Bylye Gody

1500-1512

Authors: Оtkirbay M. Agatay, Zhaxylyk M. Sabitov

The article describes the data from the Noghaic-Kazakh heroic epos containing information about various types of body armour of nomads of the Eurasia of the late Middle Ages and Modern Age. Previously, this material was not translated into Russian and was not an object of special scientific research. Based on a comprehensive analysis of folklore, artefacts and written sources, an attempt was made to identify the original names as well as the design features and design systems of thebodyarmor of the Turkic warriors in the western part of the Great Steppe in the Middle Ages and Modern Age. Based on the research of the collected, systematized and analyzed data, the main terms used in Noghaic-Kazakh heroic epos have been identified and attributed to denote the samplesof defensive arms. Thus, it has been notably determined that in the Middle Ages and Modern Age,the nomadic warriors of Kazakhstan and adjacent territories used the armor kübe, the chain mail and the mail and plate armours kirӓwgӓ, badänäh, and bäktär, the plates sewn armour beren, the armour plates chahār-ā'īneh, the quilted soft armour qataʼū, armor torghout, etc. It has been determined that during the Middle Ages, the meaning of the term denoting one or another type of the armor could change. So, for example, the term kübe originally denoted chain mail, thenlamellar armor. The analysis of the Kazakh term qataʼū showed that it goes back to the Medieval Mongol χɑtɑγu (qataʼū) dehel (khatangku dehel). The comparison of weapon descriptions in Noghaic-Kazakh heroic epos with authentic samples of defensive arms from archaeological monuments and written sources showed a high level of correlation between folklore and artefacts. The analysis of the collected data showed within the framework of a comprehensive analysis of sources ofNoghaic-Kazakh epos can be applied in the study of the military-cultural heritage of the Turkic peoples of Kazakhstan and adjacent territories of the late Middle Ages and early Modern Age.

1523-1537

Authors: Mergen S.Ulanov, Valeriy N.Badmaev

This article attempts to analyze the position of women in Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism. The authors conclude that due to the dominance of the tantric tradition in it, where the feminine has always been given great importance, the status of women here was quite high. At the same time, due to the prevailing social, historical and cultural circumstances, there was no higher level of Buddhist monasticism (gelongma) in the institute of female clergy. Under these conditions, the female monasteries of Tibet played a subordinate role in relation to the male monasteries. In Mongolia and the Buddhist regions of Russia, a women's monastic system did not historically develop, and women here became nuns of the lowest level of initiation (shabagan) mainly in old age, remaining in the family circle. Because of this, the spiritual statuses of a nun and a laywoman who took the Ubasan vows did not differ much. In the modern period, the situation in Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism has changed significantly. In the context of cultural and confessional globalization, Buddhism spread in the West, which led to the inclusion of feminist discourse related to the rights of women in religion. As a result, a movement for the revival of the institution of nuns of the highest level of initiation developed. Among the representatives of the Western branch of Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, a number of charismatic personalities appeared - nuns who made a significant contribution to the spread of Buddhism in the West. In modern Mongolia, Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva, despite the fact that the bulk of the clergy here are still men, one can state a significant religious activity of women, not only clergymen, but also lay women. There is no doubt that the women of Mongolia and the Buddhist regions of Russia, being members of various Buddhist centers, are making a significant contribution to the revival of Buddhism. Modern women actively participate in the daily life of the Buddhist community, comprehend Buddhist philosophy and practice, conduct religious services, and contribute to the transfer of Buddhist knowledge to the younger generation. An important event in the history of Russian Buddhism was the appearance of the first female Buddhist datsan in Buryatia.

1551-1563

Authors: Nikolaj A. Mininkov, Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the analysis of the images of the antipodes of Peter I in Russian pre-revolutionary historiography. The authors proceed from the fact that a historical narrative can be not only a scientific, but also a figurative and artistic work. In the latter case, it is fundamentally important how the historian builds images in his narrative. The article analyzes the works of I.I. Golikov, N.G. Ustryalov, N.I. Krasnov, M.N. Pokrovsky and P.N. Krasnov. The authors come to the conclusion that in all the cases they analyzed, the construction of the images of antipodes pursued primarily publicist and presentational goals. It helped the historian to reveal the current socio-political concept using historical examples.However, the difference between these concepts forced historians to choose different characters for the role of the antipodes of Peter I and build the relationship between the images of the hero and his antipode in different ways.In the case of I.I. Golikov and N.G. Ustryalov, the idealized Peter I was opposed by the demonized I.S. Mazep and tsarevna Sophia.N.I. Krasnov, on the contrary, revealed the shortcomings of the figure of Peter I by opposing him to K.A. Bulavin, and both of these characters in his narrative were rather positive, which made it possible to interpret their conflict as a tragedy. M.N. Pokrovsky, sharply criticizing Peter I, clearly contrasts his own author's image of the emperor with his traditional image in Russian historiography, drawing his own Peter I from the contrary. Finally, P.N. Krasnov, trying to restore the idealized image of the emperor, discredited image of K.A. Bulavin by N.I. Krasnov, creating an antipode to an antipode.

1575-1584

Authors: Olga A. Plotskaya, Yuliya E. Kurilyuk, Djamilya A. Ospanova

The uniqueness and specificity of customary law regulation of various legal institutions is clearly manifested in the historical past, reflecting not only the established traditional ideas of peoples, but also the originality of the ethno-legal history of development. The study of the customary legal nature of the institution of marriage among the Permian peoples in the 18th – 19th centuries in modern conditions is especially relevant, as it allows us to show the national color and ethnic code of the Eastern Finno-Ugric peoples, as well as traditional ideas about marriage, enshrined in customary law, noting trends and ways of transforming this legal institution. The customary law of the Permian peoples in the 18th – 19th centuries regulated the institution of marriage on a par with the norms of positive law. At the state level, it was forbidden to marry people with dementia or mental disabilities; a ban was introduced on marriage without the mutual consent of the spouses; degrees of kinship that did not allow marriage were legalized; age criteria for marriage; prohibition of marriage without the consent to this action on the part of guardians or trustees. The institution of marriage among the Permian peoples underwent changes during the period under review. Not only legal customs changed, but also the norms of positive law. However, customary law was of great importance, since it regulated especially those areas of public life that the legislator did not always have time to regulate. The customary law of the Permian peoples, adapted to the economic and economic structure, supplemented the norms of positive law, without contradicting the latter. It detailed the institution of marriage, obliging the parties to be married to observe the wedding ceremony and ritual and traditional rites. The ritualization of wedding actions and the inclusion of customary legal elements in them made it possible not only to preserve, but also to transfer the value of the institutions of marriage and the traditional Perm family to future generations.

1596-1604

Authors: Yulia Yu. Erendzhenova

The article deals with the ideas of Buddhist Kalmyks, who became Russian subjects in the 17th century and made a significant contribution to the strengthening of Russian statehood, about violent and non-violent methods of conflict resolution. Kalmyks traditionally profess Buddhism, which organically entered their ethnic culture and had a noticeable impact on their worldview. It is determined that the Kalmyks faithfully carried out military service for centuries, often being at the forefront of the Russian army. They guarded the southern borders of the country, participated in many Russian military campaigns. At the same time, the Kalmyks formed specific views based on the Buddhist ethics of non-violence, which was reflected in their legislative acts. The combination of the Buddhist ethics of non-violence and military prowess for the Kalmyks themselves might not seem contradictory to them due to their specific views on “skilful means” and spiritual development in accordance with Vajrayana Buddhism. Idealizing the image of angry protector deities, the Kalmyks could justify the military methods they used to influence their opponents, since they were defending the holy teaching and their people. However, it is important to bear in mind that the ideas of the Kalmyks cannot be equated with the very Buddhist idea of worshiping angry deities. According to Buddhist sources, the essence of this idea lies in the symbolic use of destructive states of mind on the path of rapid spiritual transformation. The Kalmyks could literally, that is, not quite correctly, interpret the Tantric teaching. At the same time, this interpretation allowed them to maintain spiritual strength to protect not only the Buddhist religion and their people, but also the entire population of Russia. The conclusions drawn allow us to expand the view of the ethical ideals of peoples who traditionally practice Buddhism.

1618-1624

Authors: Aleksandr V. Tsyuryumov

The article analyzes Imperial Russia’s policy towards the Kalmyk Khanate in the early-to-mid 1760s. The period witnessed a transfer of power, and the new ruler was to traditionally face the shaping of an opposing party. The latter was founded by noyons (landlords) of the Dorbet Ulus to be further joined by quite a number of smaller groups. The critical and persisting ‘Dorbet’ question had arisen from the years-long dynastic feuds of the 1720s–1730s, which led not only to a power shift but also to an increase in mutual annexations of commoners. The Collegium of Foreign Affairs approached the tie of reciprocal claims with a proposal that households (yurts) to have left their landlords after Donduk-Dashi ascended to the throne be duly returned. In the face of new conditions, Khoshut landlord Zamyan started requesting a permission to adopt sedentary life. The Collegium examined consequences of sedentarization and – though did meet that very request – tended to disapprove it for the whole Kalmyk people since that would result in decreased defensive capacities across southern frontiers of the country.

1633-1642

Authors: Tatiana A. Volodina, Elena V. Simonova

For the first time in history researches, the article analyzes the life of Stechkin family as a complex phenomenon of the socio-cultural life of the provincial gentry. The authors seek to reveal the factors that influenced the formation of a whole cohort of remarkable representatives of this genus, who left a noticeable mark in the history of the country in the XX century. In contrast to non-fiction narratives, usually devoted to the Stechkins, the article is written on the basis of a wide range of archival materials that have been introduced into research for the first time. The authors pay priority attention to ups and downs of Stechkin kin in the XVIII century, trying to explain the characteristic features of their social rise caused by the impulse of Peter's reforms, and analyze their role in the social life of the Russian province. Revealed by a dotted line the impoverishment of the genus in the XIX century, the authors come to the conclusion that it was the combination of two opposite factors – stressful and difficult service, replaced by freedom and sybaritism – that eventually led to the formation of the phenomenon of the Stechkins of the XX century.

1654-1665

Authors: Olga K. Mikhelson, Nikolai S. Poliakov

The paper treats the infosphere of the spiritual educational institutions of Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries in the field of psychology of religion. Special attention is paid to the psychology of religion at the St. Petersburg theological academy. The article presents the history of the formation and development of the psychology of religion among the St. Petersburg clergy, traces its path from experience psychology to experimental psychology, highlights the specific characteristics of the St. Petersburg theological academy psychology of religion school. It is demonstrated that the psychology of religion in prerevolutionary Russian spiritual educational centers, although developed within the Orthodox theological tradition, was located within the world information field of the period, and was significantly influenced by advanced philosophical and scientific theories of that time, and in some particular issues was even ahead the Western tradition of the psychology of religion. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of the theories of A.A.Fischer, the founder of experience psychology in Russia, I.A.Chistovich and his course of “Experience Psychology”, V.N.Karpov’s approach to psychology of religion as the foundation of ethics, V.S. Serebrennikov and the shift from experience psychology to experimental psychology, mostly inspired by W. Wundt’s ideas. The paper demonstrates that a more natural-scientific and, to a lesser extent, humanitarian approach to the psychology of religion was formed among the St. Petersburg clergy than in other theological academies of Russia, which corresponded to the status of St. Petersburg as a world center for the research of physiology and psycho-neurology of that time.

1675-1683

Authors: Vera V. Smirnova, Sergey A. Pravkin, Alla V. Samigulina, Rosalina V. Shagieva

The article provides an analysis of the controversy between Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin and Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky on the fate of monarchical statehood in Russia. It is noted that it was N.M. Karamzin and M.M. Speransky with the types of state they proposed (pro-Western-liberal or conservative-autocratic), having begun an important discussion about the further development of the Russian state, became a kind of “mirror” of the probabilistic modernization of the Russian state. Reformer M.M. Speransky worked out in detail and actually began to implement the Russian state model with a new (liberal) type of constitutionalism. In his project, the legislature dominates the decisions of other authorities. N.M. Karamzin opposed this with his concept of Russian statehood, speaking from the standpoint of protective conservatism, uniting them with liberal elements, opposing parliamentarism and limiting autocracy, believing that this could lead to constitutionalism, which would destroy monarchical power. Having initially a contractual nature of its formation, the Russian monarchy is characterized by strict legality, which is based on the principles of natural law. Monarchical power is limited by “root” laws. Refusing Western borrowing, he stakes on the development of a natural, traditional form of the Russian state. The article states that in the studied projects M.M. Speransky and N.M. Karamzin, which were a conservative or liberal reaction to the revolutionary and post-revolutionary events in France, reflected as in a mirror the main dilemma in the development of the Russian statehood of that time – the need to achieve the same goal – the modernization of the monarchy – by choosing one of the opposite means.

1693-1703

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Ksenia A. Degtyarenko, Yulia N. Menzhurenko, Daria S. Pchelkina

The article provides a source analysis of the publication «Siberian Bulletin» (the initiator of the publication and its editor – G.I. Spassky), published in St. Petersburg in 1818−1824 and including information on the history, archeology and ethnography of Siberia. The basis of the research was the articles of G.I. Spassky, V.V. Dmitriev (as well as anonymous publications) in the issues of 1818. The Siberian Bulletin refers to the monuments of culture and art of the ancient peoples of Siberia, which are represented by inscriptions, inscriptions, images on stones, from mounds or graves, from ruins, heterogeneous buildings and military fortresses; from the remains of mining operations. Also, the authors of the publication consider them historical and anthropological sources for the knowledge of man, the way of life of that time period. The publication under study has significance in connection with the activities of its authors in the study and description of samples of the culture of ancient Siberia. "Siberian Bulletin" as a historical source contains unique factual and descriptive information about early examples of ancient Siberian art, as well as its primary processing, classification of objects.

1712-1720

Authors: David I. Raskin, Andrej A. Solnyshkin

The article is devoted to the fate of the Pension Statute of 1827. The Pension Statute of 1827 became the basis of the system of pensions for civil servants in the Russian Empire.He completed the formation of the Russian bureaucracy.During the adoption of the Statute, the financial capabilities of the state were not taken into account. But very soon it became clear that the payment of pensions to retired employees placed a heavy burden on the State Treasury. At the same time, the amount of pensions lagged more and more behind the salaries of officials and was clearly insufficient. As a result, a project was born to switch to a “funded pension system” by creating an Emerital fund (following the example of the Kingdom of Poland). But the Emeritus Committee, specially created in 1843 to develop this project, found that the creation of such a system was unrealistic. When discussing the reform of the Pension Statute in the Committee of Ministers in 1850–1851. Count D.N. Bludov proposed to return to the practice of the 18th century, when pensions were paid only to those who did not have their own means of subsistence. This proposal was unanimously rejected by all ministers. There was also a proposal to abolish all pension benefits for "special types of service" – educational, medical, customs, etc. This proposal was also not supported by the majority of ministers. The Decree of Nicholas I on November 6, 1852 made only partial changes to the Pension Statute of 1827. These changes mainly concerned the length of service required to receive a pension.But the problem of the need, on the one hand, to reduce state spending on the payment of pensions, and on the other hand, to increase the size of pensions remained. In 1866, a special commission was created under the Ministry of Finance to prepare a new pension statute, but its proposals were never implemented, and in 1883 the commission was closed.Archaism of the Pension Statute of 1827 to the endXIX – early of the20th centurieswas obvious, but until 1917 this charter remained almost unchanged.

1733-1743

Authors: Ksenia S. Barabanova

An epidemic is an emergency situation during which conflicts hidden in ordinary times appear. Epidemic riots become such a manifestation. Their special concentration fell on the 1830s and the first cholera epidemic in the Russian Empire. The implementation of anti-epidemic measures, which most often led to a riot, allows us to look at the activities of the local administration. Through the history of rumors, we will also learn about whom the population endowed with power, and whom and for what reasons they considered enemies. Important cases were the events of 1830 in Sevastopol and the so-called “Plague” or “Women's riot”, the St. Petersburg “Riot on Sennaya Square”, the events in St. Petersburg, Olonets and Kazan provinces, in Pskov, Tula and Tver. Speaking about epidemic riots, one should not forget that not in every locality engulfed by an epidemic, the population destroyed hospitals and killed doctors or officials. Such places are characterized by the presence of an active local society, primarily represented by the merchant class. Active actors who from the very beginning of the epidemic participate in the organization of cholera hospitals, which do not represent a “transitional place” from the house to the cemetery, provide food or ready meals to the needy and help the orphans. Through epidemic riots, we will consider general imperial problems and their regional specifics during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. Through individual cases of plague or cholera riots, it becomes possible to study regional problems, ideas about authorities and enemies. You can also refer to the history of society in the Russian Empire and confirm the thesis that it should be viewed through the regions and speak of a local society, and not a general imperial one.

1753-1758

Authors: Aleksandr A. Cherkasov

Using the example of the family of I.F. Cherkasov (1856−1900), the article considers a set of available historical sources of a genealogical nature. In methodological terms, the work is based on the generalization of various facts from the family history of Ivan Filippovich Cherkasov, which is why the work is a narrative with a large number of events. This enabled the author to create a holistic picture of a family's life in the Keret village. Besides this, the identification of historical sources made it possible to systematize a set of available archival materials for further genealogical research both in the Keret village and in the whole territory of the Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). The author concludes that historical sources on the Keret village of the mid–XIX – early XX centuries are located in two regional archives of the Russian Federation (the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk Region and the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia). Among these sources there are materials of revisions (the 10th revision – 1858), spiritual murals from confessional books, metrics from metric books, as well as materials of the First All-Russian Population Census of 1897. Despite the incompleteness of information from the metric books, in general, thanks to information from other listed sources, according to the author, it is possible to create a fairly complete picture of the composition of the family under study. In these documents, you can find not only information about birth, marriage and death, but also about the class origin, literacy and basic occupations of every single individual. Thus, the author summarizes that the researcher has at his disposal a sufficient set of historical sources for conducting genealogical research on the village of Keret during the mid–XIX – early XX centuries.

1770-1779

Authors: Vladimir G. Afanas'ev, Irina V. Voloshinova

The foreign economic relations of the states include cooperation in various fields of the economy, including business partnership in mining. Russian spiritual missions organized in China in the XVIII century were also the political representation of Russia. The interests of the spiritual missions were not only in missionary work, but also in establishing special contacts in the mining industry. Participation in international processes of mining engineers of Russia (until the end of the XIX century. exclusively graduates of the St. Petersburg Mining Institute as the only higher educational institution of mining profile in the country) was explained by the mutual need to exchange experience in the field of technology and technological processes, to receive assistance in the development of minerals, as well as in the organization of labor and safety during the operation of deposits. The practice of cooperation in mining has shown that mutually enriching experience, it is possible to find optimal solutions to facilitate the work of miners and environmental protection. It was important to think over or adopt ways of rational use of natural resources to provide the country with minerals, etc. It is obvious that the tasks of the past centuries are still relevant, since international cooperation in the mining industry now consists of the work of international and global organizations. This article discusses diplomatic missions in the XIX – early XX centuries, led by mining engineers of Russia: their tasks and results.

1788-1795

Authors: Anton V. Gurko, Raul' S. Dzhindzholiya, Sergej N. Rozhnov, Krystsina D. Savitskaya

This article is devoted to one of the largest transformations in the era of the Great Reforms of Alexander II – the Zemstvo Reform of 1864. In this study, the authors analyzed the reasons that became prerequisites for the need to introduce Zemstvo reform, and also considered the contribution to the development of this reform of such statesmen as the director of the Economic Department of Internal Affairs Milyutin N.A., as well as the Minister of Internal Affairs Valuev P.A. The article discusses the concept of zemstvo, as well as its key principles: omniscience and electability. The authors of the article studied in detail the structure of zemstvo assemblies, the procedure for appointing their members, the procedure for forming zemstvo assemblies, as well as the competence of zemstvos and their key functions. In addition, the authors analyzed the order of formation and sources of the zemstvo budget. The authors paid special attention to the issues of the significance of the Zemstvo Reform and its impact on the development of the Russian Empire, as well as opinions and disputes expressed in periodicals and confidential notes regarding the local self-government bodies themselves and their competence. The positive aspects of the Zemstvo reform were analyzed, as well as the criticism of well-known statesmen, including the Minister of Finance of the Russian Empire S.Yu. Witte towards reform. The authors of the article provide statistical data confirming the success of the Zemstvo reform and its successful impact on the development of the Russian Empire. At the same time, the authors discuss the significant impact of the Zemstvo reform on the arrival of revolutionary upheavals at the beginning of the XX century.

1804-1811

Authors: Oksana V. Golovashina, Sergey K. Lyamin

This paper presents, drawing on archival records and published sources, problems in the local governments functioning that have emerged as a result of the Great Reforms. Theoretical and methodological background of the work are ideas of B. N. Mironov, A. Ribera, M. de Certeau. The authors emphasize that the responsibilities of the municipal government bodies had not been clearly defined, therefore, in practice, there were conflicts between them and the provincial administration or the estates bodies. Often the personal authority of powerful officials had precedence over the formal laws. Duma did not come into open conflict, but it used a variety of delays, which had a negative effect on the possibilities of dialogue between the local government and the previous government authorities. A work of self-government bodies was complicated by the fact that they almost did not have any material resources; new social and political institutions could not earn social respect without a demonstration of its concrete and practical effectiveness, which could not be achieved without public backing. Thus, it is possible to state a lack of independence of public self-governance in the analyzed period, as well as difficulties in the practical implementation of its activities. The reason is the fact that the modernized socio-political institutions have been functioning and interacting with each other in an environment of mainly traditional concepts.

1823-1830

Authors: Konstantin V. Simonov, Tatiana V. Evgenyeva, Konstantin N. Babichev

The article examines the development of the system of interaction between the state and business from the perspective of the socio-economic modernization of the Russian Empire in the late XX – early XX centuries. The source base of the research includes unpublished office documents from the funds of the Russian State Historical Archive. The мmethodological frame of the study is based on comparative and structural analysis. It is concluded that in the end XX - early XX centuries. In Russia, the institutions of representation of the entire business community were extremely poorly developed, which was largely due to resistance from conservative-minded representatives of the political leadership of the empire. At the same time, a network of non-integrated sectoral and territorial associations of entrepreneurs was being formed quite actively in the Russian Empire. At the same time, the continuing disunity of the Russian business stratum, the inconsistency of the interests of representatives of leading industries seriously limited their effectiveness. It should also be noted that the most active representative structures of entrepreneurs expressed mainly the interests of large manufacturers. At the beginning of the 20th century, after the emergence of parliamentary institutions, the possibilities of domestic business in terms of lobbying their own interests increased slightly, since the parties expressing the interests of the business community (the Cadets and the Octobrists) were either in conflict with the government, or, on the contrary, were forced to coordinate their political position with it. Thus, the system of interaction between government and business in Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did not receive an acceptable institutional formalization, could not ensure effective coordination and expression of the interests of all layers of the business community and sectors of the economy within the framework of a continuous dialogue with the state. This, in turn, made it difficult to implement the plans of the reformist wing of the Russian political elite, since the potential of business could not be fully used to modernize the country, and the existing institutional environment created prerequisites for conflict between the business community and government structures.

1843-1849

Authors: Victor V. Barabash, Alexander A. Grabelnikov, Roman A. Savastenko, Maria Y. Lavrentyeva

The article is devoted to the analysis of the “Irkutskie Eparkhial'nye Vedomosti” newspaper as a source covering the events of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877−1878 from an Orthodox-spiritual point of view. The main source was the issues of the newspaper from the 15th to the 52nd for 1877 and from the 1st to the 7th for 1878, that is, those issues that corresponded to the chronological framework of the war. The memoirs of participants and contemporaries of this war were used as additional sources. The historiographical method (or content analysis) was used as the main research method; the historical-system, historical-comparative method and the method of synthetic analysis were also used. Russian Russian-Turkish War of 1877−1878, which had the widest voluntary and charitable response in Russian society, was not only the mouthpiece of the church-Orthodox life of Irkutsk province, but also covered the events of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877−1878, which was very relevant for Russia. The issues of the newspaper published the decrees of the emperor, the definitions of the Holy Synod (which contained reports on charitable assistance to the wounded and the families of the fallen soldiers), as well as speeches (“words”) of Irkutsk clergy who called for patriotism, volunteer and charitable activities. Thus, the conclusion is made about the unconditional support of the Russian-Turkish war by the Irkutsk diocese. At the same time, most of the issues did not cover military topics, preferring to publish data on regional Orthodox-church events of a small scale, which, in our opinion, is due to the remoteness from the theater of military operations and, consequently, the lack of corresponding hardships of military life, which were borne by residents of the western regions of the Russian Empire.

1858-1866

Authors: Evgeny A. Akhtamov, Denis N. Gergilev, Tatyana V. Izluchenko, Michail G. Tarasov

The construction of the railway in Siberia has greatly increased the economic and cultural development of the region. The effect of putting the railway into operation exceeded all expectations in the first years. The railway played a significant role both in the life of Siberia and the country as a whole in subsequent periods of historical development. This circumstance causes the constant interest of researchers to the history of the railway. The object of this article is the process of making decisions on the direction of the Siberian railway line: from the first projects to survey work that finally determined the paths of the railway lines. The importance of the railroad from the Chinese border to European Russia was first raised in public space in the 1830s. The authors paid considerable attention to the railway construction projects that were sent to St. Petersburg from Siberia in the following decades, as well as to the personalities who influenced the promotion of the projects. The reasons that contributed to the delay in the decision to build a railway in Siberia are shown: the lack of consensus in the capital circles, which manifested itself in the discussion in the press, disagreements among the Siberian public, government fears about the foreign capital domination in the transport industry. The authors noted the proposed directions of the railway line, when the government had already made a fundamental decision on the construction of the railway, considered the factors that influenced the final decision on the choice of the route: geological conditions, the cost of construction, the population of the territories, the difficulties in constructing access roads, the expected time of economic effect.

1877-1884

Authors: Anvar M. Mamadaliev, Valentina S. Nikitina, Natalia V. Svechnikova, Irina Yu. Cherkasova

The article is devoted to the historiographical analysis of the pedagogical periodical press of the church department of the Russian Empire of the late XIX – early XX centuries. The authors analyzed such publications as “Tserkovno-prikhodskaya shkola”, “Narodnoe obrazovanie”, “Bozh'ya Niva”, “Zapadno-russkaya nachal'naya shkola”, “Zakonouchitel'”; as well as “Tsirkulyar po dukhovno-uchebnomu vedomstvu” journals and “Listok Vserossiiskoi tserkovno-shkol'noi vystavki” catalog. The research methodology includes the following methods: historical-systemic, historiographical (or content analysis) and historical-chronological. The results of the study showed that the church press has become an integral part of russian pedagogical thought, since well-known methodist teachers, such as S.I. Miropolsky, S.A. Rachinsky, P.P. Mironositsky, and others published their didactic views in journals. The journals also became a platform for publishing Orthodox-Russian pedagogical ideas of many clergymen of the Russian Empire. The teachers and clergymen of very high rank recognized in the world community were the editors. The publications were created at the end of the XIX and (most of) the beginning of the XX centuries, but after the socialist revolution of 1917 they were naturally curtailed, since the Bolshevik communist ideology did not imply the existence of any religion and its influence on secular life. The soviet authors subjected the church-pedagogical publications to very harsh criticism, some editors of journals died during investigative measures (in particular, P.P. Mironositsky).

1897-1908

Authors: Yermek A. Jassybayev, Temirton Galiya

The article tells about biographical episodes from the service life of an official of the Russian Empire, who found himself on one of its outskirts in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. and linked his fate with the activities of the Statistical Committee and the museum of the Semirechensk region. Some aspects of the professional biography of the public figure of the city of Verny (now Almaty) - V.E. Nedzvetsky, restored by attracting and analyzing such a type of historical sources as photographic documents deposited in the fund of the Central State Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The personal fund of the secretary of the Semirechye Statistical Committee also includes written sources telling about his service activities from 1882 to 1918 inclusive. In order to clarify a number of points in the professional life of V.E. Nedzvetsky, documentary materials were attracted from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The use of these archival documents made it possible to restore the chronological and other gaps in the photographic annotations. On the other hand, the visual information contained in the space of photographs made it possible to correct some of the contradictions and doubts deposited in the text of documentary sources. The proposed publication, thus describing the unknown pages of the life path of this person, demonstrates how, perhaps, to more fully reflect the historical canvas based on the use of photographic material in conjunction with a documentary complex of historical sources. Which is quite relevant in the light of the reconstruction of historical phenomena on the basis of an ever-expanding source base and against the backdrop of an ever-increasing number of audiovisual means.

1918-1926

Authors: Viktor V. Titov

Within the framework of the present study, the question of the specifics of the process of formation of the imperial model of the all-Russian national-state identity at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries is revealed. The methodological basis of the work is formed through a combination of elements of comparative and structural analysis. The source base of the work includes office documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire and sources of personal origin that were not previously introduced into scientific circulation. On the basis of the conducted research, the author comes to the conclusion that the imperial model of the all-Russian national-state identity at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries formed largely in the inertial regime. The authorities reproduced the traditional system of practices for integrating new macrosocial groups through integration into the system of the imperial military and administrative elite of their establishment. This model demonstrated high efficiency in a traditional, agrarian society. However, the great reforms of Alexander II launched the process of large-scale modernization of Russian society, which resulted in the destruction of the traditional system of identities and the acquisition of subjectivity by new political and social groups. The situation was complicated by the active dissemination of nationalist ideas, including through the emergence of ethnic intelligentsia and the resuscitation of xenophobic stereotypes. At the same time, the authorities failed to form a system of universal primary education in Russian, which made it difficult for the integration of national outlying districts, and in some cases contributed to the stigmatization of the titular nation. The potential of Russian culture as a tool of «soft power» in the framework of building relationships with minorities was also not realized due to the relatively low degree of development of the network of primary and secondary educational institutions. The selective principle of applying universal military service to various peoples minimized the potential of the army as an institution of assimilation. At the same time, many national outskirts were much more closely connected economically and culturally with neighboring countries than with the core of the empire. It is also noted that the authorities considered the imperial identity in a simplified way, through the prism of the ideas of previous eras. It was actually built on the basis of loyalty to the sacralized figure of the monarch, belonging to the official church and a sense of belonging to a bureaucratic, military or class corporation. However, this model was inoperable in the conditions of an actively modernizing society, within which the process of building nations of the modern type began to proceed. Accordingly, the indicated problems of the formation of imperial identity were due to both subjective (rigidity of the establishment's thinking) and objective factors (lack of funds for the simultaneous solution of all modernization tasks in a historically short time frame).

1936-1944

Authors: Sergey V. Rastorguev

The presented study is devoted to the dynamics of the content of the agrarian program of the Cadet Party in the period 1905–1907. The research methodology is formed to account for the synthesis of elements of the observed, structural and descriptive analysis. The basis of the basic work includes unpublished files and production documents of the Cadet Party, revealing the topics of internal discussions on the agrarian question. The author concludes that during the observed period, the agrarian program of the Cadets as a whole has undergone few changes, but the ways and possibilities of its changes have caused active discussions within the party. The reason for the fierce disputes was primarily the basic contradiction of the agrarian project of the Cadets. Initially, it was built around the idea of achieving a balance of interests between peasants and large landowners. In the end, however, this proved unattractive to the peasants and aroused a sensitivity of dislike towards the majority of the inhabitants. Under the circumstances, the party radicalizes its approach to solving the agrarian question and enlists the support of the majority of the peasants. However, there were moderates within the party opposed to this. In the end, the leaders of the Cadets refused to resolve this issue in any way, thereby "freezing" the problem of radiation prevention of a split within the party. In most cases, the Cadets limited themselves to the specific presence of the program. As a result, the party actually lost its side of expanding support both from the moderate liberals (who were impressed by the Octobrists) and from the broad masses of the peasantry, which led to a fall in its assessment among the bulk of the population in the future. The Cadets were forced to secure for themselves the image of the “party of an educated minority”. In the long term, the rejection of the long-term development of the agrarian program led to the political defeat of the Cadets already in the course of the events of 1917, since the “Milyukovites” and their allies could no longer offer the soldiers' mass initiative for their subject of bargaining as part of the pursuit of the thesis of war “to a victorious end”. At the same time, it is necessary to urge that during the period of the revolution of 1905−1907. The party had the potential to increase support for its agrarian program among all sections of the peasantry. It should be especially noted that, at the same time, the implementation of the agrarian program of the Cadets could exacerbate ethnic strife in some of the ethnic outskirts of the empire.

1955-1967

Authors: Aleksandra A. Sitnikova, Natalia M. Leshchinskaia, Ekaterina A. Sertakova, Maria A. Kolesnik

The relevance of the study of the cinematography of the Russian Empire in the mirror of advertising and criticism on the pages of the leading film journals of the early 20th century is determined by the fact that at an early stage in the development of national cinematography, a successful model for the development of cinematography in the country (free enterprise) was formed, and meaningful directions for development of Russian cinema were outlined: staging patriotic pictures of national history, film adaptation of Russian classics as a quick introduction to a wide range of viewers with outstanding works of literature, entertainment films with criminal plots or didactic immersion in the sphere of love experiences, etc. The article analyzes such a direction in the development of the cinema of the Russian Empire as film adaptation of Russian literary classics. The study is based on the analysis of advertising and critical essays on Russian film adaptations on the pages of the “Сine-Fono” journal, which was published from 1907 to 1918 and was an independent edition, as well as on the material of the analysis of Russian literary film adaptations of 1909−1916 using the methods of V. Zhukovsky, N. Koptseva. Based on the results of the study, the characteristics of film adaptations in the work of directors P. Chardynin and V. Goncharov, as well as in the work of such directors as V. Viskovskiy, Y. Protazanov, N. Malikov, V. Gardin and others are presented. The literary preferences of the directors of the early Russian cinema when choosing books for making films are highlighted – these are the works of A.S. Pushkin, L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, as well as later in the cinema appeared the film adaptations of the works of A.P. Chekhov and N.V. Gogol. The article also highlights the trends in the development of the cinematographic skills of Russian directors from 1909 to 1916 and analyzes the features of presenting the achievements of Russian pre-revolutionary cinematography on the pages of the “Cine-Fono”journal.

1976-1989

Authors: Anna A. Shpak, Julia S. Zamaraeva, Natalya N. Pimenova, Natalya N. Seredkina

“Niva” journal intended for family reading and in many ways became the legislator of Russian journal periodicals: weekly issues contained news content about world and national life, scientific achievements and events, biographies of outstanding contemporaries and historical figures, political review (including photo reports of military operations), reproductions of paintings and illustrations for Russian art works occupied a significant amount and European artists. Since 1894, monthly literary and popular science applications containing various articles about literature, fashion novelties, an application for children and wall calendars have become available to subscribers of the journal. The genre variety of literary, artistic and scientific texts intertwined with rich illustrative material, the compositional logic of the text placement and visual material, the steady thematic practice content of the journal's almost half–century existence – all this contributed to the formation of “Niva” as a significant source on the artistic history culture of the Russian Empire. It is worth noting the special journal role in shaping the image of contemporary Russian artistic life and the state of art among a wide range of its readers. The journal fully corresponded to the model of the educational mission.

2001-2009

Authors: Goran Rajović, Sergei N. Bratanovskii

The article is devoted to the analysis of the development of the electric power generation system in the Caucasus in the Russian Empire. As a source, a filing of the statistical collection “Kavkazskii kalendar'” was used, which contains information about the generation of electricity by power plants and hydroelectric power plants in the Caucasus. The work used historical-systemic, historical-comparative, historical-genetic, statistical research methods, as well as content analysis and synthesis method. As a result of this research, the conclusions were drawn that the active electrification of the Caucasus began at the beginning of the XX century. The electricity was used in industry and for lighting streets and households. As of 1916, 134 state-owned power plants with a total capacity of 53,057.05 kilowatts operated in the Caucasian Viceroyalty. They were used to illuminate settlements and industrial productions (factories, mines, ports, etc.). Private power plants were also very popular, the number of which exceeded state-owned stations by almost three times. At the same time, the capacity of private power plants was relatively small. There were 318 private power plants operating in the Caucasus with a total capacity of 37,116.86 kilowatts. They were involved, as a rule, in private industrial enterprises, as well as lighting villages, estates, etc. The total number of power plants in the Caucasus reached 452 units, which together generated 90,173.91 kilowatts of electricity. The territory of the Caucasus with mountain streams was very conducive to the construction of hydroelectric power stations. In the Caucasian viceroyalty there were 23 hydroelectric power stations, which were, as a rule, private and intended for lighting settlements or copper production plants. The total capacity of the turbines of the hydroelectric power stations of the Caucasus reached 8080 horsepower and they gave out a combined capacity of 5462 kilowatts of electricity.