Bylye Gody

1064-1077

Authors: Evgeniya V. Sokolova

The article is devoted to the study of the process of formation of the rural settlement network of the Middle Irtysh region in the 16th – early 20th centuries. The author focuses on the analysis of the factors that caused this process: the state policy in the field of development and settlement of Western Siberia in general and the Middle Irtysh region in particular and free peasant colonization. The paper identifies key points in the process of forming a rural settlement network – the foundation of the Tara and Omsk fortresses, the construction of fortification lines, the construction of the Moscow-Siberian highway, the abolition of serfdom, the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, the Stolypin agrarian reform – and the influence of the indicated factors on each of the selected points. During the analysis of a wide range of local history material, the dates of the founding of rural settlements were established, the geographical, natural-climatic and social conditions for the emergence of settlements were analyzed, and vectors for the settlement of the territory were established. The author comes to the conclusion about the organic combination of state policy and free peasant colonization during the late 16th – early 20th centuries, which resulted in the established network of rural settlements on the territory of the Omsk region. Throughout the entire period of settlement of the territory, each of the identified factors determined its vector of movement of migrants and the type of settlements founded (settlement, farm, and others). Within the framework of free colonization, the author pays considerable attention to internal peasant migration and shows its role in the formation of a network of rural settlements. The combination of internal and external colonization was determined by the characteristics of the territory, such as the combination of taiga, forest-steppe and steppe regions, the historical pattern of the settlement of the indigenous population (the first Russian settlers, Kazakhs, Siberian Tatars), the presence of large water arteries (the rivers Irtysh, Tara, Om, Osh, large lakes), the construction of a tract and a railway.

1091-1102

Authors: Konstantin V. Samokhin

The paper analyzes the economic processes in Russia in the 17th–18th centuries taking into account the main provisions of the modernization theory. The mentioned theory is the foundation of the methodological apparatus in this research, and regarding the indicated period it is interpreted in its classical formulation as a transition from a traditional (agrarian) society to a modern (industrial) one. Particular attention is paid to such features of the Russian modernization model as ‘catching up’ nature, as well as determination of the starting point, factor and mechanism of modernization processes in the national history. The correlation of the economic development of the Russian state and the main trends of transition from tradition to modernity is carried out on the basis of transformation of the key features inherent in the traditional economy into characteristics that are present in the market/mixed system. At the same time, the emphasis is made on such changes as transition of the priority position of agriculture to industry; presence of basic signs of industrial revolution; establishment of pluralism of ownership forms instead of the predominance of the collective-community; elimination of tendencies that distinguish natural economy; formation of basic principles of state regulation of economic relations; widespread functioning of the laws of value, supply and demand, as well as the competition mechanism; introducing freedom of the producer and consumer’s actions into mass practice. Based on these criteria, it is concluded that the Russian society of the 17th century should be characterized as a traditional society. The shifts that have emerged in the economy of the Russian Empire of the 18th century allow speaking only of protomodernization, since the industrial revolution was identified in a series of economic realities of the historical development of Russia not earlier than the 30s of the 19th century.

1110-1121

Authors: Agila Nurgaliyeva, Zhaskairat Yernazarov, Zhanabek Zhaksygaliyev, Samat Kurmanalin

In methodological terms, the provisions and conclusions of the article correlate with the subject field of the concept of “lived religion”, aimed at transmitting the specifics of the manifestation of religion in people's daily lives. Considering the religious beliefs of the Kazakhs from the standpoint of this concept allows, in our opinion, to go beyond the “either-or” dichotomy: Islam/pre-Islamic beliefs, official Islam /popular Islam values. The purpose of the work is to show that publications of different origin of the XIX – early XX centuries can serve as a basis for determining the nature of the religious beliefs of the Kazakhs of this period. Despite the presence of polemical discourses focused on different values in modern historiography, the authors of the research do not deny the existence of a synthesis of pre-Islamic and Islamic cultures, even those who stand on the positions of the long-standing historical tradition of Islam on the territory of Kazakhstan. Results. The publications of the XVIII – early XX centuries, which we took as the basis of the analysis, we divided into five groups. Most of them were created by outside observers. Of particular importance are the works of Kazakh authors, who can be called ethnic, linguistic and religious insiders who had the opportunity to see hidden social connections that are not obvious to an outside observer. It is shown that the publications of contemporaries help to form a complete picture on the issue of the peculiarities of the religious beliefs of the Kazakhs. They allow us to talk about the syncretism of the religious views of the Kazakhs. It was a harmonious synthesis of the traditional complex of ideas about the world with Islam, because for all its inconsistency with orthodox requirements, it was present in the national consciousness of the Kazakhs. Everyday practices, habits and models of social life of Kazakhs were determined by both Islam and pre-Islamic views, and they can be defined by the term “lived religion”.

1132-1141

Authors: Maksim M. Batmaev

The article is devoted to a problem little studied in modern oriental studies – the status of the Kalmyk zaisangs, especially its economic and administrative role in the historical life of the Kalmyk people in the Khan period. The work is based on archival materials, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In the course of their analysis, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, and historical-systemic methods were used. The zaisang estate played an important role in the history of the Kalmyk people. Occupying a middle position in the class hierarchy of the Kalmyks, they were the link between the upper and lower classes of the entire people. Zaisangs were the mainstay and closest assistants of their owners (noyans), could be used for special assignments or as advisers. In case of serious difficulties, the owners could turn to their zaisangs. At the same time, the zaisangs were completely at the mercy of their noyan, who could take away the aimag entrusted to him or even kill him under certain circumstances. However, the zaisangs could act against noyan as a cohesive group and succeed, especially when he violated established laws and generally accepted customs. In relation to the commoners, the zaisangs had broad powers, especially in matters of tax collection and distribution of public duties, including military mobilizations. Historical circumstances led to the situation that in the zaisang realm there was a large percentage of people from the realm of commoners. At the same time, in some aimags, the position of zaisang becomes hereditary. In general, as a class, the zaisangs had great potential and had effective leverage to manage the Kalmyk society in the direction it needed.

1150-1158

Authors: Arman A. Umarov, Baurzhan N. Abdrakhmanov, Anara E. Karimova, Ziyat Sh. Aitkenov

This scientific article presents a study of the process of formation of national elites in the Kazakh steppe in the XIX century. The Kazakh aristocracy, which previously acted as intermediaries between Kazakh society and Russia, subsequently became direct representatives of the Russian government. The article highlights the role of Kazakh representatives in the structure of the Russian Empire and their function as intermediaries between the Russian authorities and the local population. The article analyzes the important influence of Kazakh intermediaries on the establishment of contacts and cooperation between different cultures, which in turn contributed to the preservation of traditional Kazakh culture in the conditions of Russian domination. The article deeply examines the challenges and difficulties faced by Kazakh representatives, including the impact of the new management system on their lifestyle and traditional power structures.Special attention is paid to the mechanisms and factors that contributed to the formation of national elites in the Kazakh steppe. The article analyzes the role of education, culture and social mobility in the formation of Kazakh leaders, intellectuals and cultural figures during this period. The contribution of the Russian Empire to the training and retraining of personnel, the development of education, the construction of schools, as well as the policy of the Empire to preserve the cultural traditions of the local population in the Kazakh steppe is considered.

1170-1178

Authors: Yulia G. Kokorina, Natalia A. Prodanova, Maсhach M. Vagabov, Elmira R. Ibragimova

The authors examine the pedagogical views of the outstanding Russian historian I.E. Zabelin (1820–1908). The historical and archaeological concepts of the scientist attracted the attention of contemporaries and followers, while the pedagogical views of I.E. Zabelin are being considered for the first time. Turning to the history of Russian pedagogical thought is especially relevant in the Year of the Teacher and Mentor, as it allows you to learn from the examples of the past to see the civic essence of teaching history and literature, especially in the situation of information warfare. The authors introduce archival materials into scientific circulation, uses the diary entries of the scientist and the memories of his students. I.E. Zabelin's pedagogical activity unfolded in 1853–1869 at the Konstantinovsky Land Surveying Institute and the School of Land Surveying Topographers in the era of acute discussions about the future of the Russian education system. I.E. Zabelin stood outside the political forces of that time, but his pedagogical views were clearly progressive, echoed the ideas of the father of Russian pedagogy, K. D. Ushinsky (1823–1871). I.E. Zabelin was outside the political forces of that time, but his pedagogical views were clearly progressive, echoed the ideas of the father of Russian pedagogy, K. D. Ushinsky (1823–1871). I.E. Zabelin taught his students to love and understand the ideas and aspirations of his people, educated them into worthy citizens and patriots of his country, instilled a culture of thinking and expressing his thoughts. The scientist's attention to reading, to students' understanding of historical facts and a sober assessment of the political situation sounds relevant today. I.E. Zabelin applied advanced scientific methods, used progressive educational publications, developed author's courses based on historical sources, realized the need for the principle of clarity in teaching. The pedagogical community and the management of educational institutions highly appreciated the efforts of the historian. He read his subject in a fascinating and emotional way, his lectures were remembered by students for many years. The personality of I.E. Zabelin, who brilliantly combined the traits of both a scientist and a teacher, who saw the need not only to teach the subject, but also to educate the younger generation, is a worthy example for our contemporaries.

1187-1196

Authors: Irina I. Leyman

The article considers the influence of merchants on the development of female education in the Russian province during the second third of the 19th century (based on the materials of Vologda province). Women’s education started being differentiated from the common school system in 1800–1820. It became possible due to the adoption of such educational documents as “Statute of educational institutions subordinated to universities” and “Statute of gymnasiums and schools of district and parish” that were released in 1804 and 1828 respectively. In 1830–1850 women’s parochial schools started appearing in Vologda Province thanks to the big support of local merchants. The examples of such schools were Kadnikovskoe (1838), Gryazovetskoe (1840), Yarenskoe (1843), Veliko-Ustyugskoe (1844). Another important educational document devoted to female education was implemented in 1858. It was “Regulations on women's schools” that contributed to the establishment of women’s schools in Vologda, Totma, Ust-Sysolsk and Yarensk. All of this happened thanks to the huge support of local merchants, who became the initiators of the opening of women’s schools in Totma and Ust-Sysolsk. At the same time the merchants’ wives became the trustees of such schools (however, there was an exceptional case in Ust-Sysolsk where the merchant of the 1st guild Latkin V.N. got to be the trustee according to the particular rule of law). Among the significant sources of women’s schools support were means of local merchants who bought a lot of books, schools supplies and furniture. Besides, they were really involved into the charity and donated money during such holidays as Easter and Christmas. The buildings – where the women’s schools were situated – also were taken care of by merchants. For instance, in 1858–1859 in Ust-Sysolsk the merchant Zaboev I.N. built a wooden building for the women’s school using his own money. Thus, the local merchants gave wide and complex support to the development of female education in Vologda province.

1206-1218

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Mikhail B. Kolotkov, Sergei B. Zinkovskii

The article considers a group of annual publications of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Statistical Committee of the period 1850–1875, which reflect the theme of socio-economic development of the province. The source base of the study is represented by the annual publications of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Statistical Committee of the period 1850–1875. At the study time, the following were published: “Spravochnye knizhki Arkhangel'skoi gubernii”, “Pamyatnye knizhki Arkhangel'skoi gubernii”, “Arkhangel'skii sbornik”, “Trudy Arkhangel'skogo gubernskogo statisticheskogo komiteta” and Reports of the provincial Statistical Committee. In conclusion, the authors state that the annual publications of the Arkhangelsk Provincial Statistical Committee of the period 1850–1875 are represented by the following publications: “Spravochnye knizhki Arkhangel'skoi gubernii”, “Pamyatnye knizhki Arkhangel'skoi gubernii”, “Arkhangel'skii sbornik”, “Trudy Arkhangel'skogo gubernskogo statisticheskogo komiteta” and Reports of the provincial Statistical Committee. At the study time, the greatest scientific and publication activity of officials of the statistical committee was recorded in 1861–1866 (immediately after the abolition of serfdom). And the least active – in the first five years of the 1870s. In total, in 1850–1875, about 90 research papers on the socio-economic development of the Arkhangelsk province were published in the annual publications of the Arkhangelsk Statistical Committee. At the same time, the unique ethnographic materials were introduced into scientific circulation.

1227-1242

Authors: Sergey V. Ryazantsev, AlexeyV. Smirnov, Nikita S. Ryazantsev

According to censuses, Argentina’s population quadrupled over fifty years due to migration: 1.8 million in 1869 and 7.8 million in 1914. Between 1857 and 1914, 4.6 million migrants entered Argentina. Taking into account the departure of 1.6 million people, 3 million people “settled” in the country, adding to the Argentine population. The proportion of foreigners in Argentine society was also rising: 8 per cent in 1869 and 30 per cent in 1914. Research objective:to assess the socio-demographic characteristics of the migration flow from the Russian Empire during the “pioneering” stage of the settlement of Argentina. Method of historical-demographic analysis of Russian migration in the context of other ethnic migration waves was used. Migrants from the Russian Empire ranked fourth among the foreigners who entered the country. Argentine census data from 1914 showed that migrants from the Russian Empire made up 1 per cent of the population, contributing to the economy. Migration from the Russian Empire to Argentina included three major ethnic waves: German, Jewish, and Polish-Lithuanian. The German-Mennonites came with capital and contributed to the development of agriculture. The Jewish wave of immigration to Argentina developed with the support of Baron Hirsch and the Jewish Colonisation Society. The migration of the inhabitants of the western border regions of the Russian Empire was represented by Jews, Poles, Lithuanians and Finns. The share of Russian (Orthodox) population among Russian migrants was insignificant, but has been steadily increasing since the beginning of the 20th century. Argentina's migration policy was open to foreigners, including Russian nationals. The integration of Russian immigrants into Argentine society proceeded rather quickly and successfully. The migration from the Russian Empire to Argentina was multinational. Among the natives of Russia were Jews, Germans, Poles and Lithuanians, while the proportion of ethnic Russians was insignificant.

1253-1262

Authors: Rustem D. Kubeyev, Kuanysh M. Murzakhodzhaev, Bimurad B. Burkhanov

The article deals with the issues related to the crisis of traditional Muslim education in the Kazakh steppe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and attempts to modernize it by the Russian authorities and Muslim intellectuals, which resulted the opening of Russian-Kazakh and new method schools. On the basis of archival documents, studies and testimonies of direct participants in the processes under study, as well as authors of later periods, the features of reforming the education system in the Kazakh steppe have been studied. When considering processes and phenomena, the literature of various historical periods was used, which contributes, both to the utmost detail of the processes and phenomena under consideration, and to the abstraction and generalization required in certain cases, using the advantages of a certain chronological remoteness. The paper considers the school programs of both new educational institutions and old ones (mektebs and madrasas), attention is paid to the peculiarities of each type of school and the processes of modernization, adaptation to the situation on the ground. The issues under study are considered in the context of the processes of modernization within the Russian Empire itself, the development of the newly attached territories of the Kazakh steppe and their further integration into the all-Russian agenda, significant socio-economic transformations in the state.

1275-1282

Authors: Anton V. Gurko, Krystsina D. Savitskaya, Iskender T. Eratov

The implementation of the peasant reform of 1861 represented a fundamental step towards meeting the new round of development of the Russian Empire. However, as a result of this reform, a number of new issues and tasks have arisen, one of which is the order of land distribution among peasants. This article is devoted to the study of the policy of the agrarian course of the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX century – after the grandiose reform of Emperor Alexander II on the abolition of serfdom. The authors of the article describe in detail the role of the peasant community in the life of peasants. The article examines in detail the legal order of land distribution among peasants, as well as the peasant community as a subject of land ownership. In addition, the role of the elders of the community in the distribution of land plots, as well as in the resolution of disputes between peasants, is considered. The key principles of the distribution and redistribution of the land fund, such as the principles of equality and equalizing justice, are also analyzed. Their advantages and disadvantages are investigated. The authors analyzed quotes from statesmen regarding their proposals on the abolition of the peasant community and the transition to the European capitalist system, in particular, the Head of the Third Department of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, Count P.A. Shuvalov. At the same time, key obstacles to the implementation of these ideas were identified. The authors pay special attention to the issue of the ambiguity of the consequences of the rapid demographic growth of the population of the Russian Empire. The authors provided specific statistical data on the population in the period from 1858 to 1914, which showed a record increase in the population over the entire history of the state.

1290-1297

Authors: Ivan S. Denisov, Kairat K. Atabekov

This study is devoted to the analysis of the political activity of Emperor Alexander III, who did not follow the path of his predecessor, the reformer Tsar Alexander II. The authors of this article investigated the issues concerning the causes and prerequisites for changing the vector of Russia's political development from the formation of liberal democratic principles to a return towards strengthening conservative views and autocracy. The article analyzes the personality of Alexander III, as well as the circumstances under which he became heir to the throne of the Russian Empire. The key events that became the root causes for the counter-reform policy were analyzed in detail. In addition, the authors examined the indirect causes and circumstances that became the motives for making a number of changes to legislative innovations that were previously adopted by Alexander II. The article also formulates the main policy goals pursued by Emperor Alexander III, the characteristic features of his rule, and analyzes the fundamental documents reflecting the given political direction. In this study, the authors tried to reveal as much as possible the essence of the ideological principles that became relevant again during the reign of Alexander III. The authors also paid attention to such topics as the mass change of the Cabinet of Ministers, as well as the Finnish issue. The authors attach particular importance to the so-called judicial counter-reform. The key normative legal acts regulating the activities of judicial bodies adopted during the reign of Alexander III, which made significant changes to the image of the new judicial system built by Alexander II during the judicial reform of 1864, were investigated.

1307-1315

Authors: Yulia B. Nadtochiy

The article presents the experience of creating a full-fledged national production system on the example of the factories of Nikolai Ivanovich Putilov (later, the Society of Putilov Factories). The purpose of the study is to reconstruct the elements of the production system through the analysis of various historical publications, which reflect the main moments of the formation and development of production during the existence of the Putilov factories under the creator himself (N.I. Putilov). At that time, the concept of “production system” did not yet exist, but all the elements of the production system, as this study showed, are present and it is possible to confidently assert the existence of a domestic production system at that time. The sources used in the article are important for understanding the contribution to the pre-revolutionary development of the national production system (work system), thanks to the existence of which Russian products were not only not inferior to foreign analogues, but sometimes surpassed them through the efforts of domestic entrepreneurs-researchers, since they met certain conditions more (the products produced were suitable for the Russian climate, for the specifics of the operation of facilities in our country and etc.). The materials of the article demonstrate a certain chronological order of development of the national production system of N.I. Putilov – from the acquisition of the first plant to the large-scale deployment of production of high-quality strategic products.

1324-1333

Authors: Alexander V. Golovinov, Anton A. Vasiliev, Vyacheslav A. Dolzhikov

The purpose of the article is to identify and show the organic connection between the basic political, legal and socio-cultural narratives in the early ideological work of the leader of the movement of Siberian democratic regionalists (regionalists) – N.M. Yadrintsev. To achieve this goal, written sources were analyzed – articles and ego-documents, such as autobiographical information and epistolary materials. Appropriate tools were chosen – the methodology of a new cultural and intellectual history, which allows a comprehensive study of discourses and texts in their relation to the activities of a particular historical personality. Within the framework of this study, it is shown that the range of political and legal problems considered by the ideologist of regionalism was extremely diverse and organically permeated with ideas to solve the pressing issues of the Siberian region. The subject of penal policy, the impact of penal colonization on the Eastern outskirts, reflections on the essence of criminal punishment, in symphony with the ideals of the democratic federal territorial structure of the Russian Empire, constituted the content of the policy-legal narrative of the early period of the ideological world of N.M. Yadrintsev, that is, in the 1870s. Reflection on the ethno-cultural interaction of the Slavic-Russian peoples and the endemic peoples of Siberia, the problems of colonization and development of the eastern outskirts, together with educational concepts and proposals for reforming the cultural and educational policy of imperial Russia, constituted a system of socio-cultural discourses in the journalism of the Siberian educator. The position of the ideologist of regionalism was reduced to the ideologeme of the reciprocal influence of ethnic groups, which obviously had two vectors immanently built into one general process of cultural influence. In general, the article found that the political, legal and socio-cultural narratives of the creative heritage of the famous Siberian were in dialectical unity.

1341-1355

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Nazar A. Kotelnitsky, Alla I. Ziakun

The article is devoted to the study of repressive measures of the Russian autocracy against the zemstvo liberal opposition in Chernihiv province in the late 70s – early 80s. Having analyzed unique historical primary sources, the absolute majority of which are introduced into the international scientific turnover for the first time, the authors came to the conclusion that the main reason for the punitive measures of the Russian monarchy against the aristocratic opposition of the region was the unprecedented, public opposition activities of the liberal zemstvo in 1878–1879. The first strike of the Russian authorities against the Zemstvo opposition was the prompt arrest and administrative internment of its leader, I. Petrunkevich, in the ethnically Russian provinces of the country. Top officials and the head of the political police of Chernihiv province proposed to the central authorities to take tough measures in the fight against the “liberal contagion”: to expel from the territory of Chernihiv province the most dangerous members of the aristocratic opposition; to establish supervision over the remaining representatives of the Zemstvo liberal party by the police and gendarmerie; to promptly amend the legislation of the Russian Empire in order to establish control and supervision of the institutions of state power over the elected institutions The authorities implemented the absolute majority of these recommendations. By the fall of 1886, the zemstvo liberal movement in Chernihiv province had been crushed and its personal composition reduced to a minimum.

1366-1373

Authors: James Matthew White

The following article considers the history of Orthodox parish schooling in terms of the parish of Vormsi, an island off the western coast of Estland province populated by Swedish speakers. Its novelty lies in the fact that no scholars have previously attempted to consider the history of the Orthodox parish of Vormsi, a highly unique case due to the conversion of Swedish speakers. The materials on which the article is based are documents (previously unintroduced into academic circulation) from the Russian State Historical Archive and the Estonian State Historical Archive, including the fonds of the imperial Russian Orthodox diocese of Riga, the Vormsi Orthodox parish fond, and the fonds of some of the individual schools concerned. Drawing on the approach of microhistory, the article demonstrates that Orthodox parish schooling on Vorsmi was hampered by several problems, including the language barrier, inadequate funding, and heavily flawed teaching personnel.

1384-1395

Authors: Yana G. Zagvazdina

The article tells about the special burial sites of the Orthodox population that existed on the territory of Tobolsk and its nearest environs in the late XIX – early XX centuries. It is noted that, despite the closure of cemeteries in the city at the end of the XVIII century, burials were still carried out on the territory of Tobolsk during the studied period. The attention is paid to the legislative aspect of the commission of such exceptional burials. Specific cases of burials carried out outside the parish cemetery are given. On the basis of these data, it was established that representatives of the highest clergy, merchants and officials, and occasionally burghers could be buried near temples, on the territory of the Tobolsk Znamensky Monastery and the suburban of the Bishop's grove. The information also shows that there was a cholera cemetery on the left bank of the Irtysh River, which has not been localized yet. In addition, the military could be buried in a military cemetery organized on the territory of the parish cemetery. The article concludes that, there were at least seven necropolises where Orthodox Christians could be buried in the late XIX – early XX centuries in Tobolsk and its environs, in addition to the main parish cemetery.

1409-1420

Authors: Daria N. Nesterenko, Anna P. Dvoretskaya, Evgeny A. Akhtamov, Tatyana V. Izluchenko

In this article on the basis of archival sources the socio-cultural aspect of the existence of the Znamensky monastic hermitage in the XIX – early XX centuries is considered. The article is based on the materials of the State Archive of Krasnoyarsk region, namely on the fundamental fund on the history of the monastic monastery – Krasnoyarsk Znamensky monastic skete. It contains a variety of documents from the hermitage construction records to the service lists of the brethren. Also of interest are the Yenisei Diocesan Bulletins, a periodical where one can trace aspects of the existence of the monastic monastery. The Krasnoyarsk Znamensky dormitory skete was unique not only for its location, which required it to be polyfunctional, but also for the composition of its inhabitants, including the founder of the monastery, Philaret. The brethren of the skete provided not only its economic life, showing the nearest settlements an example of everyday life, but also improved and increased the range of their duties and socio-cultural interactions. The considerable attention in the article is paid to the environment of the hermitage, its interrelationship with it, namely with the city of Krasnoyarsk and the surrounding settlements. The role of the monastery for the surrounding area is considered. Being at the crossroads of both water and land routes to the main provincial center, the monastery became the main link in the unique historical space of Yenisei province. It is worth noting that the skete established both collective socio-cultural ties with the local population and individual ties with patrons of the arts. Moreover, the authors have considered the main functions of the skete, the expansion of which over time was demanded by the local population. Among the main functions the authors considered: educational, missionary, moral-orienting, socio-cultural animation. The Znamensky skete influenced the social environment, the local population and the provincial center, playing an important role in its representation; in turn, the historical landscape determined the main functions of the monastery, thus marking the needs for it.

1434-1446

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the analysis of the “Report about the official trip of the Minister of War to the Don Host Oblast in 1900” of A.N. Kuropatkin. This historical source is interesting because it is a personal narrative of the Minister of War of the Russian Empire, describing a trip to the Don Host Oblast in order to “understand the essence of the life of a Cossack”. Thus, it potentially makes it possible to understand the specifics of the views of the imperial government on the Don Cossacks at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. However, until now, this text has been relatively little used by historians of the Cossacks (the studies of the Don Cossacks, carried out around the same time by A.N. Kuropatkin’s subordinates, generals P.O. Shcherbov-Nefedovich and N.A. Maslakovets, enjoy great authority). The article shows that this is not accidental. Research optics A.N. Kuropatkin was extremely specific: it is characterized by lack of system, inattention to some important aspects of the problem under study, unpreparedness for in-depth analysis and peremptory judgments. As a result, the minister's report demonstrates his detachment from reality and inability to understand the real problems of the Cossacks (for example, when inspecting the Don schools, he paid great attention to choral singing, but was not at all interested in more important things, such as the curriculum and the competence of teachers). Ultimately, the report of A.N. Kuropatkin clearly demonstrates why the imperial authorities failed to solve the problems of the Cossacks of the late imperial period: in their reform activities, imperial officials sometimes proceeded not from reality, but from a priori ideas about what the Cossacks should be like.

1455-1466

Authors: Almasbek A. Absadyk, Otegen I. Issenov, Baktyly S. Boranbaeva, Kabibek S. Mukhitov

The Omsk-Karkaraly period is meaningful in creative biography of A. Baitursynov, the great educator, politician and poet. It is the start of his enlightening and political activity. During this time, a former unknown state servant became a famous poet and politician, widely recognized among Kazakhs. Performing duties of the state servant, he got a lot of valuable information from A.Alektorov, the well-known Turkologist, and scientist-educator. A. Baitursynov gathered invaluable experience in the system of administrative management and educational and methodological arrangement of enlightenment. In the process of translating practice of I. Krylov 40 fables, he was recognized as a talented poet and translator. Published as a special edition of verses, this translation came into use in educational process of rural schools. The famous Kazakh intelligentsia worked in the city of Omsk. His co-thinkers, A. Bukeikhanov and Zh. Akpaev, shared his political views, and also interested in development of Kazakh society. In the revolutionary 1905 year, he actively participated in social and political life of Akmola and Semey oblasts. A. Baitursynov was among ideological arrangers of “Karkaraly Petition”, and proclaimed social, economic and political demands. Due to repressive policy of authorities Baitursynov imprisoned. It caused a public outcry. Under public pressure the authorities released him from confinement. Emerged from jail, he exiled from Steppe and rested under police supervision till 1917.

1476-1485

Authors: Natalya P. Koptseva, Ksenia A. Degtyarenko, Anna A. Shpak, Julia N. Menzhurenko

This article is a source analysis of the articles of the monthly journal “Priroda” published in the Russian Empire in the period from 1912 to 1916. This is the first stage in the history of radio communications in our country. In 1912–1916 the process of radio development is mainly aimed not at improving the technology, but at spreading it, which turned out to be very important for the development of the Russian Arctic zone and other vast and difficult territories. The main purpose of the study is to study the concept of "radio" and its derivatives in the periodical scientific publication – the journal “Priroda (Natyre)” – using the qualitative-quantitative method of content analysis, as well as to reconstruct the history of radio as an element of the history of science and technology of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. The particular attention is paid to the use of radiotelegraphy in scientific expeditions, in particular, in the northern and arctic regions, the importance of radio technologies as a means of wireless communication and transmission of textual information is emphasized. The potential of radio for the rapid development of science and technology in the Russian Empire, including during the war years of the First World War, is analyzed. The history of the development of radio, reflected in such specific historical sources as scientific and popular science articles of the journal “Nature”, shows that scientists and engineers of the Russian Empire in a short time turned scientific discoveries into technologies that contributed to the development of territories, territorial ties, intercontinental communications, international exchange of scientifically significant information. The increase in the number of references to radiotelephony in 1915 was due to the scientific analysis of the importance of radio for military purposes.

1495-1501

Authors: Ruslan M. Allalyev, Mikhail G. Smirnov, Ilya V. Tyurin, Igor А. Gordeev

The article considers the charitable activities of the monasteries of the Russian Orthodox Church in the initial period of the First World War, that is, in 1914. There were as sources the published documents and materials of the pre-revolutionary periodical press. Among the published documents, the most important is the “Most Comprehensive report of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod”, which was published in 1916. The materials of the journal “Tserkovnye vedomosti” are also of great importance in the work. In conclusion, the authors state that the outbreak of the First World War, due to its scale, required the consolidation of the efforts of all Russian Orthodox monasteries in organizing charitable assistance for those affected by the war. In 1914, this assistance was provided in the following areas: the participation of monks in combat operations as regimental priests; the organization of their own hospital network; the transfer of vacant areas of monasteries to hospitals of other departments; food and other support for both family members called up for war and refugees; organization of sewing workshops for sewing the necessary clothing supplies for the front; provision of medical and moral and spiritual assistance within their competence (sisters of mercy, monks); voluntary monthly deductions from personal income for military needs, as well as the organization of shelters for war orphans. Such a broad charitable activity required the monasteries to spend a lot of money and strain the spiritual and physical strength of its employees. It is obvious that the Great Victory required great sacrifices, and the Russian monastic clergy clearly demonstrated with all their appearance that they were ready for these sacrifices.

1512-1521

Authors: Alexander L. Chupin, Svetlana V. Bryukhovetskaya, Marina B. Medvedeva, Oleg Yu. Kazenkov

The article deals with the problem of technological solutions during the First World War related to the production of aviation equipment. It is proved that there is in certain technological segments of the aviation industry Russia kept pace with the West. The nature of the war on the Eastern Front and the mistakes of the High Command largely determined the vector of technological development of the Armed Forces of the Russian Empire in the First World War and their air force formations in particular. The authors believe that the tasks of modernizing the Russian Air Force were solved by the spring-summer of 1917, but the policy made its own adjustments, the aviation industry and other segments of the industry fell into decline quite quickly, soon the industrialization of the period of the First World War was completely forgotten. Nevertheless, the experience in the technological sphere remained, which contributed to the continuation of the technological modernization of the aviation industry in Russia after March 1917. The First World War set Russia tasks that its society could not imagine until August 1914. However, Russia managed to create 21 enterprises of the aviation industry by the autumn of 1917, and valuable experience was also gained in the economic and technological development of this industry. The authors aim to show in the article the significant success of the Russian aviation industry during the First World War, as well as achievements in the development of the potential of Russian military aviation as a whole during this period. But the authors also reflect in their work the main shortcomings of the aviation industry of the Russian Empire, which occurred in general from the nature of government and its armed forces.

1532-1538

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii

The paper attempts to consider the evolution of the image “Children at War” on the pages of the army newspaper “Soldatskii Vestnik” of the period 1914–1915. As materials, the authors used the files of the newspaper “Soldatskii Vestnik” for 1914–1916. In conclusion, the authors note that the image “Children at War” on the pages of the army newspaper “Soldatskii Vestnik” in 1914–1915 underwent a significant evolution: August 1914 – demonstration of isolated cases of children's participation in the war; October 1914 – the participation of children in the war is massive, children participate in guerrilla and sabotage operations, are used in reconnaissance and ammunition tray; November 1914 – a minor unarmed scout in a clash with an armed enemy comes out victorious; December 1914 – with the help of a patriotic letter from a minor girl for the “first soldier” and the publication of feedback from the front (a soldier's letter), an attempt is made to strengthen the connection of children of the rear with the soldier masses; January 1915 – publication of generalizing materials about the reasons for children's participation in the war, their motivation and the difficulties of field life; February 1915 – heroism in the war can show not only boys, but also girls. That is, in the period from August 1914 to February 1915, the theme of children at war evolved from a child as an isolated case to a mass phenomenon and the use of children in a wide variety of operations (up to bayonet attacks and sabotage work). Despite all of the above, after February 1915, the topic "children at war" ceased to be considered on the pages of the newspaper “Soldatskii Vestnik”. The reasons for this was an attempt by the military department to stop glorifying the image of "children at war" in order to reduce the number of cases of minors escaping from home to the theater of military operations.

1550-1560

Authors: Malika A. Shashayeva, Auyezkhan K. Shashayev, Makhabbat M. Kozybayeva, Yildirim Seyfi

The article analyzes the history of studying the problem of Kazakh women's equality in the framework of changes in society during the formation of Soviet Kazakhstan. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that the study of the transformation of the status of women in the Soviet period allows us to assess the situation in modern Kazakhstan, determine strategies and tactics aimed at implementing the gender policy determined by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The policy of the Soviet Union led to a change in the position and status of women in Kazakhstan, as well as the institution of marriage and family, which subsequently affected the emergence of the problem of the loss of traditional family values. In the course of the analysis of the studies, it was found that when studying the living conditions of the Kazakh people, as a result of Soviet policy, scientists left out sighting the problem of the work of Kazakh women. As a result of the conclusions obtained, the history of the study of the acute women's issue, which began to rise in society after the October Revolution, was divided into several stages and a comparative analysis was carried out.

1570-1581

Authors: Irina V. Sukhareva, Gelysya F. Kayumova, Abidat A. Gazieva

The attention to the experience of predecessors in science is dictated by the need to assess the level of development of today's knowledge. This experience is often undeservedly forgotten. That leads to mistakes and misunderstandings. Archaeology is no exception. It is closely connected with modernity, as it allows us to trace the origins of many current ideas, ideas, traits of the national mentality. The policy of the Russian state in the field of archeology development can be enriched by the experience of the state policy of the Russian Empire, an experience that turns out to be instructive and in many ways applicable now. This is due to the relevance of this work. The study of historiography is constructed in accordance with the division into three conditional blocks. The first historiographical block includes works devoted to the development of archeology in Russia as a science and state policy in this direction. To the second – works on the historiography of archeology of individual periods and regions, to the third – the personalities of the pioneers of the national archaeological science. Since the historiographical part accompanies any archaeological work, the article draws attention to the works of recent years, the distinctive feature of which is the appeal to archival materials, the introduction of new sources into circulation. It is such works that the main attention is paid in this article. The use of archaeologists' archives allows modern researchers to reveal new facets of scientific and pedagogical creativity of the pioneers of Russian archaeology and dispel the established scientific myths associated with their activities. As a result of the research, new directions in historiography are highlighted and a conclusion is made about the need to form a new type of scientist – archaeologist-historiographer who has information on various aspects of the humanities, which corresponds to the interdisciplinary nature of modern knowledge.