Bylye Gody

1063-1074

Authors: Artyom Yu. Peretyatko

The article is devoted to the analysis of the significance of the Russian historical journal «Bylye Gody» for actual Cossack studies. «Bylye Gody» is not a specialized journal for Cossack studies. But the original place of publication of the journal (Sochi) contributed to the establishment of contacts between the journal and the historians of the South of Russia, for whom the Cossack studies is traditional. Therefore, analyzing whose articles about the history of the Cossacks were published in the journal «Bylye Gody», one can understand the significance of this journal for the scientific community of the South of Russia. The article examines publications in the journal «Bylye Gody» about the history of the Cossacks and publications of recognized Cossack researchers on other topics from 2006 to 2021. It is shown that Cossack topics played an increasing role as the journal's authority grew (the first articles about the history of the Cossacks were published in 2010, in 2010−2014 publications about the history of the Cossacks have repeatedly opened issues, and since 2018 Cossack topics have been presented in each issue of the magazine). It is concluded that for the Cossack researchers of the South of Russia journal «Bylye Gody» are a kind of «exhibition platform». The journal presents most of the scientific centers of the region, in which the study of the Cossacks is conducted. Often the authors of published materials are leaders of scientific schools/organizers of science. However, each of these centers published a relatively small number of articles about the history of the Cossack. Cossack studies publications on the in the journal «Bylye Gody» make it possible to form a fairly adequate picture of the study of the history of the Cossacks in the South of Russia. In addition, the journal periodically publishes materials about the history of the Cossacks, researchers of the history of the Cossacks from outside the South of Russia, including fairly significant figures.

1087-1097

Authors: Anton M. Tuzin, Marina V. Danilina, Irina A. Guseva, Yilmaz Bayar

The article discusses experience of struggle against epidemics of infectious diseases in Russia from the Moscow state to the beginning of the XX century. This experience is analyzed through a retrospective of the fight against the plague epidemic in the Russian Empire at the end of the XVIII century and the cholera epidemic in the middle of the XIX century.The main phase of struggle against infection diseases has begun in Russia in the middle of the XIX century only. Russia has got an experience of such situation late enough. Since the earliest times of its history Russian approaches for the fight against epidemics in both the bureaucratic and medicine spheres has been extremely backward and only in the 18th century the situation began to change for the better. But even after reforms of Peter the Great the fight against epidemics was conducted ineffectively, which was supplemented by the global problems in understanding the nature of various infectious diseases. Thus we have to agree involuntarily with Soviet sources, despite a certain degree of their ideological bias that the fight against cholera, as well as with all diseases, was possible in pre-revolutionary Russia only after a radical change in the political system and broad social reforms.

1106-1115

Authors: Bulat A. Aznabaev, Aleksey I. Kortunov

Since the Bashkirs in the XVI-XVIII centuries. did not possess statehood, the concept of their contractual citizenship to Russia still evokes well-founded criticism. In foreign and domestic historiography, two points of view have developed, one of which denies the existence of any bilateral agreement between the Russian state and the Bashkirs, the other considers these relations from the position of feudal vassalage. However, none of these interpretations can explain the phenomenon of the Bashkir uprisings of the XVII-XVIII centuries, during which the Bashkirs did not create their own state. As a rule, the insurgents' demands were limited to appeals to observe patrimonial rights and not violate their religious freedom. To resolve this contradiction, the authors considered it necessary to introduce into scientific circulation the materials of the Bashkir embassy in 1733. In the process of their analysis, it was possible to establish that contractual relations with Russia were concluded not by individual representatives of the Bashkir tribal structures, but by a single political structure, called in official documents the "Bashkir Horde" ... This polity solved exclusively foreign policy tasks. She was responsible for organizing the protection of the southeastern borders of the Ufa province and regulating relations with the Russian state. Within this polity, tribal associations did not form any hierarchical structure crowned by the figure of a khan. For this reason, the most acute conflicts between the Bashkir communities (land litigation and criminal offenses) were submitted to the supreme power of the state. Thus, the Bashkir Horde could exist only as an autonomous union within the empire. However, in the first third of the 18th century. Bashkir unification is going through a political crisis caused by a wide influx of agricultural migrants from neighboring provinces. The Bashkir volosts could not come to a common decision on the issue of accepting migrants. The exacerbation of the internal conflict in the Bashkir Horde was facilitated by the capture by the Yaik Cossacks in 1725 of the salt deposits on the Ilek, which were traditionally considered the property of the entire Bashkir people.

1124-1131

Authors: Sergey S. Belousov

The article examines the activities of landowners aimed at creating settlements in the North-Western Caspian region in 1765-1861. The author analyzes the goals, content and results of the landowners ' resettlement policy, shows the role of the state in it, examines the history of the creation of landowner settlements, the geography of the places of emigration, the influence of the natural factor on the process of resettlement and on the formation of the economic profile of new settlements. The study showed that the resettlement activities of landowners were initiated by the state authorities, which sought to use their human and material resources to solve the problem of settling a sparsely populated region. The results of the landowners' migrations, however, did not meet the expectations of the authorities. The landowners founded a small number of settlements with a small population. The landowners directed their main efforts not to the creation of settlement infrastructure and centers of agriculture and cattle breeding, but to the development of fishing, which in the natural conditions of the North-Western Caspian region turned out to be more profitable. As a result, at the beginning of the XIX century, the authorities abandoned the policy of attracting landowners to settle the North-Western Caspian region. Landowners' settlements were located exclusively in the coastal areas of the Caspian Sea and in the Volga River basin. There were no landowners and settlements on the territory of the Kazakhs and Kalmyks, whose land rights were protected by Russian legislation.

1141-1152

Authors: Evgenij V. Il’in, Victoria Berednikova, Tatiana E. Sokhor

The article examines the history of the creation of the "unknown soldier" concept from a retrospective point of view, identifies the main stages of its modeling and organization of semiotic space. The formation of the concept in the public mind took place over several centuries, starting with the era of Peter I, when European culture was introduced into the patriarchal Russian state. In historical researches devoted to major Russian military events, the concept of the “unknown soldier” was poorly marked by the transition from a memorial temple as gratitude to God for the granted victory, to a monumental sculpture that unites the religious and secular fixation of historical memory. Many different works have been written about the problem of perpetuating and preserving the memory of the defenders of the Motherland in the late XX — early XXI centuries, however, the domestic scientific community did not address the history of the emergence and development of the concept of “unknown soldier”. The lack of a clear framework in the definition of the concept under study actualizes this topic, contributing to its comprehensive study. The innumerable victims of the Great Patriotic War caused cultural self-reflection in Russian (Soviet) society in relation to nameless heroes, which led to the need to create the concept of “unknown soldier”, to form a semiotic space around it and to introduce the concept into state ideology.

1162-1170

Authors: Maсhach M. Vagabov, Abidat A. Gazieva, Vasily A.Rogozhkin

In the article, on the basis of the comprehensive use of the literature and sources at our disposal, a systematic study of the history of the construction and functioning of the fortifications of the Left Wing of the Caucasian Cordon Line in the context of the military-political subordination of the region is carried out. Having carried out an analytical analysis of the complex of sources, literature, and historical concepts at the research disposal, we made an attempt to systematically study the influence of cordon fortifications and fortresses in the Eastern Caucasus on the military-political subordination of the region during the Caucasian War. In addition, we are making an attempt to classify the methods of military and political subordination. The study attempts to reveal the role and significance of the fortifications of the Left Wing of the Caucasian Cordon Line in the subordination of the territory of the Eastern Caucasus to the Russian Empire in the 19th century, as well as to show the evolution of the regional management system during the Caucasian War. The topic of the history of the creation of cordon lines in the Eastern Caucasus, the goals and objectives of their construction is poorly covered in the scientific literature. To achieve the designated research goals and objectives, the use of the value approach was of great importance. This approach allowed not only to develop a certain attitude and assess the processes under study, but also contributed to the franking of historical events, using such scientific categories as “place”, “role”, “meaning”, “experience”. Cordon fortifications and fortresses were the conductors of the Caucasian policy in the Russian Empire in the Eastern Caucasus. Until the 30s of the XIX century, the tsarist administration of the Russian Empire mainly used the tactics of military conquest of territories by means of punitive operations to subjugate the territories of the Eastern Caucasus. The harsh methods of military subordination were gradually replaced by methods of political control, the dissemination of Russian legislation and orders. It is worth talking about political development only in those territories that were initially subordinated by force of arms, and only after a lapse of time, by means of acculturation, everyday communication and trade and economic contacts, did they become mentally closer to Russia. On the border territories, to the cordon Lines, colonization was actively carried out, first military, then civil, which also contributed to the military-political subordination of the region. The personal factor was of great importance in matters of military-political subordination of the Eastern Caucasus, the managers changed, transformed the internal vector of the Caucasian policy, changing it depending on their ideas about the conquest of the region. During the 19th century, the tactics of military subordination of the region began to evolve and transform into the military-political development of the region, with the predominant use of military resources, which was due to the ongoing Caucasian war.

1181-1190

Authors: Michail G. Тarasov

The article is devoted to the participation of the Cossacks in the unsuccessful crusade of the Russian troops in the Khiva Khanate in 1839–1840. Organized and led by the Orenburg military governor, General V.A. Perovsky, the expedition was to ensure the elevation of a ruler loyal to Russia to the Khiva throne. Due to the specific conditions – the need to make huge transitions in the winter steppe, the main Russian detachment was cavalry units, most of them from the Ural and Orenburg Cossack troops. Incorrectly chosen time for the expedition, abnormally unfavorable weather conditions, as well as mistakes in the organization led to its failure. The death of the majority of pack and riding animals necessitated the termination of the campaign, and then the death of a significant proportion of its participants from cold and disease. In these circumstances, the Cossacks participating in the expedition showed themselves from the best side, actually preventing the death of the Russian detachment. The article discusses in detail the participation of the Cossacks in the preparation of the expedition, in particular in the organization of intermediate strongpoints. The composition of the Cossack units, their placement in marching columns and in parking lots, management, participation in hostilities, the implementation of military-police functions are considered in detail. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the factors that contributed to the relatively successful actions of the Cossacks during the campaign, their effectiveness in resisting the extreme natural and climatic conditions of the campaign, the number and reasons for the relatively low mortality rate of the Cossacks during the expedition. The article, in particular, analyzes the features of the weapons and uniforms of the Cossacks, their combat tactics. Considerable attention is paid to the moral and psychological state of the Cossacks during the campaign.

1203-1210

Authors: Ekaterina V. Bykova, Konstantin N. Tarasov

The article examines the issue of the reflection of Old Believers' themes in Russian socio-political journalism of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The source base of the research is made up of materials from Russian newspaper and magazine periodicals. The views on the Old Believers of representatives of the main directions of the ideological and political spectrum of social thought in Russia of the specified period (conservatives, liberals, soil people, revolutionary and liberal populists), as well as publicists – adherents of official Orthodoxy and the Russian Orthodox Church are analyzed. The assessments by publicists of different political directions of the historical potential, socio-cultural heritage, social and political protest potential of the Old Believers are compared. The dynamics of the development of domestic socio-political journalism dedicated to the Old Believers for the period of the end of the 1850s is revealed – 1905. It was established that during the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The Old Believers were in the sphere of attention of all political forces of Russian society, and each direction of the social movement interpreted the split based on its own doctrinal provisions. Most representatives of the social movement are beginning to perceive the split as an important social, cultural and even political factor in the historical renewal of Russia.

1225-1232

Authors: Bakyt Zh. Atantayeva, Raushan D. Akhmetova, Gulnur A. Abenova, Toty A. Kariyeva

The research of the historical experience of population movements in border areas is based on an analysis of the causes and consequences of frontier migrations, which are the result of socio-economic and political changes in the Central Asian region during the period under study. This article analyzes the issues of changing the nature of frontier migrations in the border area of the Russian state and Qing China in the 19th century. The article presents documentary sources from the archives of some countries (Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan). These sources show that the rapprochement of the possessions of Russia with the possessions of the Qing Empire in Central Asia dictated the need to establish a clear Russian-Chinese border and clarify relations and priorities in the region. The article is based on a study of state treaties and agreements between the Russian Empire and Qing China. These treaties established the rules of trade in Central Asia, which determined the rules for crossing the border and processing trade documents. Some of the articles of the treaties concerned measures against illegal migrants. An analysis of state treaties and agreements of the second half of the 19th century,including the St. Petersburg Treaty of 1881, as a result of which permanent nomadic routes and the resettlement of clans were disrupted, is important for understanding the meaning and directions of frontier migration of the region's population. In conclusion, the authors state that the specificity of frontier migrations of the population is due to the state division of border territories and the development of trade between two neighboring countries in Central Asia in the second half of the 19th century.

1246-1254

Authors: Anna Geifman

This article analyzes the city of St. Petersburg, Russia’s imperial capital, as a psychocultural setting conducive for the upsurge of political extremism. The new type of radicalism, which emerged around the turn of the 20th century, targeted the existing sociopolitical establishment and cultural conventions, rather than specific political leaders or institutions; the revolutionaries’ aim was to uproot the entire traditional way of life. The article scrutinizes the emergence of St. Petersburg as the embodiment of the country’s historical and cultural inconsistencies and contradictions, as well as the city’s uncanny development. Psychologically, its “as-if” setting and experience contributed to the undermining of the customary way of life not only in the capital, but also across the empire, for which St. Petersburg defined cultural tends and modes of behavior. The article examines the reasons why Russian radicals intentionally choose St. Petersburg to be the “cradle of the revolution.” Few, if any of them, however, were conscious of the fact that, due to its impact on the inhabitants’ mentality, the city was a genuine player in Russia’s prerevolutionary politics and a potent subversive agent.

1267-1276

Authors: Elena A. Loktionova

The article highlights the historical aspects of activities related to the training of personnel of penitentiary institutions. The measures taken by the State in this area were designed to improve the moral and professional level of penitentiary workers. The time frame of the study covers the period of the XVII –early XX centuries, which is due to the circumstances that influenced the content of the prison system in Russia. In fact, during this period, the foundations of the education of penitentiary workers were born, which have been preserved to this day. Turning to history in this case will allow us to see the original meaning and significance of this activity. The article is intended to draw attention to the importance of this issue and show the historical connection between the goals and tasks facing penitentiary institutions and those who implement them. The source base was made up of legal acts indicating the implementation of state measures, as well as materials from the archival funds of the State Archive of the Kursk Region, which made it possible to see and analyze the results of local transformations. Of particular importance is the assessment of contemporaries, presented in the materials of a scientific and journalistic nature. The issues of training prison officers were actualized in the middle of the XIX century due to the fact that the prison from a place of isolation of criminals began to be reorganized into a penitentiary-type institution. In this regard, it became necessary to develop a model of a prison employee who meets the new requirements and conditions of activity. In fact, this resulted in a number of changes in the course of reforming the prison system, such as the reorganization of positions, salary increases, the establishment of a uniform uniform, the introduction of a system of incentives and penalties, information and explanatory work, etc. The concepts of education or educational influence on prison staff were not openly proclaimed. They were, as it were, implied as the final result of the successful implementation of these measures. The use of educational means of influence was a component of the process of general professional training of personnel.

1288-1298

Authors: Vladimir A. Miroshnik, Sergey V. Ivlev, Oksana S. Krasilnikova, Christina Yu. Markova

The article analyzes the zemstvo reform of 1864 and its positive role in the formation of the Russian local selfgovernment. The views of various researchers on the system of local selfgovernment in Russia are presented. The authors give an objective assessment of the reform. The formation and development of the local selfgovernment is important in the Russian state policy, and it is an urgent research topic. Studying one's own historical experience of local self-government is of particular importance. The study is based on the study of the document −"Regulations on provincial and district zemstvo institutions on January 1, 1864" and a complex of archival sources, including archival materials from the history of regions such as the Kemerovo region. This makes it possible to assess the impact of the zemstvo reform in different parts of the Russian Empire, the unevenness and inconsistency in the organization of zemstvo institutions on the ground, the specifics of their activities in different territories of the country. The study provides a historiographic review of the Zemstvo reform, including pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet historiography, analyzes opinions on the effectiveness of the Zemstvo self-government. Attention is drawn to the established stereotype in the negative assessment of the Zemskaya reform, including due to the dominant criticism of the reform in Soviet historiography. In the article, the authors assess the reform of 1864, to a greater extent, not from the organizational and legal side, but from the point of view of the role of zemstvos in improving the economic and economic situation of Russia in the 19th century. The authors note the significant role of zemstvos in improving the situation in almost all social spheres of the state: culture, education, health care, communication, etc.

1308-1315

Authors: Alexey G. Topilskya, Ruslan M. Zhitin

This article examines the formation of electoral organizations of Rusyn political forces in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. Their necessity was determined by the desire to overcome the predominance of Polish parties in the traditional curial system of representation of the Habsburg monarchy. The ensuring both the nomination of candidates for deputies to the Sejm and the Reichsrat, and their conduct of the election campaign, required coordination of efforts between various movements of Russo-Ukrainian politics, primarily Russophile and Ukrainophile forces. Since the curial system in the cities guaranteed that Polish and Jewish voters would win the majority of votes, initially the efforts of Russo-Ukrainian political parties were focused on rural residents as a category with a predominant East Slavic population. Using the examples of the election campaigns of 1897 and 1907, the interaction of Rusyn (mainly Russophile, Ukrainophile and radical), Polish (Ludovce) and Jewish (Zionist) political parties in the struggle for the promotion of deputies is analyzed. Attempts to counteract Russian-Ukrainian organizations through the press and the submission of petitions and interpellations in the Austrian Reichsrat to falsifications during election campaigns are considered. The party composition of the Sejm and the Reichsrat is analyzed. Based on the material of the evolution of political parties, the adaptation of their underlying ideas to the interests of Ruthenian-Ukrainian voters, as well as the change in these interests in connection with Ruthenian-Polish and Ruthenian-Jewish relations, is characterized. The activity of the factions of the Ruthenian-Ukrainian deputies in the Austrian Reichstag and the Galician Sejm is shown, their interaction with both Ruthenian-Ukrainian deputies from Bukovina and representatives of other lands of the Habsburg monarchy is considered.

1326-1345

Authors: Aleksandr А. Cherkasov, Sergei N. Bratanovskii, Ludmila G. Zimovets

The article attempts a comprehensive historical and statistical study of the question of the centenarians of the Russian Empire in the period of 1836−1914. This part of the work analyzes the time of 1876−1900, when the male and female population of the Orthodox faith was recorded. The attention is paid to the number of centenarians, namely, persons whose age has exceeded 101 years, their places of residence, as well as the proportion of the number of centenarians to the total population. As materials, we used the reports of the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod on the spiritual department of the Orthodox faith for 1836−1914. The work is constructed using the basic principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. The statistical method is of great importance in it, which made it possible to fully analyze the available statistical data on mortality on the territory of the Russian Empire in the period of 1876−1900, as well as to detect important characteristic features. Besides, the use of this method made it possible to identify territories with a large number of centenarians. In conclusion, the authors state that by 1900, the territories with a large number of centenarians were clearly defined. In the European part of the Russian Empire, these were the territories of the Caucasus (Georgia and the Astrakhan diocese), the territories of Little Russia (the Taurida and Kherson dioceses) and Great Russia (the Podolsk diocese). The remaining territories belonged to the Asian part of Russia: the Yenisei, Turkestan, Ufa, Irkutsk and Tobolsk dioceses. In 1876−1900, the territory of the Yenisei Diocese became the leader in longevity in the Russian Empire, the territory of the Georgian Exarchate took the second place. The Top 5 also included the Turkestan, Podolsk and Tauride dioceses.

1362-1372

Authors: Maxim I. Bogachev, Ekaterina A. Nazirova, Nadezhda I. Shelkopliasova

The article is devoted to the problem of bankruptcy of public banks in provincial Russia in the 80s of the XIXth century. On the example of the "Tula city public, I.D. Sushkin, bank", the process that covered a significant part of the city public banks at this time is considered. The reasons for the mass phenomenon were the absence of necessity for the Russian business of a variety of forms of credit institutions, a shortage of banking specialists. The new banking sector of the economy had no work experience yet, there were gaps in regulatory law, and control by supervisory authorities was insufficient. The main sources of the study were the documents of the State Archive of the Tula region and the memories of the participants in the process. Using the source analysis and historical-comparative, analytical, system, typology methods, the authors restored the chronology of the bankruptcy procedure. The reconstruction was carried out based on the legal norms of this period. The bank was one of the eleven municipal public credit institutions opened in the Tula province in order to resolve financial issues of local governments. Due to objective and subjective reasons seven banks were soon closed. The incompetence and self-confidence of the managers, lack of responsibility, manifested in the investment of resources in poor-quality assets, their inability and unwillingness to assess the creditworthiness of borrowers, led to the liquidation of this credit institution. The authors established the role of the creditors ' meeting, sworn trustees, private attorneys, Bankruptcy Management, the Tula District Court, and the Moscow Court Chamber in the bankruptcy procedure. In conclusion, the authors determine the contribution of the "Tula City Public, I.D. Sushkin, Bank" to the formation of the institution of lending in provincial Russia in the 80s of the XIXth century.

1381-1398

Authors: Aleksandr A. Kartskhiy, Sergey A. Tyrtychnyy, Mikhail G. Smirnov, Mariya D. Zhulidova

The article analyzes the experience of transporting oil and oil products in the second half of the 19th century. Carried out a comprehensive analysis of the prerequisites for the creation of specialized vessels for the transportation of oil - tankers. Made a comparison with the American experience of oil transportation in the 19th century. For the first time in Russian historiography, the authors attempt to show a multifaceted comprehensive approach to the problems of oil transportation by water transport in the Russian Empire. At the same time,analyzed the negative experience of competing with foreign companies in the oil production markets in the Transcaucasia. The work shows that in conditions of weak logistics and long routes, the only economical means of transporting oil turned out to be water transport, which predetermined the scientific and technical development of specialized vessels - tankers. Simultaneously, it is proved that with an inconsistent state policy in relation to foreign capital in the oil markets of the Russian Empire, national companies will not be able to develop in conditions of the dominance of foreign competing companies on international markets. The article analyzes various examples of the non-competitive struggle of foreign oil companies to seize the domestic market. The article examines the origin and subsequent development of tanker transportation in chronological order – from the first primitive schooners with sealed compartments to the creation of high-speed steamers with pumping systems and a tank protection system. For the first time in the research of tankers of the 19th century, the authors studied the scientific, technical, economic, logistic and financial reasons for the development of the private tanker fleet in Russia in the aggregate.

1409-1420

Authors: Olga L. Protasova

The relevance of this work is due to the need to study the experience of political socialization received by the leading representatives of Russian democratic parties in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The nature of the events of a socio-political nature that took place in the Russian Empire during this period is to a large extent consonant with what is observed in modern Russia: this is the growth of civic consciousness and activism, the noticeable democratization of the political (especially the opposition) elite, the emergence and formation of political and public organizations. Using the examples of biographies of prominent figures of democratic socialism in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century, the main factors of a social and demographic nature that contributed to the choice of one or another ideological and, as a result, organizational and party orientation of representatives of socially active youth of the modernization period are shown for the first time in a complex. The regularities of the formation of political preferences of future politicians are revealed. It is noted that inter-party rotations in this environment were not mass, but individual, and the political self-determination of representatives of the parties of democratic socialism was, as a rule, conscious and firm.

1433-1442

Authors: Liudmila M. Medvedeva

The article deals with the role that the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) played in the implementation of the Russian strategies at the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Based on published and archival materials it provides a glimpse of the aspects of Russia’s foreign policy as well as conditions and factors affecting the construction and operation of the railway. It gives attention to the relations of Russia with the countries competing for spheres of influence in China and Korea and provides an assessment of material resources involved in the construction and maintenance of the railway as well as that of its freight operations. The analysis of the impact that the railway had on the colonization of the territory and the development of the productive base and trade in Manchuria is proposed. The public attitude of Russia towards the situation in the CER zone is shown. Conclusions concerning the appropriateness of the construction of the railway on the territory of Northeast China and its consequences are drawn. It is noted that the expectations for the CER as a tool of political and economic expansion of Russia had but a non-lasting effect and eventually failed. Russia’s trade and productive capacity against the leading and growing economic and financial systems of other countries lagged behind in terms of dynamics and scale. As a result of the short-sighted policies pursued by the government and erroneous prioritizations, the Russian Far East lost viable opportunities to develop available resources and achieve socio-economic growth. Losses that Russian suffered in the East in the early 20th century made the tsarist government to adopt more considered strategies in the region.

1454-1462

Authors: Elena G. Guschina, Tatiana T. Titova, Adelia I. Khairullina, Elena V. Frolova

The authors investigate the fairs and bazaars of the Kazan province of the second half of the 19th century in this article which is based on the analysis of the materials of the newspaper "Kazanskie Gubernskiye Vedomosti." Their investigation considers the development of fairs and market trades. In addition to that, they identify the features of the location as well as the functioning of fairs and bazaars. The authors analyze their role as a center of social interaction of different categories residents of the province. The authors concluded that bazaars and fairs had different forms of holding (duration, scale, goods, timing and infrastructure) and were oriented towards different consumers. The bazaars were held weekly and played an important role for the local community, while the fairs were held once a year and were focused on large scale trade and a greater number of visitors, which included other regions. In contrast with the bazaars, the fairs played a more important role in public life in the form of special cultural centers. These venues encouraged interaction of different participating social groups. Fairs and bazaars were perceived by the majority of visitors as a holiday and a desirable form of recreation, which was facilitated by the infrastructure and cultural and entertainment program of these sites.

1473-1481

Authors: Natalia P. Koptseva, Yuliya N. Avdeeva

The article reviews the materials of the journal “Nauchnoe obozrenie”, which is a reliable source on the history of economic and socio-cultural development of the Russian Empire. The periodical press is one of the recognized historical sources containing the description of economic, political, social, religious, and cultural processes. The analysis of the methodology associated with the source value of periodicals indicates the validity of the choice of the journal “Nauchnoe obozrenie” as a source on the history of the development of the society of the Russian Empire at the end of the XIX century. The analysis of publications of 1898−1900 is made. The classification of publications by their subject is given: the materials of publications contain a large number of issues of an economic and industrial nature, as well as reflect geographical, environmental, physical-biological, anthropological, and philosophical data that either describe and supplement existing research by scientists, or are unique and accompanied by original author's judgments. It is worth noting that many publications reflect the research of not only Russian, but also German, French, Italian and Polish scientists, whose ideas and discoveries, in one way or another, were included in scientific discussions and influenced the further development of certain areas of scientific knowledge at the world level. The issues of the journal “Nauchnoe obozrenie” of 1898−1900 contain historical material that is valuable for the study of the history of the development of the Russian Empire, which was formed under the influence of many internal and external factors and discoveries. The journal also allows you to determine the course of the history of world civilization as a whole. Until now, the materials of this periodical have not been taken into account in historiography. This defect must be corrected, and the historical essays of the journal must be recognized as an important source for the study of the history of the development of the society of the Russian Empire.

1491-1500

Authors: Vladimir N. Denisenko, Marina A. Bereznyatskaya, Anastasia V. Denisenko, Yuliya V. Yurova

The article considers the journal of military events “Voina s Yaponiei” (“War with Japan”) as a historical source on the history of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904−1905. As materials for the preparation of the work there were used 35 issues of the weekly illustrated journal “Voina s Yaponiei”. In methodological terms, the work is based on the principle of historicism and objectivity. A great attention is paid to the method of source analysis, since the studied journal is considered as a historical source. The principle of historicism allowed us to consider the studied events in their historical sequence, and to achieve objectivity, the authors considered all issues of the journal “Voina s Yaponiei”. In conclusion, the authors state that the weekly illustrated journal “Voina s Yaponiei” was one of the first attempts to create a journal of military events of the period of the Russo-Japanese war in the Russian Empire. The period of the journal's existence was short, about 6 months (from June 13 to December 31, 1904) and during this time 35 issues of the journal were published. The journal had several permanent headings: stories, the history of military affairs, military review, as well as news from both the Russian and Japanese sides. Besides this, the journal also published materials of personal origin – notes and memoirs of war correspondents, soldiers and sailors. Throughout the entire period, the journal published well-known Russian writers, among whom were I.A. Lyubich-Koshurov, N.A. Turgenev, P. Krasnov and others.

1511-1518

Authors: Elena V. Vititneva, Evgeny A. Akhtamov, Galina M. Lushchaeva, Natalya V. Pahomova

The article examines the role of National University named after P.I. Makushin in the educational system of Tomsk at the beginning of the 20th century. The article based on educational legal acts, the regulations of National Universities, annual proceedings dedicated to P.I. Makushin, as well as social and political journalism. In the first place, the National University was analyzed as a phenomenon. The authors have analyzed the history of private higher education, the history of transition from private classes to a special educational organization. The authors have emphasized the goals and project of National University in comparison to the actual situation in educational process. It has been revealed that the phenomenon of National University can be considered as an alternative to the state educational institutions of higher education and as a new phenomenon of urban culture. It has been revealed that despite the fact that educational goals have not been achieved in its entirety, the National University has had a significant impact on the development of educational system and cultural life of Tomsk. The National University became truly National since its lecture rooms were open not only for privileged, but for lowborn classes. The students could attend training sessions, as well as libraries, laboratories, exhibitions. As a result the National University has a significant impact in the cultural life of Tomsk.

1527-1532

Authors: Timur A. Magsumov, Teymur E. Zulfugarzade, Mikhail B. Kolotkov, Sergei B. Zinkovskii

The article discusses the technical means of propaganda during the First World War. The attention is paid to the French, German, British and American experience in delivering propaganda literature to the enemy's territory. There was used as sources the specialized literature on the history of military propaganda during the First World War. In methodological terms, the principles of objectivity and consistency were applied: the first allowed us to impartially consider the sources on the research topic, the second made it possible to analyze the technical means of delivering propaganda literature from different countries participating in the conflict. Summing up, the authors come to the conclusion that during the First World War, the propagandists of the opposing sides relied on the fact that the leaflets caused minimal rejection from the enemy. To this end, the propagandists refused to deliver leaflets using artillery ammunition (since artillery shelling had a negative psychological effect on the enemy) and after several alternative attempts (scattering leaflets with a tailwind from an observation tethered balloon, as well as a kite), they opted for a specially designed unmanned balloon, the range of which could reach 200 kilometers deep into enemy territory with a tailwind. Such a range of action was quite sufficient for psychological impact not only on the fortified areas of the front line, but also the concentration camps and the population located in the rear.

1542-1551

Authors: Ksenia A. Tishkina

Based on a wide range of sources, the article examines the process of employment of refugees in the cities of Siberia during the First World War. The massive influx of forced migrants which included mostly women, children, and people who lost their ability to work (the elderly and the disabled) to the Siberian region began at the end of the summer of 1915. Refugee families preferred to settle in cities and on rare occasions moved to the countryside. The main source of income for forced migrants was benefits from the state. In the cities, there were Committees for Assistance to Refugees, as well as various public organizations that provided assistance to forced migrants, provided them with employment. One of the most demanded urban occupations were laborers and servants. Under the Committees for Assistance to Refugees, there were labor offices, whose employees were involved in looking for vacancies. Employment of refugees was hampered by difficulties associated with poor knowledge of the Russian language, difficult natural conditions, unwillingness to work for low wages, general psychological stress against the background of past events, etc. In the labor market, the main competitors for forced migrants were prisoners of war, whose work was valued much lower. Local departments of national public organizations took part in the employment of forced migrants. They organized special workshops (mainly shoemakers and sewing), in which they provided jobs to needy tribesmen. Despite a number of ongoing activities, the problem of employment of forced migrants in Siberian cities was not fully resolved.

1560-1567

Authors: Olga V. Natоlochnaya, Ruslan M. Allalyev, Vladimir A. Svechnikov, Svetlana V. Petrova

The article deals with the issues of planning the blockade of the Bosphorus by the Black sea fleet during the 1916 campaign of the First World War. The special attention is paid to the calculations of the elements of force, as well as the ratio of the Turkish and Russian fleets. The study was carried out on the basis of previously unpublished documents of the Russian state archive of the navy (St. Petersburg, Russian Federation).Previously, these documents were not published. The plan for the blockade of the Bosphorus, which was prepared by Captain 2nd Rank B. Tyagin on July 1, 1916 at the Sevastopol roadstead, is important in the work. In methodological terms, the study is based on the basic principles of historical research, namely, the principles of objectivity and reliability. The problem-historical method, which allowed us to consider the planning of the blockade of the Bosphorus in the context of the specific historical situation that developed in 1916 is of great importance in the study. In conclusion, the authors state that, according to the planning of the operation to blockade the Bosphorus, it was assumed that it would be conducted by the Black sea fleet in three shifts. The blockade was to be accompanied by a barrier of the Bosphorus against submarines and surface vessels. It was to be preceded by serious secret and ship reconnaissance, as well as simultaneously active operations against submarines throughout the Black sea and the defense of the coasts and the fleet from submarine attacks in ports and the sea. The involvement of hydroaeroplanes in reconnaissance, fighter and bomber activities should have been sharply increased; new units have been formed to combat enemy submarine bases; civilian vessels have been re-equipped and equipped to perform military tasks. If we take into account the volume of available resources of the Black sea fleet on the Caucasian theater of operations, then the forces that the fleet had were quite sufficient to fulfill the task of blockading the Bosphorus.