Bylye Gody

6-16

Authors: Anna А. Kosmovskaya

The tax policy of the Russian state in the 17th century has repeatedly attracted the attention of researchers. The main categories of receipts to the state treasury, tax reforms, emergency fees (mainly on the basis of all-Russian material) have been studied. The expenditures of local institutions of the Kama region are first investigated on the materials of the Cherdyn and Solikamsk districts in this article. The author, on the basis of the available data, examines what needs were met by the money entering the provincial huts. Funds were usually sent to central offices with several messengers throughout the year. In the estimated and counting lists, the amounts and types of taxes that were in the parcel were recorded. A separate accounting of expenses for all sorts of local needs was kept. Part of the funds were spent locally for the needs of the office (usually no more than 1-2%) and other local tasks: the construction of taverns, buildings, assistance in organizing the salt industry (here the amounts could be larger, the provision of the Zyryansk salt enterprises in certain periods amounted to several thousand annually). The main sums went to the central orders and were already spent there for specific needs (streltsy money). At the same time, the bulk of the funds received on the territory of the Cherdyn and Solikamsk districts in the form of taxes and fees were still sent to central institutions. The expenses of local institutions (clerk's salary, candles, firewood, office expenses) were carried out from unreported fees.

25-36

Authors: Sergey I. Degtyarev, Evgenij M. Osadchij, Jasmin Gut

The article is devoted to the events that took place on the border between the Muscovy and the Zaporizhzhya Army in the autumn of 1660 – in the spring of 1661. In the autumn of 1660, an expeditionary corps under the command of the boyar Vasily Sheremetyev was surrounded and defeated on the Right-Bank Ukraine. At the same time, Hetman Yuri Khmelnitsky entered into an alliance with the Commonwealth against the Muscovy. This was the reason for the open action of several left-bank Cossack regiments. The most active anti-Moscow speeches were in the Poltava and Gadyach regiments. In the winter of 1660–1661, the Cossack detachments of these regiments undertook several campaigns in order to attack the Moscow border fortresses. The cities of Kamenny, Aleshnya and Volny were taken under siege. The Moscow garrisons were able to repulse these attacks, however, their fortifications were badly damaged and their supplies depleted. Heavy losses led to the fact that the garrisons of the border fortresses went on the defensive and could not actively oppose the Cossack detachments. In the autumn of 1660, on the orders of the tsar, the Belgorod governor sent several detachments to "pacify" the Cossack cities. Under the cities of Gadyach and Zinkov, Moscow troops entered into battle with the Cossacks, but they could not take these fortresses. In the winter of 1660, hetman Petr Doroshenko arrives in Zinkov. At the disposal of the Moscow governor was no more than 3,000 infantry and cavalry, and the Ukrainian hetman had 6,000 Cossacks. In the spring of 1661, a detachment of Cossacks near the town of Grun in a decisive battle were defeated and fled. Shortly thereafter, the Poltava and Gadyach regiments stopped the fight against the Muscovite kingdom and confirmed the oath to the tsar. As a result of the analysis of published sources and their own research, the authors found that in the confrontation between the two armies – the Moscow and the Cossack at the first stage of the battle, the advantage was on the side of the latter. Flexible tactics and numerical superiority made the positions of the Cossacks stronger in defense and successful in attack. Subsequently, the change in command of the Cossack troops led to the fact that less numerous, but more organized detachments of the Moscow regular troops were able not only to repulse the attack, but also inflict a decisive defeat on the enemy.

49-56

Authors: Olga A. Plotskaya, Gulnara F. Ruchkina, Diana G. Alekseeva, Valentina V. Naumkina

The study of the features of the hereditary legal status of women among the Perm Finno-Ugric peoples (Komi, Udmurts), as well as the mechanism of its consolidation in customary and positive law within the framework of historical events of the 18th - 19th centuries, is quite relevant today. The purpose of this work is to study through the historical and legal analysis of the hereditary and legal status of women among the Permian peoples, enshrined in the norms of customary and positive law in the 18th – 19th centuries. As a result of the analysis, the authors come to the conclusion that the hereditary legal status of women among the Permian peoples, enshrined not only in customary law, but also in the norms of positive law in the 18th – 19th centuries, had its own specifics. According to custom, when getting married, the daughter received a dowry, after which she was considered separated from the family, and was deprived of her inheritance rights to a part of the family-wide hereditary mass. However, in cases when a primak husband who married the daughter of the head of the family was accepted into the family, she continued to use the common family property, acquiring equal inheritance rights with the brothers. A woman in widow status was not always deprived of her property rights. The custom allowed the widow to stay with her married son, to whom most of the family property was transferred. If the widow did not remarry, then she was the rightful heiress of all property jointly acquired with her spouse, especially in the case when the children were already separated from their parents. The customary law of the Permian peoples, supplementing the positive law, protected the inherited common family property from transferring to non-blood relatives, therefore the widow lost her rights to the property of her deceased first spouse in the event of her remarriage. This was also facilitated by of sororate and levirate that existed and were widely used in the customary law of the Permian peoples. The authors examined various historical and historical-legal sources, including archival documents, publications in periodicals, as well as legislative acts of the Russian state, consolidated in the PSZ.

67-81

Authors: Аndrii E. Lebid, Anatolii V. Honcharenko

The article considers the main stages of formation and development of epidemiology in the Russian Empire, associated with the activity of its founder, a native of Ukraine - Danila Samoylovich Samoylovich. Life and creative way of the founder of national epidemiology as a science, his role in theory and practice of epidemics control is analyzed. The value and influence of scientific works of D. Samoilovich on the national and foreign medicine of the 18th c. for further development of epidemiology in the Russian empire are determined. We analyze the main scientific publications of D. Samoilovich, in which he develops ideas on combating epidemics of infectious diseases and offers an original doctrine of plague and a system of measures to combat it. D. Samoilovich's role in the fight against the Moscow plague as well as in the south of Ukraine is shown. Thanks to innovative solutions, such as disinfection of things and dwellings of plague patients, vaccination, etc., D. Samoilovich was able not only to extinguish plague outbreaks, but also to essentially reduce the risks of its occurrence in the future. The conflict between D. Samoilovich and the official authorities, connected with the sympathies of the great scientist to the ideals of the French Revolution, membership in the Masonic order and anti-monarchic aspirations, is described. The article claims about the significant influence of D. Samoilovich's ideas and discoveries on the development of European medicine. This was expressed in the fact that he was elected a member of 12 European Academies of Sciences, and his works were published in French and German, and later republished. The appearance of the first medical manuals in Russian is connected with the name of D. Samoilovich. In addition to his medical and scientific activities, D. Samoilovich was active in social and educational activities, because he was convinced that an effective fight against epidemics is possible only with the use of systemic measures at the level of not only state control and management, but also with broad public representation. The main scientific innovations of D. Samoilovich's innovations in the fight against epidemics are analyzed.

93-99

Authors: Alice Plate

The article is dedicated to the question of Justiznutzung or uses of justice at Russian provincial courts during the 1780 1790-ies. Catherine II`s judicial reform (1775–1785) introduced an estate-based court system. For the first time in Russian history, positive law was extended to part of the peasantry. In districts with a high percentage (at least 30%) of personally free rural dwellers, courts of first instance, so called nizhnye raspravy were opened, thus giving this population group the possibility to seek justice in a crown court. In the Perm vicegerency (1781–97), however, this opportunity was seldom exploited: criminal and civil cases constituted less than a fifth of court business per year. This contribution will not focus the “classic” question of whether peasant courts were frequented or ignored. Its aim is to concentrate on those situations and constellations when customary law failed to satisfy the plaintiff´s needs, leading to them appealing to the norms positive law and its institutions to receive a just decision. Most of the time, proceedings at a crown court opened ex officio. But this was not exclusively the case: court records kept in the state archive of the Sverdlovsk region show that the peasant commune regarded a conflict within its social context and only then decided whether to turn to the norms of positive law to restore justice. Given this, the low court activity at the nizhnye raspravy cannot be explained by the dualism of law and legal nihilism among the peasantry. It is more appropriate to speak of legal pluralism, the juxtaposition of several valid legal forms to whose norms people were free to turn.

117-125

Authors: Maxim V. Mikhailov, Elena K. Sklyarova, Ruslan M. Akhmedov, Farid M. Mustafayev

The article examines the activities of the British Minister of War, Sidney Herbert, as a representative of the Russian Vorontsov dynasty, as well as a member of the British Parliament, a reformer of the army health care during the Crimean War. His life and work were connected with the history of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Russian Empire, China, Crimea, Turkey. A graduate of the University of Oxford, a member of the British Parliament opposed the slave trade, for solving the problems of crime and disease in Ireland, the need for friendly relations with China. During the Crimean War, he, as the Minister of War of the United Kingdom, promoted reforms aimed at reorganizing and health care of the army, offering to share the responsibilities of the minister responsible for managing the colonies of Great Britain and conducting the war. In parliament, he was blamed for the lack of supplies and organization of the British army in the Crimea, which led to the fall of the Aberdeen government. Supporting the alliance of France, England and Turkey, Herbert, as а Minister of War, believed that the British military expedition to the Crimea was undertaken using funds insufficient to carry out military operations.

135-144

Authors: Zakish T. Sadvokassova, Ziyabek Ye. Kabuldinov, Aida S. Margulan, Rashid E. Orazov

The problems of the activity of Orthodox missionaries and ministers of the Church in the XIX century among Kazakhs have been insufficiently studied. The article highlights some aspects of the process of baptism of Kazakhs, based on the sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time – archival documents and periodical materials. The authors draw attention to the fact that the baptism of Kazakhs at the initial stage took place without the participation of missionaries and was sporadic, situational in nature. Since the first Orthodox Kazakh steppe were tsarist officials and Cossacks, the first baptized include children who were bought and workers, who served with Russian residents of the border territories. The huge distances between settlements created objective difficulties in the spread of Orthodoxy. The activities of church servants at first focused on Russian immigrants. Attempts to attract Kazakhs to the bosom of the Church did not give the desired results, due to their nomadic lifestyle. It was more expedient to use mobile forces in the person of missionaries. Having founded their camp, they could carry out their work for a long time, moving together with nomads, moving from one village to another. The activity of the missionaries was organized, they used various methods of influencing the consciousness and feelings of the Kazakhs. The missionaries conducted propaganda among the most diverse categories of the indigenous population: men and women, adults and children, people in difficult life situations – prisoners, the sick – fell into their sphere of influence. Of particular interest is the work of Orthodox preachers among Kazakh women, who, even after Islamization, were characterized by a certain openness and freedom, unlike Muslim women in Central Asia.

157-167

Authors: Konstantin V. Taran, Aleksey A. Korolev, Sergey D. Ludwig, Nina M. Pestereva

This article examines the relationships between the Russian Empire and Jigetiya, an attempt by Russia to establish peaceful relations with one of the Caucasian tribes, taking into account the requirements of the Russian government. A whole complex of various sources was used as materials, such as published collections of documents, sources of personal origin (memoirs and diaries), as well as materials of the periodical press. Among the published collections of documents, the “Acts of the Caucasian Archeographic Commission”, as well as a collection of documents on the history of Jigetiya and other collections of documents stand out. From sources of personal origin, the notes and diaries of travelers, scouts and emissaries were used. The methodological basis of the research is the principle of historicism, which made it possible to make a comprehensive analysis of collections of archival documents and materials, sources of personal origin and historiography related to the history of relations between Russia and Jigetiya. In conclusion, the authors state that the dialogue between Russia and Jigetiya in 1829–1837 was established immediately after the signing of the Treaty of Adrianople, namely in 1830 when Russian troops built three fortifications in western Abkhazia. Russian-Jigetiya relations were continued in the future until the landing of the Russian troops at Cape Adler and during the construction of the fortification of the Holy Spirit.

180-188

Authors: Yulia G. Kokorina, Maсhach M. Vagabov, Oxana Е. Chekhovskaya

This article is devoted to the study of Scythian archeology by the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities, one of the oldest archaeological societies in Russia. The Society paid the main attention to the study of ancient archeology, as well as the history of the development of the Novorossiysk Territory. The historiography of the Society's activities includes an analysis of various aspects of the Society's activities, biographies of its members and works on the history of antiquity. The study of the Society's activities in the field of scythology is considered for the first time, which is the novelty of this article. The Scythians made a significant contribution to world culture, therefore, the opening of each new page in the study of the history of this people seems relevant. On the example of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities, the state policy of the House of Romanovs in the field of protection of archaeological monuments can be traced, which manifested itself in the august patronage of the Society and annual subsidies for its needs. Scientists of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities were the pioneers of the historical and geographical research of the Northern Black Sea region. They looked for analogies in the geographical objects of Novorossiya with the reports of ancient authors about the Scythians, made attempts at a historical interpretation of archaeological monuments, and used chemical methods for analyzing finds. Historiographic reviews of works on Scythology carried out by members of the Society acquainted the Russian public with the latest achievements in this field. Epigraphic and numismatic research, publications of the epistolary heritage of Russian archaeologists were carried out at a high level for their time. It is no coincidence that the members of the Society were prominent domestic and foreign scythologists and scholars of antiquity, such as M.I. Rostovtsev, N.P. Kondakov,V.V. Latyshev, N.I. Veselovsky.

199-208

Authors: Oksana V. Babenko, Pavel V. Nikitin

The article is devoted to the study of certain aspects of the history of the Russian national opera in the context of the historical and cultural features of the XIX century. The authors, understanding the complexity of performing the task within the framework of one study, limited by the scope of a scientific article, to reflect the most significant features of this problem, focused on its historical component: the role of theatres in the public life of Russia, interference of the imperial family in the theatrical sphere, activities of Catterino Cavos in the Russian theatre, the historical significance of opera art by A.N. Verstovsky, M.I. Glinka, A.S. Dargomyzhsky, “The Mighty Bunch” and P.I. Tchaikovsky, propaganda of Russian opera art on the stage of the Private Opera and personality of S.I. Mamontov. The article reflects the main theatrical reforms of the period under review, carried out by Alexander I, Nicholas I and Alexander III, which were aimed at including the Russian Empire in the pan-European theatre process and raising the prestige of the Russian theatre. Facts about the birth of the Russian national opera based on the synthesis of folk melodies and European musical experience are given. An attempt is made to clarify the issue of the disparaging attitude of the public and the theatre management to the Russian opera based on the materials of the Russian musical newspaper. The authors come to the conclusion about the influence of Russian opera classics of the XIX century on the subsequent development of this genre, its enduring significance and relevance in the modern theatre.

215-224

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Ludmila G. Zimovets, Larisa A. Koroleva

The article deals with infant mortality in the age group from birth to 5 years in the Russian Empire in the period 1850–1910. The attention is paid to the minimum and maximum values, as well as the causes of child mortality. As the main materials of the study, we used the reports of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod on the spiritual department of the Orthodox faith for 1850–1910. Besides this, the documents of the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia (Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation) were involved. The work is based on the basic principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. The statistical method is of great importance in it, which made it possible to fully analyze the available statistical data on infant mortality in the territory of the Russian Empire in the period 1850–1910, as well as to detect important characteristic features. In conclusion, the authors state that in 1850–1910, the mortality rate of children among the age group from birth to 5 years ranged from 34.6 to 51.1%. Thus, the annual average percentage of child mortality in 1850-1910 was 41.5%. The minimum value was achieved in 1907, most likely due to the notable successes of Russian medicine, and the maximum value was in 1892 (the year of crop failure and the epidemics of typhus and cholera that broke out as a result). To determine the average (not excessive) number of cases of child deaths, we excluded 1892 from the accounting. As a result, it turned out that in the period of 1850–1891 the average percentage of mortality among this age group was 42.2%, and in 1893–1910 it was already 39% (while in 1900–1910 this percentage was even lower – 38.5%).

237-247

Authors: Yuri E. Kondakov, Dmitry S. Fedotev

In the 21st century, the problem of the creation of a Russian Palestine attracts the attention of an increasing circle of researchers. In the Russian State Historical Archives (RGIA), documents were found on the first stage of the construction of Russian Palestine. They make it possible to clarify the role of B.P. Mansurov in this process. First of all, this is the second report of Mansurov written after a business trip to the East in 1858. It was first introduced into scientific circulation. The report describes everything that has been done in Palestine and proposes a broad plan for the further construction of infrastructure for the pilgrims. After Mansurov's report, Alexander II ordered the start of state funding for the construction of Russian Palestine and created the Palestinian Committee to manage this process. Another block of documents stored in the fund of the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade (ROPiT) allows us to trace the history of the preparation of Mansurov's business trip. This initiative was addressed to ROPiT by the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, supported by the emperor. The materials show that in the first years of construction, ROPiT allocated money and financed business trips of officials to Palestine, paid for the transportation of goods. The minutes of the second meeting of the Palestinian Committee are being introduced into scientific circulation. According to the document, it can be judged that, although economic issues prevailed in the activities of the Committee, it has not yet completely abandoned its political tasks. Separate political and religious points were also in the second report of Mansurov. At the same time, it is obvious that the Committee did not plan to carry out the broad program of Russia's penetration into the Turkish East, proposed in the first report of Mansurov.

258-266

Authors: Snezhana P. Shendrikova, Elena A. Polishchuk, Irina G. Pavlenko, Alexandra A. Yudina

The article studies the history of palatial estates and hotels of the Southern coast of the Crimea, describes their roles in the formation of experience economy and the emerging of the hospitality industry in the South of Russia (XIX – beginning of the XX centuries) as a component of the social dynamics of the period of radical transformation. On the basis of analysis of historical documents and memoirs of scientists-travelers who visited the Crimea during the XIX century, the palatial estates and the first hotels of the peninsula are represented. The ccommodation of royal family in 1861 in Livadia played a huge role in popularizing the resort, which provoked its active advertising, not only in Russia but also well beyond its borders. Development of infrastructure of the peninsula, expanding transport links, improving roads, improving travel conditions and increasing the level of service for travelers had a positive impact on the development of the experience economy of the peninsula. Thedevelopment of the palatial estates and hotels in the Crimea, particularly on its southern coast, played a significant role in shaping domestic tourism and the experience economy of the Russian Empire, which actively influenced the choice of rest and recreational visits to southern Russia.

277-286

Authors: Elena N. Selyutina, Oksana V. Leonova, Pavel A. Merkulov

The work explores the social policy in the field of charity for minors, due to the reform of the public administration system of the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, and the role of zemstvos in organizing child charity. The debate on the organization of orphanages in the post-reform period is due to the scale and multifaceted nature of the changes carried out, which affected various spheres of social reality. The implementation of the Zemstvo reform raised issues of maintaining children's godly institutions by the Zemstvos, determining the procedure for receiving children in them and ensuring further improvement of the conditions for their upbringing and education in shelters. One of the key elements of the study is the scientific justification for the decision to decentralize the system of children's institutions with the transfer of authority in this area to the zemstvos. The article is devoted to the consideration of the regional specifics of the organization and financing of children's zemstvo charitable institutions on the example of the provinces of Central Russia – Kursk, Oryol, Tula, Orel and others. Consolidated data are presented on the number of abused persons, funds allocated for their maintenance and the share of expenses for charitable children's institutions in the budgets of individual zemstvos of the provinces under consideration. Special attention is paid to the effective and low-cost forms of organizing the care of children, developed in practice by zemstvos in practice in conditions of insufficient funding. On the basis of a comparative analysis, the authors concluded that the zemstvos, after the transfer of charitable children's institutions to their jurisdiction, encountered organizational and financial difficulties. Zemstvos' policy was aimed at cutting costs and was not systemic. The issues of participation of zemstvo institutions in the organization of public charity could not be resolved without large-scale state measures. The authors proved the influence of the regional aspect on the organization and financing of zemstvo orphanages, and this relationship reveals the achievements and results of the reform.

298-308

Authors: Karlygash A. Rakhymzhan, Serimzhan I. Akhmetov, Lazzat S. Dinasheva, Gaukhar S. Abdrakhmanova

Spiritual and religious aspects played an active role in all spheres of public life of the Turkestan region, which was part of the Russian Empire in 1865. This includes the issue of performing the pilgrimage duty to Mecca and Medina, the holy cities in the minds of Muslims. In solving the mechanisms of the spiritual and religious sphere of the region, the Russian administration had to face this phenomenon. The whole point was in the unauthorized implementation of the pilgrimage of those who wished to establish Russian power in Central Asia. As a result, episodes of epidemics occurred more than once in the Middle Ages, which caused major negative consequences to the Turkestan region. In order to prevent this, the tsarist authorities had to approve legislative pilgrimage projects. But it should be noted that the legislative projects were implemented taking into account the mentality and customs of the local population. Based on historical research, it can be argued that a number of disagreements arose between the departments of the tsarist administration in this direction. Without a doubt, all this was aimed at ensuring that the Hajj mission meets the interests of the state and believers. The bodies of Russian foreign diplomacy abroad contributed to the solution of legal, economic, transport and medical issues of Muslim pilgrims. Thanks to the effective regulatory and medical regulations adopted by the tsarist government, we were convinced that the number of Muslim pilgrims departing from the Turkestan region increased from year to year. That is, the pilgrimage process had a development phenomenon. In this article, on the basis of archival and research materials, the general state of the development of a large Muslim pilgrimage in the Turkestan region and the elements of the attitude of the authorities to it are analyzed.

320-329

Authors: Maiia S. Lysenko

The article is devoted to the study of such publications of the Kharkоv Agricultural Society as descriptions of estates, analysis of their impact on the local society, manifestations of modernization in the activities of voluntary associations.Creation of elements of civil society led to the emergence of public organizations. The ideas of the Enlightenment spread through periodicals. Description of the estates of the Kharkov province of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th centuries becamea new genre. Description of estates was carried out by landowners themselves or specialists of the Kharkov Agricultural Society. Financing came from different sources: at the expense of subsidies from the Department of Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Kharkov Agricultural Society, Zemstvos or private individuals. This type of publications was necessary in the Kharkov province, since large landed estates played a decisive role in the development of agriculture in the region in the period under study. There were few exemplary farms in the Kharkov province, but it was owing to them that progressive changes were associated not only with the agrarian sector, but also with the economy and society as a whole. Descriptions of estates covered different types of farms. According to the standards of that period, they were called agricultural, factory-technical, mixed, and in size they could be both small and large according to all-Russian standards. The author analyzed the descriptions of exemplary farms owned by L.E. Kenig, A. D. Golitsyn, I. K. Grishchenko and other landowners. In general, their activities were not only entrepreneurial, but also educational in nature. It is concluded that the local society considered such landowners to be advanced and progressive personalities. The results of their work have become public property. The author analyzed various types of descriptions of estates, characterized the problems and difficulties in carrying out these activities, as well as public outcry from publications on the basis of archival and print sources. It was also an advertisement for new ways of managing. The specificity of the Kharkov province, which was substantiated in the forms of cultural farming, has been studied; the peculiarities of farming in the region are also determined in the article. The author shows how the landowners of the region were ready for changes and became part of the modernization process.

338-348

Authors: Bakyt S. Tokmurzayev, Michael K. Churkin, Sabira N. Apasheva

The article, based on the materials of N.M. Yadrintseva and N.M. Potanin reveals the content of the epistolary discourse of Asiatic Russia as a colony. The basis of the research procedures are the methodological principles of the new cultural and intellectual history, and the reliability of the conclusions is due to the involvement in the work of an array of letters of 1872–1874, written by the leaders of the Siberian regionalism in the traumatic circumstances of political exile. The team of authors found that the actors of the discourse represented elements of the political program for the colonization of the Asian spaces of Russia, in which there were no declarations of a separatist nature. It is determined that the ideas of the regionalists about the nature of the incorporation of asian territories into the general imperial space differed markedly from the understanding of this situation by the authorities, parties and movements of the national-conservative spectrum of the socio-political thought of the Russian Empire. It has been argued that the appeals in the epistolary discourse to Western European colonization theories provided an opportunity for the leaders of the Siberian regionalism to position Asian Russia not as a continuation of the territory of the empire, but as a colony that needed support and paternalistic guardianship from the metropolis until the their cultural, social, economic alignment, which will ensure the subsequent politicalemancipation of the region.

359-367

Authors: Viktor V. Titov

The article analyzes the specifics, background and limitations of the state policy towards ethno-confessional minorities during the reign of Alexander III and Nicholas II. The choice of this chronological framework of the study is due to the fact that it was at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries the authorities of the empire began to implement a consistent policy of formation an all-Russian imperial identity. The work methodology is based on a combination of elements of structural and comparative analysis. The source base of the study includes unpublished materials from the funds of the structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Historical Archive) and a corpus of sources of personal origin. It is possible to conclude that the state policy towards the largest ethno-confessional minorities, pursued by the leadership of the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, was, as a rule, rational and aimed at minimizing political risks and conserving the existing architecture of ethnic and inter-confessional relations. At the same time, the logic of the actions of the authorities was not due to systemic xenophobia. The authorities of the empire built own strategy based on considerations of ensuring socio-political stability and external security, at least in the short term. The implementation of major projects related to the full integration of internal - ethnic and religious – «significant others» into the socio-cultural space of the emerging all-Russian imperial identity required significant resources and involved the use of mechanisms that would inevitably lead to sharp conflicts within the ruling elites. It is important to notice that the policy of the authorities towards a number of ethno-confessional minorities was determined and limited by a foreign policy factor – the desire to contain the growth of the destructive influence of foreign powers on the ethno-political situation inside Russia. At the same time, the conflicting experience of interaction with the bearers of specific ethnic and religious identities in the past, the presence of traumatic stories in their collective memory, negative ideas about Russians or imperial power were also taken into account.

378-385

Authors: Andrey A. Solovyev, Aleksandr V. Zakharov, Nadezhda L. Vinogradova, Lyubov S. Solovyeva

The purpose of the article is to analyze the specifics of education in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. Archival materials covering various activities of the Ust-Medveditskaya women's gymnasium in the last quarter of the 19th century are used as documentary grounds of the study. Researches particularly focus on the content of educational process examining the curricula of Russian literature, geography, history, and foreign languages.They also outlined scientific discussions on content of educational process in Russian province of the 19th century and the relations of the process with the general trends of education development in the country. According to studied materials educationin the Russian Empire was not solely limited to the purpose of transferring knowledge and skills, but aimed to develop values in students’ worldview be means of teaching certain subjects. The main sources of the paper are examination sheets,pedagogical council and general annual reports of Ust-Medveditskaya women's gymnasium. After reviewing archival documents and scientific sources, the authors concluded that the learning process included a significant number of positions whose purpose was educational impact on students, the formation of the system of values and proper behavior, which follows them. In addition, the test assignments allow us to judge that the pedagogical concepts assumed an interest in the personality of pupils and the support of their cognitive activity. The authors also put forward a hypothesis according to which the development of female education could become the reason for a change in the value-targeted foundations of educational activities in the future – the transition from the exclusively educational orientation of teachers to an educational and organizational one.

403-411

Authors: Tatyana G. Karchaeva, Mikhail D. Severyanov, Alexander G. Gryaznukhin, Tatyana V. Gryaznukhina

This article tested the facts of the territorial origin of officials. They served in the provincial and district government bodies of the eastern part of Siberia from the late 19th to early 20th centuries. We have established the facts and regularities of the process of replenishment of personnel on a territorial basis on the basis of statistical methods, analysis of the biographies of officials. The subject of our study is the territorial origin of officials of the VII-XIV classes. We studied officials in the Treasury Chamber, the Provincial Board (from 1895 – the Provincial Administration), until 1895 – the Medical Board, the Order of Public Charity, the Expedition for Exiles, the Provincial Drawing Office, until 1897 – the Provincial Court and District Courts, with 1897 – State Property Administration, since 1902 – Provincial Excise Administration and District Excise Administrations, District Treasuries. We examined the biographies of the heads of departments, assistants to managing institutions and government offices of the provincial and district administrations, treasurers, accountants, assessors, senior and junior secretaries, clerks, accountants, auditors, officials for special assignments, inspectors, clerks, clerks. Historical sources are official lists and personal files of 160 officials who were in office in 1887, 1993, 1905 and 1915. We picked up historical sources from the funds of the State Archives of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (F. 595 "Yenisei Provincial Administration") and the State Archives of the Irkutsk Region (F. 32 "Irkutsk Provincial Administration", F. 38 "Irkutsk Provincial Drawing". For each specified year was taken 20 officials each from the provincial and district/district levels of government. The study established the dynamics of the reduction of officials. They came from behind the Urals in the late 19th - early 20th centuries: from 65% to 30% among officials of the provincial administration and from 60% to 25 % - among the district (from 1898 – county) administration. Officials came from beyond the Urals arrived mainly from the provinces of Central Russia, less often from the northwestern and Ukrainian lands. Among the employees of Siberian origin, the main share was local officials who lived earlier in the same province and transferred to a new position by rotating personnel within the departments of the same provincial administration or from the bodies of the district (district) or ram of power. The staff of Siberian officials included a greater number of those transferred to the Yenisei province from the Irkutsk province than to Irkutsk from the Yenisei, which was explained by the leading position of Irkutsk as the administrative center of Eastern Siberia.

422-431

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Ksenia A. Degtyarenko, Daria S. Pchelkina

The article discusses the research potential of periodicals as a historical source along with economic, office work and other types of documents. Due to the content of the headings and the regularity of replication of their issues, periodicals can serve as a kind of diary that forms the socio-cultural context of the era. Significant characteristics characteristic of the northern and Siberian territories of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries are recorded. As a basis for determining the informational image of cities, communities and localities of this part of the empire, the regional journal «Dorozhnik po Sibiri i Aziatskoj Rossii (Road worker in Siberia and Asian Russia)» was chosen – the first private journal in Tomsk. The editor-in-chief and ideologist of the publication was Prince V.A. Dolgorukov, who was active in publishing and journalism. In "Dorozhnik" there was periodically a column dedicated to the cities of Omsk, Tomsk, Irkutsk, Turukhansk, etc., as well as the territories adjacent to them. As a result of the qualitative content analysis and system analysis, the characteristic features of the Siberian territories of the Russian Empire were identified: positivity, ambiguity, inconsistency, prospects, resource wealth, the desire to overcome territorial remoteness due to the merits of the Siberian and northern lands. The image of Siberian cities, communities and territories was consolidated with the help of the Siberian regional press not only at the local level, but also at the all-Russian and international level, since journal the Dorozhnik had publications in French and was published in France.

440-453

Authors: Nicholas W. Mitiukov

Over the almost century-long history of shipbuilding at the Votkinsk plant, more than four hundred metal ships were built there, from warships and sea schooners to small barges and rowboats. But, despite the numerous data that the plant was engaged exclusively in iron shipbuilding, there is a number of evidence of the presence of wooden shipbuilding, which can be divided into four types. Onboard wooden boats, for completing sea and river steamships built at the plant; the only wooden ship built as an independent order by the Shipbuilding Shop is the yacht “Vyatksky Voyevoda” – a gift to the governor of Vyatka S.D. Gorchakov; motor wooden boats that were built by private individuals in the village of Votkinsky Zavod; wooden barges. To identify the possible volumes of the latter, the office documentation of the plant was used from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic. Despite the eclectic nature of the facts, their arrangement in chronological order made it possible to identify duplication of information and determine the volume of production. Unlike the Shipbuilding Department, which concentrated all the final work on the delivery of steamships and watercraft, shipbuilding was also carried out by the Fuming and Construction Departments. They built exclusively wooden barges for their own needs: by the Fuming Department barges for the Kama, and by the Construction Department barges for the factory pond. In total, in the period 1900–1904 at least six barges were built for the Kama and four for the pond. During the period from 1905 to 1912, the plant decommissioned or sold for firewood a total of 12 wooden barges. Two more barges burned down during a fire in Levshino in 1919, taken away from the factory by the retreating Kolchak troops. The discrepancy in numbers is explained by the transfer of wooden barges to the ownership of the plant from other owners, apparently, mainly to pay off the debt to the plant. Up to one and a half dozen wooden ships could be in the factory caravan at a time. In 1908, wooden ships were deemed unprofitable for the plant due to their fragility, after which, apparently, alternative wooden shipbuilding ceased.

463-471

Authors: Goran Rajović, Ilya V. Tyurin, Larisa G. Berezovskaya, Lyudmila A. Posokhova

The article presents an analysis of the journal “Sotrudnik Zakavkazskoi missii”as a historical and philological source. Due to the specifics of the work, the main source is the filing of the journal “Sotrudnik Zakavkazskoi missii” for the period of its publication from 1912 to 1916. The journal was the official organ of the diocesan church brotherhood of St. Prince Alexander Nevsky in Sukhum. Its frequency was once in two weeks, the volume of the issue was 16 pages. The methodological tools of the research are based on the method of content analysis, since the main source in the work was a set of issues of the journal “Sotrudnik Zakavkazskoi missii”: all available issues of the journal were analyzed and based on them, the material of interest for the study was selected. In conclusion, the authors state that the journal “Sotrudnik Zakavkazskoi missii”is a valuable historical and philological source on the history of the Sukhumi diocese of the beginning of the XX century, as well as on the formation of local mass media. The journal was published from January 1912 to August 1916, and only external factors (lack of paper) during the First World War led to its closure. In 1912, when the journal was created, three main headings were included in it: articles of religious and moral content, articles of an ethnographic nature, as well as reviews of the latest research related to Transcaucasia. Already during the publication, it became clear that there was practically no material in the third column, so official documents of various organizations operating in the territory of the diocese were placed in it.

494-503

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Mikhail B. Kolotkov, Sergei B. Zinkovskii

The article examines the Sukhumi Diocese' activities during the First World War. The attention is paid to the charitable activities for both the clergy and the flock, as well as events to raise funds for military needs. There were used as sources the regional periodical press, namely the journal “Sotrudnik Zakavkazskoi missii”, which was published in the district center – the Sukhum city. The work usedthe journal issues for the 1912–1916 period. The usage of periodicals as a source predetermined the authors' use of the content analysis method and the historical-chronological method. If the first one was important for the analysis of the general content of the journal and the selection of materials of interest, the second one allowed the authors to consider the life of the population of the Sukhumi district and the Sukhumi diocese in its chronological sequence. In conclusion, the authors state that the Sukhumi diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church during the First World War was a reliable support of the Russian government in organizing the assistance to both the Russian Red Cross Society and helping the families of those called up for war.The population supported many initiatives of the church and the government: it provided all possible assistance in supporting Russian prisoners of war, donated funds to Russia's allies in the Entente, for example, Serbs and Montenegrins. The events for collecting donations used on the territory of the diocese were diverse: these were charity evenings, sermons by priests, and club gatherings. All sectors of society, including the elderly and children, took part in donations for military needs.

515-522

Authors: Ivan A. Ermachkov, Andrey A. Baibarin, Elena K. Mineeva, Leonid L. Balanyuk

The paper examines the activities of the Petrozavodsk Female Teachers' Seminary in 1915–1917. The attention is paid to the teaching and student staff, its national and religious contingent. The authors used documents from the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia (Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation) as materials. The documents were first introduced into scientific circulation. The methodology of the research is based on the historical and chronological principle, which allowed us to consider the history of the Petrozavodsk Women's Teachers' Seminary with the involvement of all available archival materials in chronological order and taking into account neighboring events. Due to the fact that statistical information is also presented in the study, we used a statistical method, thanks to which we analyzed data with numerical expression (on the composition of teachers and students both in the teachers' seminary and at the two-grade school at it). In conclusion, the authors state that the Petrozavodsk Women's Teaching Seminary, established at the height of the First World War, was important both for increasing the number of teaching staff in primary schools and for the availability of teaching positions for women in the region. Despite the fact that the seminary originated in wartime conditions, the teaching staff coped quite professionally not only with academic, but also extracurricular work. Teachers and students of the seminary actively participated in actions to raise funds for the needs of the war and in helping the wounded. Besides this, the leadership of the seminary provided significant assistance to needy students.

536-546

Authors: Viktor N. Razgon, Dmitry N. Belyanin, Anton V. Razgon

Based on the analysis of the materials of the agricultural census of 1917, the literacy of the rural population of the Altai District is studied in the article. The mass migration movement to Siberia was a factor contributing to the increase of literacy of the rural population of the region. But during the initial adaptation period, the opportunity for migrant children to receive primary education decreased. The gap in the level of literacy between men and women was narrowing in the new generations of the rural population, but on the eve of the revolution of 1917, patriarchal ideas about the social role of women still dominated in the village, especially among old-timers peasants. During the census, the lowest level of literacy was recorded among members of households with a small crop, and the highest level – in wealthy peasant families, actively involved in the process of economic modernization that took place in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century. The population of households without crop area was more literate than members of households with small crop and middle peasants due to the presence in it, in addition to rural proletarians, persons engaged in handicrafts, trade, and intellectual professions. The literacy level of the rural population of the Altai District corresponded to the initial stage of modernization of traditional society.