Bylye Gody

1596-1611

Authors: Ernar M. Uzhkenov, Galiya A. Shotanova, Malika T. Moryakova, Andrey A. Korablev

This article reveals one of the key problems of domestic and foreign medieval studies, namely the role and importance of small settled agricultural centers that developed in the Golden Horde period throughout the territory of the Ulus of Jochi, including in Western Kazakhstan. The purpose and objectives of the research are based on the analysis of written sources and reports of archaeological expeditions, to identify the genesis of settled centers in Western Kazakhstan and reveal their role and significance, reconstructing the life of medieval inhabitants as far as possible. The source base of the studied problem is mainly represented by material, written and phonic sources. The source base of the studied problem is mainly represented by material, written and phonic sources. The archaeological material is presented in the form of monuments of material culture discovered during excavations on the territory of the settlements of Saraychik, Aktobe, Zhaiyk. The discovered rich material, presented in the form of mass remnants of ceramic dishes, indicates their narrow specialization. A unique feature of the monuments of sedentary culture is the fact that these settlements practically did not fall into the field of view of travelers, and therefore, when studying the history of these sedentary centers, it is necessary to rely on a sufficiently rich cartographic material. Some elements of the history of these centers were reflected in the diaries of travelers, such as information about the Shed preserved in the notes of Ibn Battut. In addition, there are testimonies of Italian merchants and missionaries – the Pegolletti brothers, the monk Brother Paschal, etc. In the course of the study, the following methods were used: historical-system, historical-comparative and cartographic methods. In addition, the article analyzes the results of natural science research, where the object of analysis was the natural and climatic conditions and the transgressions of the Caspian Sea that affected them, which often led to catastrophic consequences of various cultures and states in this region. The appearance of oases of settled agricultural culture in a steppe, arid region is a phenomenon, the disclosure of the causes of which will help reconstruct the history of the medieval world. The foundation of the settled centers became possible not only due to objective factors in the form of climatic optimum, but also due to the traditional policy of the nomadic rulers of the patronage of the settled culture, which received the maximum scope precisely during the history of the Golden Horde. In the XIV century there were the most positive conditions for the emergence of centers of settled culture in the steppe zone. Thanks to a well-thought-out supply system and the establishment of monetary trade and in-kind exchange, the settled centers were able to establish their own life support system and create an appropriate infrastructure, which was largely brought from Transoxiana, although with features that develop due to certain local climatic conditions. When writing the article, those settlements were also indicated that could not establish a proper way of life and their development was interrupted.

1621-1629

Authors: Vladimir T. Tepkeev, Narma A. Kamandzhaev

The article details a review of the written heritage of the Kalmyk khan Ayuki, which has survived to this day, and also publishes the text of the translation of his two new letters. Recently, historiography has seen an increasing interest in the personality of the Kalmyk khan Ayuki and his written heritage, to which a number of publications are devoted. The purpose of the work is to introduce into scientific circulation two new written testimonies of Khan Ayuki. The main source base for this work was the materials of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, where unique documents concerning the correspondence of the Kalmyk Khan with the Russian Tsar Peter Alekseevich were deposited. The publication of this correspondence will make a serious contribution to the study of Russian-Kalmyk relations of the XVII–XVIII centuries. In the documents we find rather interesting information about the military-political situation in the southern and southeastern regions of the Russian state. The epistolary written heritage of the Kalmyk khan Ayuki is an invaluable historical source, which will allow modern researchers to fully study the era of the formation and formation of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 18th century.

1643-1651

Authors: GoranRajović, SergeiN. Bratanovskii

The article considers the system of public education on the territory of Kharkiv province during the imperial period. This part of work examines the period from 1732 to 1880. The source base of the study is represented by the annual publications of the Kharkiv Provincial Statistical Committee: “Commemorative books of the Kharkiv province” and “Kharkiv calendars”, published in the period of 1862–1882. The authors conclude that in the period of 1732–1880 the system of public education on the territory of the Kharkiv province was actively developing. So, in 1732 there were 46 (primary) parochial schools in the region. Already in 1804–1805 years, the higher and secondary educational institutions for boys were opened in the provincial center (the city of Kharkov), and in 1812 the first secondary educational institution for girls was also opened there. By 1880, there were already 515 educational institutions on the territory of the province with the number of students – 31898 people. Higher education in the provincial center has also become available for women (students of the midwifery institute). The network of secondary educational institutions extended to large county towns, which made secondary education available not only in Kharkiv, but also in the regions. Lower education was represented by 13 educational institutions for boys, and primary education was represented by 475 primary educational institutions of different departments.

1663-1673

Authors: Zhanerke N. Shaygozova, Kanat Z. Uskenbay, Almira B. Naurzbayeva, Aman I. Ibragimov

The article analyses the role and contribution of Russian adventurers and researchers to the study of Kazakh traditional crafts in the imperial period, which was particularly active and productive at the turn of the 18th–20th centuries. The researchers collected and described a huge factual material consisting of written and visual sources, as well as samples of handicrafts exhibited in the leading academic museums of the Russian Federation, specifically in the Russian Museum of Ethnography (REM) and Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (MAE RAS). Today, the documents and artefacts analysed in the given article represent not only the richest source material for the study of the development and genesis of traditional Kazakh crafts, but also for the reconstruction of some lost authentic technologies of manufacturing various craft products. It is necessary to state the fact that today many types of Kazakh crafts and handicraft technologies that qualified by specialists as the most important element of intangible cultural heritage (ICH), and threatened with extinction. The study mainly relies on historical-comparative and historical-descriptive methods, as well as on-site study of the holdings of the Kazakh collections of the REM and MAE RAS in 2018 and 2021. The results of the research are the conclusion of the authors of this study that the analysed sources carry important information that allows us to assess the state of Kazakh handicrafts in the pre-revolutionary period, the level of their development and trace their genesis and typology. As of the current date, the scientific description of some authentic technologies of handicrafts production are the most relevant and in high-demand, for their renaissance in modern practice as one of the efficient measures for safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage of the country, obliging Kazakhstan to undertake them since the ratification of the Convention for the Safeguarding of ICH (2003 Convention) in 2011.

1683-1694

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov

The article examines the demographic and scientific potential of the educational districts of the Russian Empire. The attention is paid to the composition of urban residents and gender balance among the population, the number of higher educational institutions and pedagogical periodicals published in the imperial period. The research source is based on specialized reference literature. Thus, to analyze the demographic situation in the Russian Empire, the author used the materials of the First General population census, namely, “The population of the Empire according to the census of January 28, 1897. By counties”. To analyze the pedagogical periodicals of the imperial period, the works of N.N. Ablov, L.N. Belyaeva and other reference works were used. In conclusion, the author states that in general, there was a gender balance between men and women on the territory of the Russian Empire (63253131 males and 63158605 females). However, when detailing by school districts, we see that in the regions of the European part of Russia the number of women slightly exceeded the number of men, and in the Caucasus and Asian regions there was a significant quantitative predominance of males over females. By the beginning of the XX century, almost all densely populated educational districts of the Russian Empire had their own higher educational institutions, the only exception here was the Orenburg Educational District. As for the pedagogical periodicals, almost half of the publications (114 titles) were published in St. Petersburg (first place), another 43 journals were published in Moscow at various times (second place), and Kiev was on the third place with 16 journals.

1706-1716

Authors: Yulia G. Kokorina, Vladislav A. Chernov, Makhach M. Vagabov, Narkiza A. Moroz

The authors consider the structure and concept of teaching Russian literature by the outstanding Russian historian I.E. Zabelin (1820–1908). The works of a scientist on history and archeology are known in historiography, while the historian's views on Russian literature and its teaching are being considered for the first time. For modern teachers, the appeal to the "Course of Russian Literature", which is stored in the archive of the scientist, allows them to understand the civic essence of teaching literature, the authors introduce archival materials into scientific circulation, uses the diary entries of the scientist and the memories of his students. The pedagogical activity of I.E. Zabelin falls on the years 1853–1869, when the concept of teaching literature was just being developed. The scientist worked at the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute and the School of Topographers in an era of heated discussions about the future of the Russian education system. Documents show that I.E. Zabelin stood outside the political forces of that time, but his pedagogical views were clearly progressive, echoed the ideas of the founder of Russian pedagogy K.D. Ushinsky (1823–1871). Zabelin taught to love and understand the ideas and aspirations of his people, and for him the concept of "nationality" permeates the entire course. The teacher aimed to educate students in love with the Russian word, instilled a culture of thinking and expressing their thoughts. The attention of the scientist to reading, the real anthem of which contains a course of literature, the awareness of the need for a sober assessment of the political situation sounds relevant today. I.E. Zabelin applied advanced scientific methods, used progressive textbooks and anthologies. He interpreted only recently discovered literary monuments, was aware of the latest achievements in literary studies. The depth and value of his course is given by scientists' understanding of the unity of historical and literary knowledge, attention to the theoretical foundations of both sciences, philosophy of knowledge in general. I.E. Zabelin developed the author's "Course of Russian Literature" based on literary sources, realized the need for a teacher's conversation with students, which would awaken thought, involve the whole class in work, form a civic position among students. Both historical disciplines and literature I.E. Zabelin taught in a fascinating and emotional way, his lectures were remembered by students for many years. The personality of I.E. Zabelin, who brilliantly combined the traits of both a scientist and a teacher, who saw the need not only to teach the subject, but also to educate the younger generation, is a worthy example for our contemporaries.

1726-1735

Authors: Alexander G. Gryaznukhin, Tatyana V. Gryaznukhina, Ivan A. Pfanenshtil, Semen V. Kozhevnikov

The object of the research is the political exile to Siberia in the 19th century, which, in the context of studying this problem, is considered a social and political phenomenon that played a significant role in the formation of the social and cultural space of the region. The article provides a brief review of the history of political exile, analyzes its composition and number. The exile began to acquire a mass character after the defeat of the Decembrist revolt. With the beginning of the Narodnik movement, the share of nobles in the political exile decreased due to an increase in the number of commoners. Political exiles had a significant impact on the formation of the political beliefs of the ideologists of Siberian regionalism. The high educational level of the exiles and their possession of various professional skills made them in demand in various spheres of the economic and cultural life of Siberia. Educational, scientific, medical, and economic activities were the main activities of the exiles, which allowed them to solve material problems and meet their spiritual needs. The local administration had a mixed attitude toward the exiles. Due to the virtual absence of their own intellectuals, progressive-minded government officials allowed the exiles to engage in activities that were officially prohibited for them. Other government officials, conservative and jealously complying with all the instructions of the central government, on the contrary, subjected them to cruel punishments and persecution. Political exiles made a significant contribution to the establishment of local schools, libraries, and museums. The sources analyzed in the article convincingly show the great impact of political exiles on the worldview and consciousness of Siberians, which in turn led to a change in the social and cultural space of the region as a whole.

1748-1765

Authors: Oleksandr P. Trygub, Sergey I. Degtyarev

The work examines the system of maritime education on the territory of the Kherson province in the period 1834–1917 through the prism of the teaching staff of maritime educational institutions. The history of maritime education in the Kherson province of the Russian Empire indicates that the personnel composition of these vocational educational institutions has undergone significant changes. Its quantitative and qualitative composition depended on the following circumstances: the level of the educational institution, which established its funding from the state or local authorities; tasks that were set for the educational institution; the number of students, which determined the number of teaching hours, amounts of money received from students; additional sources (scholarships from patrons of the institution, public organizations that supported students and the institution, donations, etc.). Teachers of vocational and technical educational institutions of a nautical (maritime) profile were people with different levels of education, degrees of professionalism and experience in teaching. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the state set a goal to reform the maritime education system. This included increasing demands on teachers and combating staff turnover. It was planned to provide teachers with the rights and benefits of civil service, departmental housing, and increase salaries with increasing teaching experience.

1780-1796

Authors: Grigorii Yu. Afanasiev

The industrial revolution, associated with the active construction of railways, the spread of steam-powered ships and vessels, the introduction of new propulsion systems in the factory and urban economy, the emergence and introduction of electric energy exponentially expanded the fuel needs of the emerging technological infrastructure of the Russian Empire. Unlike many developed countries of Western Europe and America, the historical center of Russia had significant reserves of boreal forests, traditionally used as fuel. However, the depletion of traditional logging sites in the European part of the country, which began in the 1840th, made it difficult to meet the growing demand for combustible materials. From 1860–1870th the public and representatives of the administration state the impossibility of the potential preservation of the country's forest resources without the transition of transport, industry, municipal urban needs for combustible materials to mineral fuel sources. The relevance of the study lies in the review of the process of transition to mineral fuel in the context of the development of the industry with a parallel study of the manifestations of environmental problems, the features of the scientific, public and administrative response to these problems until the moment of complete, but not final transition in the transport, factory sectors, as well as infrastructure of large cities of the empire on the eve of the First World War. Current dynamic and factor processes are considered in the context of the Anthropocene concept – the formation of an overwhelming impact on the environment of human activity.

1809-1817

Authors: Natalia А. Koblova, Olga V. Kolpakova, Olga A. Sukhova

The article analyzes the phenomenon of spiritual and moral asceticism in the Russian province in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries by the example of an outstanding Penza philanthropist, state councilor Maria Mikhailovna Kiseleva. The general structure of the patterns of Orthodox ministry and its reflection in the perception and practices of the behavior of contemporaries are considered. The authors concluded that for the Penza community, Maria Mikhailovna Kiseleva's charitable work was a reference model that was ahead of its time and determined the general direction of the formation of new social standards. The purpose of such practices is interpreted broadly, covering the spheres of social assistance and partnership, as well as the formation of emotional culture and social responsibility, the general idea of spiritual and moral improvement, uniting the local, national and global levels of Orthodox identity. In the realities of the post-reform era, this manifested itself in the willingness to donate to the creation of social welfare institutions, educational organizations, temples and monasteries, to commemorate the dead and support the crippled soldiers, to preserve the historical memory and sacred design of Russian Palestine.

1824-1834

Authors: Ildar R. Hamzin, Rustam T. Ganiev, Anton V. Kochnev

The article studies the activities of Russian entrepreneurs in the Chinese port of Hankou as part of the purchase of tea for the Russian market. Baikhovi tea was a product under which Russian pre-revolutionary literature, source base and statistics understood the most expensive varieties of Chinese tea, grown and processed on Chinese plantations and factories and sent for sale to foreigners in the port of Hankou. This aspect is a particular issue of Russian-Chinese trade in the second half of the 19th century, but it seems important for a more in-depth study of this topic and expanding scientific knowledge about Russian-Chinese relations in general. The article discusses the features of the production and transportation of baikhovi tea to the Hankou market, issues of tea pricing, the buying and selling process, factors influencing the trade of baikhovi tea in Hankou, aspects of competition between the tea trade of Hankou and Shanghai and the competition of foreign trading houses for the purchase of this product and shipment it to the Russian market. The conclusions of the work summarize the main results of the study and show the significance of the participation of Russian entrepreneurs in the tea trade for Russian-Chinese relations at the time under review.

1844-1851

Authors: Ivan S. Denisov, Raul' S. Dzhindzholiya, Kairat K. Atabekov, Ivan N. Kuksin

This article is devoted to the study of the significance of the agricultural course proposed by P.A. Stolypin. The authors of the article conducted a comprehensive analysis of land reform, examining its causes, key stages, historical significance and results. As reasons for pursuing a new agrarian course, the author examined the main shortcomings of the peasant community, as well as the significance of the first revolution of 1905. The author also studied the career path of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, who eventually took the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire. In the course of this work, the author studied a number of legal acts, including those regulating peasant-land legal relations, as well as their key innovations, such as: the Highest Manifesto of October 17, 1905 “On the Improvement of State Order”, the Personal Highest Decree “ On supplementing certain regulations of the current law relating to peasant land ownership and land use”, as well as the Law of December 14, 1893 “On certain measures to prevent the alienation of peasant allotment lands”. The author formulated the key stages of P. A. Stolypin’s agrarian reform: preparatory, rule-making, accompanying and resettlement. As part of the consideration of the resettlement stage, its key stages were also analyzed. This work also presents statistical data that clearly characterizes the impact of Stolypin’s new agrarian course on the economic development of the state. Particular attention in this study is paid to assessing the significance of the land reform of 1906 by identifying its key strengths and weaknesses.

1869-1878

Authors: Alexander S. Kovalev, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev, Dmitry V. Rakhinsky, Nikita N. Ravochkin

The public charity of the disabled population in the almshousein the second half of the XIX – first decades of the XX centuries was designed to help those who could not continue to work, who had no relatives and did not have sufficient funds of subsistence. However, at the same time, the practice of taking care of a charitable institution at their own expense was widespread, including those disabled and elderly people who had relatives who were ready to contribute the required amount. The analysis of historiography shows that earlier this aspect of the formation of social assistance in the imperial period of Russian history was not the subject of special research, so scientists became interested in the issues of the self-status of individual representatives of society not so long ago. On the basis of previously unpublished archival materials that reflect individual life stories, the presented research examines: the rules for the admission of self-interested people; various options under which this was possible; subjects of assistance who were willing to take over the maintenance of an incapacitated person in an almshouse; reasons why petitioners, their relatives or benefactors who had sufficient funds could be denied charity at their own expense. The analysis showed how normal it was for the practice of public charity to support the disabled and elderly at their own expense, whether such charity was a special form of social assistance.

1889-1899

Authors: Natalya N. Pimenova, Julia S. Zamaraeva, Natalya N. Seredkina, Nаtalya P. Koptseva

The materials for this study are the journal “Drevnyaya i Novaya Rossiya”(“Ancient and New Russia”), published from 1875 to 1881. Namely, the issues of this magazine for 1875 and the “Essays on Eastern Siberia” published in them, written by Pavel Apollonovich Rovinsky, a Russian historian, ethnographer and folklorist, publicist. These essays are the result of a long expedition by P.A. Rovinsky with the support of the St. Petersburg Department of the Geographical Society. The essays record significant features of the history and specific development of the Siberian territory. They outline the details of the improvement of district and provincial cities, the specifics of the influence of geographical and climatic conditions on the life, way of life and relationships of residents of villages and uluses. The article systematizes the specifics of the development and settlement of the Siberian Plain, the features of the mutual influence of cultural traditions of ethnocultural groups living in these territories and the preservation of the originality of traditions. The population of Siberia is one of the key subjects of scientific interest of the author of the essays, who pays special attention to the processes of acculturation and assimilation of ethnic groups – both Russian Siberians and indigenous peoples. Analysis of the essays allows us to highlight the features of the image of each of the peoples, the features of people’s lives in Eastern Siberia.

1909-1924

Authors: Tikhon K. Ermakov, Anastasia V. Kistova, Natalya А. Sergeeva, Anna A. Omelik

This study was carried out based on materials from the printed publication “Vestnik Izyashchnykh Iskusstv”, which was published in the period from 1883 to 1890 in the Russian Empire. During the research, articles by Alexander Ivanovich Somov, editor-in-chief of the “Vestnik Izyashchnykh Iskusstv”, historian and museum figure, and articles by Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov, Russian art and music critic, art historian and public figure, were studied. Contribution of A.I. Somov and V.V. Stasov's work in art history is not limited to the time frame of the 19th century but continues to be relevant at the present time. During the existence of the magazine, articles by these two creative figures were devoted to the history of Russian and foreign art, aesthetics, art criticism and coverage of modern artistic technologies and trends. Using the articles of these authors, as well as biographical information, a model of a professional art critic was identified, which manifested itself in the activities of Somov and Stasov. In addition, their contribution to art history from a historical point of view is noted. The conceptual framework of this study was the theory of art of Vladimir Ilyich Zhukovsky – philosopher, art critic, artist, Doctor of Philosophy, and Natalya Petrovna Koptseva – Doctor of Philosophy, professor, head of the department of cultural studies and art history of the Siberian Federal University. This theory is formed on the basis of philosophical research in the field of visual thinking, theory of culture and theory of religion. In the context of this study, the model of a professional art critic presented in theory as a synthesis of three key manifestations is taken as a basis: an art critic-connoisseur, an art critic-researcher and an art critic-maieutic.

1936-1947

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov

The work is based on the archival materials, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, examines the main milestones in the life of a Russian official, a native of a peasant family Pavel Ivanovich Cherkasov (1883–1931). The main sources of the work were archival documents, namely a temporary form list of service (undated) and a form list of service for 1910 of Pavel Ivanovich Cherkasov from the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk region (Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation). The materials from the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia (Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation) were also involved. In conclusion, the author states that in the history of the Russian Empire, a representative of any class of pre-revolutionary society had the right to move to a more prestigious class. Such an example for the Cherkasov family from Keret was Pavel Ivanovich Cherkasov, who at the age of 17, left without a father, went to work as a watchman in the Keret postal and telegraph office, and upon reaching the age of 21 in 1906, despite the lack of education, made his way as a postman of the Kandalaksha postal and telegraph office and became an official of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. During the First World War, he was transferred as an official of the 5th category to the Keret post and telegraph office, and in 1917 he reached the maximum in his career and became an official of the 6th category – the head of the Olang post office. In 1919, after the closure of the post office in the village of Olanga, he was transferred back to Keret and in December of this year entered the National Militia of the Northern Region, which was part of the Northern White Guard Army of General Miller. The service in the militia was short-lived, since in February 1920 the entire territory of the Northern Region was captured by the Bolsheviks. Since 1920, Pavel Ivanovich began to have health problems, nevertheless, he continued to serve in Kereti until his death in 1931. Thus, despite the lack of education (Pavel Ivanovich Cherkasov did not even complete the full course of the parish school), with his hard work, dedication and dedication, Pavel Ivanovich managed to get out of the peasant class into the state, becoming a full member of the Russian bureaucracy.

1960-1969

Authors: Evgenii A. Avdeev, Aleksey M. Erokhin, Sergej M. Vorobev

In the second half of the 19th century, the process of formation of Russian state institutions continued in the North Caucasus, state control over Muslims was strengthened and the quality of governance was improving. The article discusses the features of government administration of the mountainous Muslim peoples of the Caucasus. The main approaches to Islam that had developed by the mid-19th century in the imperial authorities, government policies and specific management decisions of the Caucasian administration are analyzed. The authors draw on a wide range of research and archival materials. Despite the lack of a unified approach to confessional policy and the refusal to form a separate religious organization of North Caucasian Muslims, a relatively effective system of public administration is emerging in the region. The administration’s actions are based primarily on the principle of religious tolerance and the incorporation of Muslim clergy into the Russian elite; measures are being taken to ensure and respect the religious rights of Muslims and counteract destabilizing foreign influence. Among the mountain elites, the desire for integration and loyalty to the empire is increasing, which is manifested in increased interest in Russian education, culture, military and civil service.

1982-1997

Authors: Sergey V. Ryazantsev, Alexey V. Smirnov, Nikita S. Ryazantsev

Astrakhan, due to its location, was always considered to be a gateway of cholera to the Russian Empire. The aim of the following studyis to assess demographic, social, and economic aftermath of the cholera epidemic, occured in Astrakhan in 1892, maintaining historical and demographic methods of press analysis as a source, with an assessment of the demographic aftermath provided by the eyewitnesses of that accident. The sources for the study were materials from pre-revolutionary sources. Contact analysis of the press to reveal the demographic estimations of eyewitnesses of the incident, i.e. experts of that time (medical workers, town governors, civil servants, military officers) in relation to the peculiarities of the epidemic development, as well as their subjective estimation of the demographic, social, and economic aftermath of the cholera epidemic were used. The 5th cholera epidemic in Russia lasted within 1892–1894. The 1st wave was the deadliest. In 1892, mainly from May to November, more than 620 thsd people were infected and 300 thsd of them died. In 1893, there were infected 103 thsd people and 43 thsd people died. In 1894, the epidemic occured on a smaller scale. By 1892, cholera caused 13 epidemics in Astrakhan. In 1892, cholera, causing an outbreak of morbidity in the Transcaspian region, ended up in Baku. The deterioration of the epidemiological situation in Astrakhan was facilitated by the mass departure of Baku residents on overcrowded ships, despite the denial by the authorities of the city of Baku of the presence of cholera. After the introduction of quarantine measures in Astrakhan, rumors arose among the population that in cholera hospitals, living people are put in coffins, sprinkled with lime, and buried. During the riots, medical personnel were killed, a cholera hospital was burned, and the infected were sent home. After the riots, there was a sharp increase in morbidity. From the 14th of June to the 20th of September, 1892, in Astrakhan, more than 3 per cent of the city's population died from cholera, and for 10 thsd residents there were 480 cases and 316 deaths. This was the demographic maximum for the cholera epidemic of 1892. The assessment of excess mortality showed an increase in mortality by 278 per cent in June and by 555 per cent in July compared to these months in 1888–1894. Of all those admitted to the hospital in Astrakhan, about 73 per cent were laborers who were living in hostels (shelters); about 5 per cent were workers on ships, steamships, and barges; 12 per cent are artisans. The social composition by estates was the following: 1983 peasants, 316 soldiers, 262 burghers, 12 Cossacks (kazaks), 8 nobles, and 5 church servants. Natives of Astrakhan and the province accounted for about 11 per cent of cases, 89 per cent were seasonal migrants. Due to supermortality, many children were orphaned. The budget expenditures of Astrakhan to combat the epidemic amounted to 142 thsd rubles, including 33 thsd rubles went to the maintenance of troops who arrived to suppress the cholera riot. The cholera epidemic had a positive sanitary condition of cities, formed new habits of the population in terms of personal hygiene.

2004-2013

Authors: Evgenii V. Bogomolov, Yulia A. Mamaeva

Based on the synthesis of historical and institutional approaches, the article examines the role of “hodachestvo” (scouting) in the Russian Empire. Hodachestvo became a consequence of the processes of resettlement and colonization of sparsely populated territories of Siberia and the Far East, and from an economic point of view was a tool to reduce transaction cost or cost incurred by economic entities due to insufficient information. The stages of the formation of hodachestvo are considered, starting from the middle of the XIX century and ending in 1914, when hodachestvo ceased due to the First World War. It is determined that the formalization of the institution of hodachestvo takes place in 1896 and in the future there is a process of legislative improvement of this phenomenon. Hodachestvo reaches its greatest activity during the period of P.A. Stolypin's agrarian reform, starting in 1904, when the obligation to send scouts (walkers) was established. The phenomenon of hodachestvo is one of the examples of principal-agent relations with their characteristic opportunistic behavior of agents, which were scouts (walkers). The experience of hodachestvo at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries can be used in modern Russia, as far as the problem of migration and development of Siberia and the Far East is still relevant.

2025-2035

Authors: Ekaterina A. Sertakova, Natalia M. Leshchinskaia, Maria A. Kolesnik, Aleksandra A. Sitnikova

The relevance of this study is associated with the eternal return of Russian art to the question of its national identity – trending either towards the development of Western styles, artistic techniques and trends, or towards the revival of ancient Russian types of art, subjects and patterns, artists are constantly in search of a middle way. At the beginning of the 21st century, we are again witnessing the search for characteristic Russian national imagery in art – a similar path was followed by artists at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, which is documented in detail on the pages of the journal “Mir iskusstva”, which united the work of such outstanding philosophers, artists, critics as S. Diaghilev, A. Benois, D. Filosofov, I. Grabar, V. Rozanov and others, therefore, turning to the study of the concepts of national Russian art on the pages of this journal allows us to borrow the experience of the past in understanding the present. The research method was qualitative content analysis. Since the journal “World of Art” sought to synthesize different types of arts, its pages equally examine the processes occurring in all types of creative activity. In accordance with this, the results of the study are presented by type of art: painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, decorative and applied arts. In conclusion, conclusions are drawn about the specifics of presenting the history of Russian national art on the pages of the journal “Mir iskusstva”.

2045-2056

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Anna A. Shpak, Yulia N. Menzhurenko, Kseniya A. Degtyarenko

“Zhurnal dlya vsekh” (“Journal for Everyone”) is an illustrated popular science, literary and artistic publication that operated in St. Petersburg from 1895 to 1906 monthly. The periodical “Mir Bozhii” (“World of God”) was chosen as data for a comparative analysis of the main internal political events in Russia and current topics of the Russian public of that time. The journal “Mir Bozhii” was published monthly in St. Petersburg in 1892–1906 and was a popular science and literary publication whose primary task was to promote self-education through the popularization of science and history. The choice of the journal is based on similar parameters, publication period, content and the presence of sections devoted to the study of socio-political, socio-economic processes of the Russian Empire. The purpose of the article is to study political history in periodicals, highlighting the principles of covering the main events of the early 20th century. The headings “Internal Review” of the “Zhurnal dlya vsekh” and “Miscellaneous Differences” of the journal “Mir Bozhii” are analyzed. The content of the periodicals includes 12 issues and topics from different spheres of people's lives, which helps to interpret events in the context of forming the image of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century and understanding the main directions of development of the Russian state. The attention is focused on the reconstruction of the internal political picture of the world of this period. Materials from a comparative study of the journals “Zhurnal dlya vsekh”and “Mir Bozhii” will allow us to develop and supplement the provisions of historical science about the Russian Empire of the early 20th century. In addition, the results of the analysis make it possible to comprehend the socio-political experience of the country in modern realities, determine the historical patterns of domestic politics and predict the further development of the socio-political life of Russia.

2066-2074

Authors: Vladimir P. Trut, Sergey G. Voskoboynikov

The article characterizes the participation of the Don Cossack units-the 4th Don Cossack Division and the 3rd Don Cossack Artillery Division in the Russian-Japanese war. The features of the composition and formation of this non-combatant priority, but preferential (reserve) Cossack division and its dispatch to the front are revealed. The participation of the Don units in the battles and battles of this war is shown, especially in raids into the enemy rear. The successful and unsuccessful military actions of the latter during the war are analyzed, as well as the reasons for the unsatisfactory use of the Cossack cavalry by the command of the Russian army during military operations. When describing the shortcomings of the actions of the Don Cossack units, both objective and particularly subjective reasons for this circumstance are comprehensively revealed. The article draws attention to the consideration of controversial issues present in historiography regarding the general assessment and particular examples of the actions of the Don Cossack units and subunits in various episodes of their combat participation. The conclusions about the combat contribution of the Don Cossacks to the general military actions of the Russian army during this war, the heroism, courage and military valor shown by the Cossacks, the level of their military training, the causes, content and consequences of the shortcomings, mistakes and miscalculations of the command of the army and tactical levels, directly Cossack officers are substantiated. Data on losses and the number of awarded Cossacks of these units during the war are given.

2096-2106

Authors: Olesya M. Dolidovich, Ivan Y. Makarchuk, Oleg G. Alekseev, Mikhail A. Petrov

The authors investigated the activities of city authorities on the accommodation, maintenance and use of prisoners of war labor during the First World War (on the materials of the city of Kansk from Yenisei province). The process of interaction of the city government with the military and civil administration, local population in solving various problems of material and domestic support of prisoners, conditions and efficiency of their labor are analyzed. The arrival of prisoners of war put the authorities and the local population in a difficult situation due to the extremely backward state of the urban economy and infrastructure (lack of free housing, lack of water supply and sewerage, baths and laundries, etc.). Prisoner of war labor was used mainly in such areas as public works and road repair, but on a limited scale due to the shortage of city finances (prisoners had to be transported to the place of work, fed and provided with clothes and shoes in season, tools, guards, returned unsuitable for work, etc.). In general, labor was unproductive and did not contribute to the solution of any important economic or defense tasks due to the lack of large-scale industrial production in the city.

2118-2127

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Alexander Y. Epifanov, Milena S. Bratanovskaya

The paper considers the coverage of the Brusilov's breakthrough of the Russian troops of the Southwestern Front on the pages of the newspaper “Soldatskii vestnik”. The attention is paid to the coverage of the first month of this offensive operation, namely, May 22 – June 22, 1916. In conclusion, the authors state that the offensive operation of the Russian troops of the Southwestern Front (Commander General A.A. Brusilov) began on May 22, 1916. Already on the first day of the offensive, Russian troops managed to break through the enemy's defenses and capture about 13 thousand prisoners. In total, during the first month (May 22 – June 22, 1916) of the offensive of the Russian troops, about 250 thousand enemy soldiers and officers were captured, or 8.3 thousand people per day. The first week was especially effective, when about 115 thousand people were captured from May 22 to May 30. In the subsequent period, the intensity of the enemy's resistance increased. Despite the fact that the enemy often launched counterattacks and used asphyxiating gases, the Russian troops, overcoming this resistance, still continued their offensive, albeit at a slower pace. As for the coverage of the Brusilov's breakthrough on the pages of the army newspaper “Soldatskii vestnik”, at the time considered by the authors, the main source of information was the reports of the headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. When there was not enough information from the reports, the newspaper published materials of newspaper employees telling about the successes of the South-Western Front, as well as speeches by officials.

2136-2144

Authors: Viktor N. Razgon, Dmitry N. Belyanin, Anton V. Razgon

Analysis of the information contained in the database, formed on the basis of information extracted from the household questionnaires of 1917 All-Russian agricultural census, showed that in both compared settlement groups of the Altai peasantry, consumer leases of land prevailed over entrepreneurial leases, however, it became more widespread among the migrants due to the lower quality of allotment lands allocated to them and the presence a significant number of unauthorized migrants, who had no legal grounds for obtaining land plots. The wider spread among old-timers of the lease of land for animal husbandry, and among migrants – arable land is explained by the specialization of their farms, the level of adaptation to the natural and social environment, the degree of involvement in market relations. Both in the village of old-timers and in the village of settlers, internal land lease prevailed. The external lease, represented by the lease of land from the tsar's Cabinet, became more widespread among old-timers, since it included the lease of plots from their land use transferred to the Cabinet's land fund during the demarcation of peasant and Cabinet lands carried out in 1899–1915. In the absence of landowners in the Altai okrug, unlike many regions of the European part of the country, in-kind payment of land rent has not received any wide distribution. With the general predominance of short-term leases characteristic of old-timers and immigrants, the lease of land on a long-term basis, which included rent for business purposes, became more widespread among old-timers, which was determined by their greater integration into the structures of regional and аll-Russian markets.

2152-2160

Authors: Daniil S. Zaozerskiy, Oleg V. Minchuk

In this article one of the earliest propositions of conceding the right of mammal hunting to the Norwegians at the territory of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago is reviewed. This proposition was formulated in “The navigating officers Corpus staff captain Tyagin’s report to the Arkhangelsk Governor” (the 4th of November, 1879). It was offered long before the beginning of the RSFSR-USSR concession policy. Authors of this article study the reasons why this proposition was not supported. The Tyagin’s proposition is deeply connected with the following activities of the Arkhangelsk governors and the USSR concession policy. Such connections were examined by the authors of the article respectively. Thus, the Arkhangelsk governors’ activities were directed to gain a foothold on the Novaya Zemlya. And in 1923 the waters of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago were provided for two Norwegian concession firms due to the USSR concession policy. It’s worth noting that such Norwegian concessions were anticipated by E.A. Tyagin. The sources for the publication are legislative acts, materials of the regional periodical press, office documents, business correspondence, travel notes and reports of the Arkhangelsk province officials.