Bylye Gody

525-535

Authors: Denis A. Lyapin, Nikolay A. Zhirov

The article presents the experience of the temples in the study of the local territory of the Central Chernozem region during the XVII-XVIII centuries. It was the territory of the Belgorod line – a complex of military installations on the southern frontier of Russia. The authors focus on the rural population of three large districts: Voronezh, Belgorod and Yelets. Census books, economic notes to the maps of the general land surveying of 1795 became the basis for scientific work. The article draws important conclusions about the features of the internal colonization of Russia, shows the specifics of this phenomenon on the example of the southern frontier territory. It is established that the construction of a complex of military defense structures in the 1650s played an important role in the economic development of a vast and fertile region. This event significantly changed the social structure of society and disrupted the traditional development of landownership, but this made it possible to begin intensive land development and ensure a military offensive to the south. As a result, by the end of the 17th century, the form of small land ownership without peasant households (single-yard) began to prevail in the region. Smallandowners became the main social element in the structure of local society. Despite reforms of Peter the Great and the advance of the border to the south, the situation has not changed. In 1795, the number of smallandowners exceeded the number of peasants. The formation of this specific social element created favorable conditions for internal colonization.

544-552

Authors: Olga A. Plotskaya, Kairat K. Atabekov, Nikita S. Grudinin, Ruslan M. Zhirov

This article deals with economic crimes regulated by the norms of positive and customary law of the Ural peoples in the XVII – first half of the XVIII centuries. The authors came to the conclusion that the Russian legislator sought to include all national territories as much as possible in the economic development of the entire state. The official recognition by the state of the norms of customary law and its regulatory potential was based on a far-sighted state policy, since the legislator realized that the norms of customary law reflected centuries of experience in regulating traditional social relations. Economic crimes were regulated not only by the norms of positive, but also by customary law among the Ural peoples in the XVII – first half of the XVIII centuries. An analysis of historical sources testifies to the frequent commission of crimes of an economic nature, among which the theft of hunting and fishing objects, deer, other livestock, as well as theft of state, merchant property and property of pioneers, foreigners-traders were especially prominent. In addition, non-payment of debt and misappropriation of other people's property were common. Thefts and robberies were often accompanied by violence, often ending in murder. Positive and customary law contained various forms of punishment for the commission of such acts. As a punishment in positive law, the death penalty, mutilation punishments, etc. were used. The norms of customary law prescribed that such violators be punished by “expulsion from their own fishing grounds”, the use of disgraceful forms of punishment, public censure, etc. But, it is important to understand that customary law singled out circumstances that preclude guilt. Also, a number of acts were not qualified by customary law as unlawful at all, among which it is necessary to name the sale, donation of a woman, children, causing property damage to a foreigner.

565-576

Authors: Zhazira M. Terekbayeva, Ainura K. Beisegulova, Kuralai B. Baudiyarova, Aigerim S. Yessenamanova

Watercraft such as rafts and boats were required to convey goods and people across the major rivers and lakes of Central Asia and vast Kazakh steppes. There was made “mes sal” using the skins of wholly slaughtered bulls, horses and camels. The skin of the cattle was blown and fastened tightly, several blown meses were tied together and a wooden platform was placed on its top. Four, six or eight blown skins of livestock were used to make one “mes sal”. The mes made of camel-skin was described in the memoirs of the X century traveler – Ibn Fadlan. There were reports that mes sal was used in Kazakhstan until the beginning of the XX century. In the beginning of the XVIII century, a simple swimming tool “raft” was used, which was made of logs, a bundle of reeds and willow branches. That is because in the second half of the ХІХ century, the Kazakhs living near the Syrdarya River compacted the reeds to each other growing along the river, tied and combined with long, then a series of reed bundles was assembled horizontally and made temporary raft to cross the river. It was mainly used in rivers with frequent channel changes, as the rafts could not withstand the current. Theboat was one of the most widely used watercraft utilized in various sectors of the household for transporting people and goods, fishing. There were more than twenty types of boats in Kazakhstan, depending on the structure, size and design.

589-600

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid

The article analyses some institutional aspects of the Kyiv Theological Academy as one of the most important institutions of spiritual education, research activities, as well as cultural and educational centre of Ukraine and the Russian Empire as a whole. It has been shown that the Kyiv theological academy had been a kind of “personnel smithy” for the needs of both spiritual and secular educational institutions, bodies of state power and local authorities. It is noted that in the process of reforming the system of education in the Russian Empire was formed a vertical of spiritual educational institutions in which theological academies have the status of specialized higher theological institutions, headed by the corresponding spiritual-educational districts. There were four such districts in the Russian Empire: Kiev, Kazan, Moscow and St. Petersburg. There was a determining influence on institutional activity and features of organizational structure of Kyiv Theological Academy of charters of orthodox theological academies. Charters of 1814, 1869, 1884, 1910 determined staffing of the academy, number of students, order of holding vacant posts, order of conferring of degrees and ranks etc. Authorities of Kyiv Theological Academy collegiate bodies were determined – Conference of the Academy, internal and external (district) Board of the Academy which exercised direct administration of Kyiv Theological Academy. The higher management system of Kyiv Theological Academy (rector, inspector) in their interrelation with other subjects of management in the system of higher education of the Russian empire was described.

609-618

Authors: Yulia G. Kokorina, Utkir I. Abdullayev, Maсhach M. Vagabov, Vladimir Kozukhov

In modern humanitarian knowledge, which also includes archaeological knowledge, the most important role is played by the civil position of the researcher, the understanding of the humanistic orientation of science. This article is devoted to the consideration of the views of the outstanding Russian historian I.E. Zabelin on the role of the concept of “nationality” and “folk life” in relation to archaeology. The task of reconstructing the scientist's ideas related to determining the place of archeology in the life of society and the nature of science is solved on the basis of unpublished archival materials. In the course of the study, new accents were placed in his assessment as an archaeologist, teacher, citizen, what is the novelty of this work. The materials of this study were handwritten lecture notes compiled by E.I. Zabelin in the 1860s, for reading in front of an audience consisting of artists, as well as diaries and autobiography of the scientist. In historiography, the work of I.E. Zabelin was not considered in the perspective chosen in this article. In his lectures, I.E. Zabelin argues that modern ideas can be realized only by referring to the heroic past of the people. By “nationality” in archaeology, a scientist understands the study of both the material and spiritual culture of the past. Based on the history of archeology, the researcher points out the need to study not only classical antiquities, but also monuments of other peoples. Innovative are his reflections on the «living» and “dead” ways of developing archaeology as a science. The development of archaeological knowledge in Russia, for reasons not always of an academic nature, followed a “dead” path, which led to small-scale, regional-chronological isolation, and emphasized the empirical nature of research. The thesis of the unity of historical and archaeological knowledge has entered into the tradition of Russian science. I.E. Zabelin in his lectures was repeatedly ahead of his time, justifying the use of the term “type” of archeology, advocating a combination of archaeological practice and theory, defending the need to study all aspects of folk life. In Russian science, this was talked about more than a century after the lectures of I.E. Zabelin.

633-649

Authors: Gulnur F. Yakubova, Ivan M. Vanchugov, Roman A. Shestakov

The study opens a series of publications about the formation and development of the oil industry in the Caspian-Black Sea region of Russia. The article analyzes the formation and development of the oil production and refining industry in the Transcaucasian region of Russia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The authors consider the historical and economic prerequisites and factors of the formation of the Caspian-Black Sea oil region before the start of industrial development of oil fields. The actions of the Russian state on the annexation of the Baku field to the Russian possessions and the beginning of oil production are emphasized. The role of domestic entrepreneurs, engineers and scientists in the development of the oil wealth of the south of Russia is emphasized. The inventions of engineers that were developed and used for the first time during the development of the oil industry in Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia are considered. The article reveals the chronological order of the development of the oil industry – from the first mentions of Absheron in history to the formation of the world's strongest oil industry in terms of oil production rates in the Baku area. For the first time in the study of the industry at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, the authors studied the historical, legal, scientific and technical, economic, logistical, economic and political aspects of the creation and development of the Russian oil industry.

662-670

Authors: Igor V. Krupko, Saltanat A. Ashimova, Rustem D. Kubeyev

The article deals with Russian medicine in the Kazakh steppe in the context of the interaction of traditions and cultures. It attempts to more fully reveal the role of Russian medicine in the development of new territories in the 19th century. In particular, in addition to the actual medical practices introduced among the nomadic Kazakh population and the administrative measures of medical control, attention is also paid to the “accompanying” functions of Russian doctors, as ethnographers, collecting the most detailed information about the new territories of the empire and their inhabitants. Accordingly, their medical practice is considered in the context of a dialogue of cultures and the development of newly annexed lands. In addition to highlighting the main stages of Russian medicine’s penetration into the Kazakh steppe, the work attempts to trace changes in cultural narratives, highlighting their main features: the romanticization of the nomadic population due to their proximity to nature, the formation of Russian orientalism and, over time – from the middle of the 19th century – increasing attention to the intellectual and moral abilities of the nomadic population, which distinguished them from all neighboring peoples and which were considered by the Russian administration and doctors in the formation of cultural policy in the newly annexed lands. The mention of such abilities from the middle of the 19th century occurs in the narratives of Russian doctors already in a more functional context, with the inclusion of local culture in the general socio-cultural space and its corresponding transformation and cultural transfer.

685-693

Authors: Irina I. Leyman

The article considers the influence of merchants on the development of female education in the Russian province during the second third of the 19th century (based on the materials of Vologda province). Women’s education started being differentiated from the common school system in 1800-1820. It became possible due to the adoption of such educational documents as “Statute of educational institutions subordinated to universities” and “Statute of gymnasiums and schools of district and parish” that were released in 1804 and 1828 respectively. In 1830−1850 women’s parochial schools started appearing in Vologda Province thanks to the big support of local merchants. The examples of such schools were Kadnikovskoe (1838), Gryazovetskoe (1840), Yarenskoe (1843), Veliko-Ustyugskoe (1844). Another important educational document devoted to female education was implemented in 1858. It was “Regulations on women's schools” that contributed to the establishment of women’s schools in Vologda, Totma, Ust-Sysolsk and Yarensk. All of this happened thanks to the huge support of local merchants, who became the initiators of the opening of women’s schools in Totma and Ust-Sysolsk. At the same time the merchants’ wives became the trustees of such schools (however, there was an exceptional case in Ust-Sysolsk where the merchant of the 1st guild Latkin V.N. got to be the trustee according to the particular rule of law). Among the significant sources of women’s schools support were means of local merchants who bought a lot of books, schools supplies and furniture. Besides, they were really involved into the charity and donated money during such holidays as Easter and Christmas. The buildings – where the women’s schools were situated – also were taken care of by merchants. For instance, in 1858-1859 in Ust-Sysolsk the merchant Zaboev I.N. built a wooden building for the women’s school using his own money. Thus, the local merchants gave wide and complex support to the development of female education in Vologda province.

703-711

Authors: Nikolay S. Lapin, Kuanysh G. Akanov

The article analyzes the works of the Russian scientist-historian of the late imperial period, the General G.E. Katanaev devoted to the study of history of the Chingizids states of Siberia and Central Asia. The source base for the study were articles published by G.E. Katanaev on the history of Siberia and the Russian state, as well as his unpublished work, kept in the personal fund of the general in the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region. There were shown noted in the works of G.E. Katanaev the medieval states ruled by representatives of the Chingizids dynasty, the circle of his scientific interests in the history of relations between the Chingizids of Siberia, Central Asia with the Russian state and neighboring peoples is outlined. The most significant historical persons who played an important role in the history of the region under study are identified. The data collected by G.E. Katanaev on the history of individual states of the Chingizids is systematized, their assessments and characteristics given by the author are shown, and an understanding of his works is carried out. Being a historian of the Siberian Cossacks, General G.E. Katanaev paid more attention to the history of the region and specifically the history of the Siberian Khanate, in which the Chingizids ruled along the line of Shiban, one of the sons of Jochi. Among the main plots in his works, in terms of volume and main attention, the struggle of the Siberian Khan Kuchum and his descendants with Russian governors and Cossacks stands out. However, in addition to the Siberian Khanate, G.E. Katanaev in his writings paid attention to other states of the Chingizid, among which the Kazakh Khanate occupies a prominent place, in which the Tukatimurids, representatives of another line of Chingizids, ruled. The authors concluded that the works of G.E. Katanaev as a historiographical source reflecting the development of scientific knowledge in the late imperial period on the history of the Chingizids states in Siberia and Central Asia.

722-733

Authors: Rassul Zh. Kilash, Gulfira E. Otepova, Gulmira A. Khamitova

The article analyzes the contribution of the Kazakh historian A.L. Zakharenko to the study of the history of Siberia in the second half of the 19th century and the socio-historical connections between Kazakhstan, Siberia, the Volga region, and the Urals through the use of the method of intellectual biography. Siberia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries underwent socio-political changes in which a new category of people – “raznochintsy” – played a noticeable role. They united in organizations such as “Siberian community” and formed the socio-political movement of «oblastnichesvo». Kazakhstan in this period, due to its geographical and historical circumstances, was closely linked to Siberia. In the second half of the 19th century, the formation of the national Kazakh intelligentsia was taking place, which had close cultural and educational ties with the Siberian oblastnichesvo, especially with its outstanding representatives such as G.N. Potanin and N.M. Yadrintsev. The study of Siberian oblastnichesvo, the life and activities of individual oblastniki, and the cultural and socio-political interconnection between Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Urals, and the Volga region is particularly significant for the historical science of Kazakhstan. Zakharenko is one of the first Kazakh scientists who has achieved significant results in the field of Siberian studies.

745-754

Authors: Sergei V. Belousov, Olga V. Kolpakova, Anastasia R. Mere

The article examines the activities of the Orthodox clergy of the Penza diocese in countering alcoholization of the population in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries. The fight against drunkenness was one of the directions of pastoral care. In the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, temperance societies, including parochial ones, played an important role in distracting the population from drunkenness. During the period under study, special attention was paid to the issue of the sober movement and the activities of the Orthodox clergy in the struggle for the piety of the flock. The main measures to combat the national disease were preaching, home visits, private conversations, sobriety holidays, distribution of special brochures. The study focuses on the regulatory framework regarding the direction of the activities of the Orthodox clergy, measures and recommendations from the diocesan authorities on the issue of combating the spread of alcohol addiction. The article provides information on the functioning of the Guardianship of People's Sobriety on the territory of the Penza province since 1901, as well as their activities.

767-780

Authors: Egor E. Kochetkov, Anna A. Niklaus

The article deals with the problems of autonomy in the context of the historical development of the Russian Empire. The autonomy of the territorial units of a large state, which Russia has always been, is a complex and multifaceted process that depends on many factors. An analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the process of autonomization in the Russian Empire is given – an issue that is also relevant for modern Russia. For this reason, the issue of autonomy is still a subject of discussion for both scientists and practitioners, just as it has been for centuries in Russian society. The article describes the political and administrative measures taken by the government of the Russian Empire to provide varying degrees of autonomy to various regions and ethnic groups of the country. These measures, although they had some success in relation to the promotion of local self-government and the preservation of cultural diversity, but faced significant problems and restrictions for various reasons, especially in the context of increased control and centralization by the monarchical power. The tension between the desire of the central government for control and the desire of the local population for more self-government is noted. The authors emphasize that the difficulties of the autonomization process of the empire were associated with regional differences, the unique history and culture of different regions, and linguistic differentiation. To support his arguments, the authors use a number of academic sources, including legal acts and materials of scientific discussions. An attempt to consider the problem of autonomization of the territorial units of the Russian Empire is correlated in the article with the historical realities characteristic of Russia with a projection on the present.

789-797

Authors: Olga A. Sukhova, Anna A. Timakova

The problems of multiple representations of provinciality, as well as the formation of the identity of the region, are considered in the article. Based on the analysis of an array of sources published and introduced into scientific circulation for the first time (office materials, epistolary heritage documents, fiction literature), as well as the results of research practice, the factors, content and specifics of the development of self-awareness of the Penza community are determined in the abolition of serfdom and liberal reforms of 1860th context. The unique experience of reception and exploration of innovative characteristics was studied on the example of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin as Chairman of the Penza State Chamber. A comparative analysis of documentary evidences and the grotesque of Penza representations in the works of the great writer makes it possible to identify the most significant subjects of social perception and the contradictions of the initial stage of sociocultural transformation. The status of a “noble nest”, an outpost of noble land expansion, the complex nature of ethnopolitical evolution, the incompleteness of social integration processes predetermined the crisis-cyclical logic of the Russian hinterland identity development in the first decades of post-reform development. At the same time, it should be noted that there are opportunities in the social environment for the perception of innovative ideas and behavioral strategies that correspond to the initial stage of the assertion of modern consciousness.

812-820

Authors: Alexander Y. Epifanov

The article from the standpoint of the history of the state and law reveals the causes and conditions, characteristic features and statistics of riots among the contingent of Russian places of detention at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The author analyzes the actions of the prison administration, supervision, police and military formations to neutralize riots and unrest among prisoners. The influence on the level of riots in places of deprivation of liberty of the state of discipline and the regime of serving sentences in penitentiary institutions of the Russian Empire is shown. The author conducts a direct dependence of the riots and unrest on the development of the socio-political conditions that have developed in the Russian Empire, and comes to the conclusion that a characteristic feature of the revolutionary period was the active participation in the mass riots aimed at the release of prisoners by their accomplices and associates who remained at large. The article is prepared on the basis of various sources, archival materials first of all. Many of them are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The article uses both general scientific (historical, logical, dialectical, system-functional synthesis and analysis), and special-historical (statistical and historical-comparative) methods of cognition. The paper shows statistical data obtained from various sources on incidents that took place in places of detention, which served as elements of riots. The author comes to the conclusion about the significant scale and great public danger of riots among the prisoners of Russian penitentiary institutions. Their development was associated with the formation of a revolutionary situation, negative changes in the composition of prisoners, as well as the state of the regime of serving sentences and places of deprivation of liberty.

830-841

Authors: Alexander S. Kovalev, Nikolai R. Novosel'tsev, Dmitry V. Rakhinsky, Nikita N. Ravochkin

During the modernization of Russian society in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, the principles of family assistance to disabled people were being transformed in the direction of public charity for the elderly and disabled in specialized institutions - almshouses. In accordance with the rules of charitable institutions, they admitted disabled people who were unable to work and earn a livelihood, as well as those who did not have relatives. The last requirement was the main one, however, in the post-reform period, among the inhabitants of the almshouses there were many who had relatives, but for various reasons they refused the obligation to support their elderly parents or disabled, referring them to social care in a charitable institution. This indicates that the processes of destruction of the family model of charity have begun in the society. Based on the methodological principles of modernization theory, family history and the microhistorical approach, in the article various reasons are examined why able-bodied people ceased to be a source of help and support for their sick and aged relatives. In the course of studying the petitions for admission and expulsion of T.I. Shchegoleva from the almshouse in the city of Krasnoyarsk, the boundaries and abilities of family and marital responsibilities in relation to disabled people in the period from the mid-1870s to the 1910s are analyzed. Based on the results of the analysis, it was concluded how natural was the process of moving away from family care towards charity in a specialized institution.

858-868

Authors: Anastasia V. Kistova, Natalya А. Sergeeva, Tikhon K. Ermakov, Anna A. Omelik

The topicality of this study is associated with the formation and dissemination of the theory of urban planning, and the aesthetic and functional features of the architecture of that period in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. A significant role in this process was played by the beginning of the publication of the architectural and artistic and technical journal “Zodchij” in 1872, since it was on its pages that the studies of architects and historians of ancient Russian architecture were published, the need for a stylistic definition of the “Russkii stil'” (“Russian style”) in architecture was substantiated, and projects of urban and private structures, as well as a monthly review of the work of the St. Petersburg Society of Architects. The publications of this historical source were examined using the methods of qualitative and quantitative content analysis. The study made it possible to establish the influence of the activities of the Society of Architects on the formation of the theory of urban planning in the Russian Empire, to identify trends in the application of functional and aesthetic solutions based on domestic and foreign architectural traditions, and to consider the trend in the development and formation of stylistic solutions aimed at developing the national idea of urban planning and formulating “Russian style” in architecture.

882-892

Authors: Gyulnar K. Mukanova, Ainagul Kaipbayeva, Zylyikha Sh. Bimakanova, Assel N. Bekmurzina

The purpose of the research of this topic was to determine a specific synthesis of Russian-European and Eastern Muslim traditions, at a crucial stage of self-identification. In the course of the study of archival written, memoir sources and pre-revolutionary periodicals, historical facts of the diverse manifestation of the socio-cultural transformation of the turn of the XIXth and XXth centuries were revealed, using the example of the Kazakh ummah of the northern regions of the republic. On the basis of archival and memoir sources, for the first time in a generalized form, an attempt is made to structure innovations in the social behavior of Muslims (Kazakhs, Tatars, etc.) under the influence of external circumstances, in particular, introduction to bank lending. The article presents the facts of the Kazakhs using the Hajj to Mecca for educational tours in Europe and the Middle East. The artifacts (monuments of architecture, architecture) of the city of Petropavlovsk, the initiative of the construction of which belonged to local wealthy Muslims, have been studied. The facts of patronage in terms of organizing libraries and paying for the education of children and adolescents in aul schools and colleges, seminaries outside the region are summarized. A comparative analysis of the curricula of Muslim schools of the “old” and “new” method is carried out. When working with the sources, the historical and geographical factor, the peculiarities of ethnic identification and regional urbanism were taken into account.

903-914

Authors: Elena A. Brukhanova, Oksana I. Chekryzhova, Natalya V. Nezhentseva

The article is devoted to the study of such specific category of urban population as the owners of houses of tolerance and prostitutes. Urbanization processes in Siberia at the end of the XIX century were reflected in both internal and external migrations of the population. At the same time, the adaptation of “new citizens” took place with varying degrees of success, and the development of cities also led to the expansion of infrastructure, including entertainments and the field of pleasure. Therefore, the prostitution in cities was, although condemned, but still common phenomenon. In this context, it is relevant to study the sphere of intimate services' users to form an idea of the social appearance of the Siberian city's marginal strata at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The statistical and nominative sources were the basis of the study. The statistical materials presented by the data of a the 1889 special survey of prostitution and the published results of the 1897 Census made it possible to trace in time and in space the dynamics of the development of prostitution in Siberia at the end of the XIX century. Nominative sources, such as 1897 the census forms, containing personal information about prostitutes and brothels' managers in the Tobolsk province's towns, significantly supplemented and adjusted the statistical data. The article pays attention to the socio-demographic “portrait” of prostitutes and owners of houses of tolerance, the specifics of their placement and residence in towns, the number and composition of such organizations. It is concluded about the active development of prostitution in the Tobolsk province's towns. Tyumen was the leader in the number of brothels and prostitutes. Despite the general trends in the development of the industry such as the involvement of young nonresident Russian girls in the “debauchery”, Tobolsk towns also had some specific features such as a noticeable number of male owners of brothels and the nationality of brothel holders.

927-935

Authors: Tatyana V. Gryaznukhina, Alexander G. Gryaznukhin, Ivan A. Pfanenshtil, Tatyana V. Schastlivaya

This article focuses on social activities, the specifics of Zinaida Gippius' world view, and her influence on the formation of consciousness of the Russian intelligentsia at the turn of the 20th century. The study is based on the use of primary sources: diaries, memoirs, letters, articles, both by Gippius and her contemporaries. These sources have been analyzed in a comparative manner to provide the greatest degree of objective insight into the social and political processes that were taking place in Russia and the role of Gippius in them. The reasons for the failure of religious and philosophical activities of Z. Gippius and her closest companions D. Merezhkovsky and D. Filosofov are justified in the article. The idea of implementing the Main, which was to create a modernized church on the basis of the formation of a new religious consciousness, did not resonate with her contemporaries. Gippius' personal qualities, her exaggerated self-esteem, her fanatical conviction in the truth of her own ideas, which in fact turned out to be false, her belief that the need to spread these ideas gave her the right to control people's fates by bending them to her will, alienated from her even her supporters. Her numerous contacts with representatives of different social groups helped Gippius to correctly assess the social and political situation in the country and develop her attitude to it. Taking into account Gippius' authority and influence among the Russian intelligentsia, without exaggerating the results of her social activities, we can definitely say that she contributed quite a lot to the formation of public consciousness, which makes her personality interesting for our contemporaries as well.

947-954

Authors: Stanislav E. Prokofiev, Pavel S. Seleznev, Konstantin V. Simonov, Daniel V. Petrosyants

This work is devoted to the study of key problems in the interaction between the civil and military authorities of Moscow during the suppression of the December uprising of 1905. security and order under the Moscow mayor, stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Military Historical Archive. The methodological basis of the work includes elements of structural, synchronic and diachronic analysis. The authors come to the conclusion that the strategies for responding to the threat of an armed uprising of both the civil administration and the military command contained a number of significant miscalculations, and in the relationship between them there was a lack of trust in many significant moments. Under these conditions, the direct subordination of parts of the Moscow garrison to the governor-general would hardly have led to an optimization of the actions of government forces to suppress the armed uprising. This measure would bring the expected effect only with a concomitant increase in the number of military units, as well as the establishment of undercover police work at the proper level and ensuring the effective operation of communication systems. At the same time, responsibility for the indicated shortcomings cannot be assigned primarily to F.V. Dubasov. The latter was appointed to the post of Governor-General of Moscow only at the end of November 1905 and objectively had neither the resources nor the authority to eliminate the indicated shortcomings, at least within the framework of his competence.

964-973

Authors: Oleg E. Chuikov, Ilya V. Tyurin, Tatyana M. Rozhnova, Ksenia S. Rozhnova

This article presents an analysis of the system of military training and patriotic education of the younger generation, which was developed by Nazimov Semyon Ivanovich and Yatsko Ivan Vasilyevich, for “poteshnye” (funny)squads. “Poteshnye” were created in 1908 with the aim of providing military training and patriotic education of young men of the lower classes. After the organization of the first “poteshnye” squads, there was no uniformity, both in the form and in the method of training young warriors. Such children's organization required the presence of a whole educational and methodological system. The system could have appeared and existed only in conditions of combining pedagogical talent, patriotic enthusiasm of the founders of the “poteshnye” (funny) squads, sovereign support, as well as the approval of Russian society. The purpose of the study: to model the system of military-patriotic training and patriotic education of young people in “poteshnye” (funny) squads. In the course of the conducted research, we were able to determine the levels of support for the organization of funny squads (state and zemstvo); methods and means of this support (regulatory, logistical, financial, etc.) were identified; the results of the first years of the funny activity are analyzed. The system of training the “poteshnye” (funny) assumed the presence of several important areas: the study of the foundations of Russian monarchical statehood, religious education, military training and physical education. The paper presents a list of classes and examples of teaching materials used by educators and non-commissioned officers in the educational process. There is a great bias towards military training in the absence of a holistic pedagogical concept. And we also identified factors and causes that negatively affected the future fate of the movement and led to the termination of the activities of the “poteshnye” (funny).

982-989

Authors: Sergey V. Rastorguev

This article is devoted to the study of the impact of the crisis of the June 3rd system on the transformation of state policy in relation to the agrarian issue. The purpose of the presented work is to assess the impact of the crisis of the June 3rd monarchy on the implementation of the agrarian policy of the authorities and related projects. The source base of the study was formed by involving previously unpublished archival materials into scientific circulation. The methodology of the work includes comparative, structural and historical-genetic analysis. The crisis of the June 3 system in 1911 led to the destruction of its organizational foundations. First, the Prime Minister has come into conflict with the parties dominating the State Duma.At the same time, the Prime Minister's willingness to make ambiguous political decisions in the agricultural sector, ignoring the opinions of most deputies, was publicly demonstrated. Secondly, the inability of the Octobrists to counteract the political course of P.A. Stolypin created favorable conditions for a split within the party and a decline in its popularity. During the same period, there was an internal crisis among the nationalists.These circumstances leveled the possibility of relatively successful use of the mechanism of the “Octobrist pendulum” in the future. Thirdly, P.A. Stolypin's attempt to use members of the reigning house to influence the emperor most likely negatively affected the attitude of Nicholas II to the head of government and his course. At the same time, the state of health of the head of government also significantly complicated the situation. In the current conditions, the further implementation of the agrarian reform was significantly hampered. However, other negative factors also influenced the process. Thus, many conservatives viewed peasants who had separated from the community as a social stratum that was not interested in maintaining political stability. In their opinion, this group, which united small and medium-sized landowners, represented the driving force of the probable bourgeois revolution. As a result, the agrarian reform itself was perceived by many right-wingers as a dangerous experiment contributing to the destruction of the traditionalist community and the spread of capitalism in Russia. On the other hand, many representatives of the highest bureaucracy did not share the Prime Minister's point of view regarding the need for broad material support for peasants who had separated from the community through the modernization of zemstvo institutions. As a result, the crisis of the Third June system paralyzed the activities of the government and the entire system of state power to consolidate and develop the achievements of agrarian reform, or significantly slowed down their implementation.

998-1006

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Mikhail B. Kolotkov, Sergei B. Zinkovskii

The article is devoted to the analysis of the materials of the pre-revolutionary weekly journal “Studencheskii Byulleten' Kievskogo Kommercheskogo Instituta”, the issues of which became the source of our research. The publication was founded in 1913, the first issue was published on November 3. A weekly circulation was declared, but the “Byulleten'” was published irregularly, sometimes with breaks of many months. It was published by the “Society for Mutual Assistance of Students of the Kiev Commercial Institute”; the material was articles by teachers and students of the university, as well as attracted specialists. The journal pursued mainly educational and educational goals, informed about the scientific and educational activities of the Kiev Commercial Institute, and also served as a platform for scientific creativity of students. Based on the results of the work, it was concluded that when covering the events of the First World War, the journal took a pronounced patriotic position. The articles of its issues contain many principles of military propaganda, such as “demonization of the enemy”, “unity of the Russian nation”, “everything for the front, everything for victory!”, support of the war by the highly educated part of Russian society, etc. However, starting from the second issue, the military theme fades into the background. The last issue pays very little attention to military events at all, which is explained by the fact that martial law is becoming commonplace. There are also difficulties in finding material, as the editorial board requests to send such materials, which it has not done before. Whether this trend is related to the patriotic position of the journal (in particular, a boycott by collaborationist and/or revolutionary-minded students and teachers) or it is purely organizational difficulties, we could not find out.

1034-1045

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Anna A. Shpak, Ksenia A. Degtyarenko, Yulia N. Menzhurenko

The study of the periodic source “Vestnik Obshhestva sibirskih inzhenerov” for 1916 takes place on the historiographical method basis. The basic component of the publication messages from the meetings of the Society of Siberian Engineers, whose main task was to promote the industry development, the technical education dissemination and knowledge in Siberia. The article highlights the main directions and topics of this periodical, printed publication. There is noted the closest connection of scientific and technological progress with the peculiarities of specific regions industrial development of the Russian Empire. The periodical especially highlights the Siberian industry, and sometimes the Far Eastern territories. The journal contains quite extensive information about various technical and advanced inventions, but in close connection with the Russian regions different peculiarities and the possibility of developing a particular area. Since the selected issue of the magazine dates back to 1916, statistical data considered comparing pre-war and military indicators of industrial development. The main problems of industrial development in the regions of Siberia and the Far East, and the possibilities of their solution, highlighted. Mining, metallurgical, gold mining and related chemical industries singled out as one of the most relevant industries, and then – the peculiarities of agriculture. The choice of the most progressive fields of science and technology and their disclosure through the prism of state, political, economic and social problems, as well as orientation to a wide audience of readers speaks of the possibility of a competitive entry of the Russian Empire into the world economic and political arena, despite the martial law.