ABO Blood group percentage distribution in Muslim were type A, 19.2%; type B, 31.2%; type O, 33.6% and type AB,16%. In Hindu caste, the distribution were types A, 24.8%; type B, 33.6%; type O,34.4% and type AB; 7.2%. The estimated allele frequencies were 0. 195016 for A, 0.266798 for B and 0.542293 for O,in Muslim caste & 0.175379 for A,0.238106 for B, 0.592496 for O, in Hindu caste were calculated. The distribution of Rh(D) group varies among the ABO blood groups. The Rh(D) positive allelic frequency was 0.677510 and the Rh(D) negative incidence was recorded as 0.322490 in the Muslim caste& Rh(D) positive allelic frequency was 0.959166 and the Rh(D) negative incidence was recorded as 0.045775 in Hindu caste studied population. The frequencies of Rh(D) positive in Muslims and Hindu caste were greater as compare to Rh(D) negative in both caste. The genetic relationship among different caste groups is not uniform. Polymorphism are now considered useful tool for studying differentiation in human population.

21-30

Authors: Patil Shirish S and Satish A Bhalerao

Precision farming nowadays is an emerging area in agriculture which has a basic goal to maximize output (i.e. crop yield) while minimizing input (i.e. fertilizer, pesticide, herbicide etc) Precision farming can be defined as “application of a holistic management strategy that uses information technology to bring data from multiple source to make decision associated with agricultural production, marketing, finance and personnel”. The main objectives of precision farming are –to increase production efficiency, to improve to improve product quality, to reduce environmental degradation, to conserve energy and protection of soil & ground water. Key components of precision farming are: Information, Technology and Management. Precision farming technologies are classified in to five major groups: Computers, Global positioning system (GPS), Geographic information system (GIS), Sensors and Application Control. Precision farming promises higher yields lower input cost by streamlining agricultural management and thereby reducing the waste and labour. It also helps to minimize environmental pollution.

41-46

Authors: Katkar VS

Modified form of Irving Rossotti’s pH titration technique has been employed to investigate mixed ligand complex formation tendency of Ga (III) with Thioglycolic acid as a primary ligand and Malonic acid ,Fumaric acid, Itaconic acid, Malic acid and Tartaric acid as secondary ligands. The study was carried out at three different temperatures, 250C, 350C and 450C.The thermodynamic parameters viz. ∆G, ∆H and ∆S have been evaluated. The ∆G and ∆H values have been further separated into their electrostatic components ∆Ge, ∆He and cratic components ∆Gc and ∆Hc. Effect of change in dielectric constant and change in ionic strength have been studied on these systems. The results were correlated on the basis of steric and structural characteristics of the chelate formed.

55-62

Authors: Joseph BS, Kumbhare PH and Kale MC

Plants derived bioactive compounds have been the focus of recent research due to their health promoting effects. There is continuous and urgent need to discover new antimicrobial compounds with diverse chemical structures and novel mechanism of action because there has been an alarming increase in the incidence of new and re-emerging infectious diseases. Phytochemicals have great potency as antimicrobial agents. The present investigation was carried out to assess the qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaves of five medicinal plants i.e. Phyllanthus amarus, Clerodendrum viscosum, Ailanthus excelsa, Syzigium cumini and Cassia occidentalis by using polar solvent methanol, non polar hexane and aqueous extract. The phytochemical screening of plant extracts revealed the presence of steroids, Saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, terpenoids and lignin. These phytochemicals have potent antimicrobial efficiency against selected infectious micro-organisms.

69-70

Authors: Bhosale Rahul S

Millets are well known for their nutritional values. It is a healthy and nutritional meal useful from infants to people suffering old age. It is one of the oldest crops used in cultivation practices. As time passed farming has turned out to be money earning business and farmer have shown more interest in cash crops. The trend of economic development in farming has shown deduction in natural and traditional farming of some millet. Similar effects on tradition farming of millets by local people from Mahabaleshwar have been studied in following paper.

1-4

Authors: Gupta VK and Rai RK

Sunlight exposed sterilised aqueous mixture of some inorganic and organic substances showed the photochemical formation of self-sustaining, supramolecular assemblies ‘Jeewanu’. The microscopic observation (Optical, SCM and TEM) showed that they possess an ordered structural configuration. They are capable of showing various properties of biological order viz. multiplication by budding, growth from within and metabolic activities in them. The histochemical investigation of Jeewanu showed the presence of RNA-like material. The Abiogenesis of RNA-like substances in Jeewanu mixture supports RNA world theory suggesting its primitively.

10-12

Authors: Topale PS, Ghaware AU and Jadhao RG

Aquatic toxicology is a study of toxic substances present in water and their adverse effect including mortality in aquatic organisms. With the growing awareness of the hazards of indiscriminate water pollution, the aquatic toxicological studies are gaining more significance. Indiscriminate use of shampoos, soap and detergents cause water pollution. The present investigation is discus the effect of detergent tide on Paratelphusa jarquemontii (Rathbun) crab mortality.